question

Relatively meaningless bits of information that result when the brain proccesses electrical signals that come from the sense organs

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Sensation

question

Meaningful sensory experiences that

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Perception

question

When a sense organ changes or transforms physical signals into neural impulses sent to the brain for proccessing

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Transduction

question

decreased response to sense organs the more they are exposed to a stimulus

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adaptation

question

relatively meaningless bits of information that result when the brain processes electrical signals that come from the sense organs

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Sensation

question

A point above which a stimulus is perceived and below which it is not percieved

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Threshold

question

Least amount of something you can detect

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Absolute threshold

question

Stimulus you are not consciously aware of, but it can influence your mental processes, below absolute threshold, aware on some level

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Subliminal stimulus

question

So fast that you don't know if it works, exposure to a stimulus that may influence your thoughts and opinions in an advertisement

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Subliminal advertising

question

Smallest increase or decrease in a stimulus that you can detect Ex: vision test

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Just noticeable difference

question

The bigger a stimulus, the more it has to change to notice it Ex: height of buildings

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Weber's Law

question

Vision at the edge of a visual field

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Peripheral vision

question

Outer membrane of the eye, focuses images that hit the eye

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Cornea

question

Lets light in, dark circle in the center of the iris, changes size based on the amount of light

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Pupil

question

Muscle that changes the pupil size, colored part of the eye

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Iris

question

Behind pupil and iris, makes small adjustments in focusing the image

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Lens

question

Back of the eye, size of a stamp, where visual receptors are located

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Retina

question

Sees in dim light, but not in color

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Rods

question

Sees color in bright light, "C cones, C for color"

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Cones

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Cones and Rods

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What are the visual receptors on the retina?

question

Where the optic nerve leaves the eye. No rods, cones or vision here.

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Blind Spot

question

non painful nerve impulses compete with pain impulses that try to reach the brain

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Gate control theory

question

chemicals produced and released in response to injury or severe physical/physiological stress

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Endorphins

question

When perception is guided by previous knowledge, experiences, beliefs or expectations

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Top-down processing

question

Perception beginning with bits of information that combine to recognize patterns

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Bottom-up processing

question

Study of perception, how we take sensations and turn them into sensations

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Gestalt Psychology

question

Idea that we automatically divide what we look at into Figure (what we focus on) and Ground (background)

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Figure ground

question

If things have similar features, we group them together (color, shape and size)

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Similarity

question

Brain's tendency to fill in any missing gaps

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Closure

question

Idea that we group things together just because they are near eachother

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Proximity

question

When we organize stimuli, we see things in a continuous path, not in parts.

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Continuity

question

Idea that when things happen simultaneously in time and space, we think they go together.

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Conginuity

question

Choose what to pay attention too, and tune out the rest

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Selective attention

question

So much going on that you can't pay attention to everything

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Sensory overload

question

When we "know" a characteristic about something, we perceive it as staying the same even if the sensation changes

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Perceptual constancy

question

Seeing the world in 3-D

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Depth perception

question

Depends on the movement of both eyes Ex: Convergence and retinal despairity

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Binocular depth cues & examples

question

Idea that the eyes turn inward indicating how close or far away something is

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Convergance

question

Each eye sees something different, then the brain puts the images together

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Retinal despairity

question

Things seen with only one eye Ex: Lines, size, overlaps

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Monocular depth cues & examples

question

When you misperceive a stimulus, that is not really there Ex: thinking a leaf is a spider

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Illusion & example

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When you perceive something, but there is no external stimulus, it can be any sense Ex: Feeling a spider crawling on you, but nothing is there

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Hallucination & Example

question

No, it varies on age, health, temp, air pressure etc...)

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Does the absolute threshold stay the same?

question

The bigger the stimulus, the more it has to change to be noticed

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What is the overall concept of just noticeable difference?

question

The eyes are constantly moving, each eye sees different things, the brain fills the gap

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Why don't we notice the blind spot?

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In the brain

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Where do we actually "see"

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Decrease in sensory response due to a stimulus being continuous, message stops getting sent to the brain Ex: No longer feeling the rings on your fingers

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Sensory adaption and example

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When a message keeps getting sent to the brain, but the brain doesn't always acknowledge it Ex: the "new" factor

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Habituation and example

question

1. Results from more than one stimulus 2. Intensity depends of physical, emotional and physiological factors 3. Treatment involves the physical and emotional stress

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3 ways pain is different from other senses

question

The painful and non-painful neurons compete to reach the brain and pass the "gate" since a limited number of neurons can reach the brain

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gate control theory of pain

question

Increase in endorphin's means a decrease in pain

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How are endorphin's related to pain

question

illusion that a stimulus or object is moving, but really it is stationary

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Illusion of apparent motion

question

Named after the designer. Shows that perception of size can be distorted by changing depth

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What is the Ames Room?

question

Not knowing when something is wrong. Joint problems, fractures, infections and no sense of temperature.

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What are problems associated with being unable to feel pain?

question

Wide range of experiences from being acutely aware & alert to totally unresponsive

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Consciousness on continuum

question

Freud- mental place where unacceptable thoughts, feelings and beliefs are that are beyond awareness Medical- Results from trauma, anesthesia or disease; total lack of sensory awareness and the environment

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Difference between Freud's idea of consciousness and the medical term

question

Jobs, illness, drugs, caffeine etc..

answer

What affects Circadian rythym

question

Melatonin and light exposure

answer

What has been proven to help reset Circadian rhythm?

question

When someone has severe brain damage due to the cortex resulting in a long-term loss of cognitive function and awareness. Still able to breathe and maintain sleep cycle

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Persistent Vegetative state

question

Different levels of awareness of one's thoughts and feelings

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Consciousness

question

Awareness that differs from normal, waking consciousness

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Altered state of consciousness

question

Biological clock that's genetically programmed to regulate physiological responses within a 24 hour period, we are wired that way

answer

Circadian rhythym

question

A sleep disorder that can affect those who travel quickly across multiple time zones.

answer

Jet lag

question

Hormone to help sleep, created and released during exposure to dark

answer

Melatonin

question

Experience hallucinations and delusions from lack of sleep

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Sleep deprivation psychosis

question

Predictable changes in brain activity

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Stages of sleep

question

stages 1,2,3,4. No rapid eye movement

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Non-REM sleep

question

Movement during REM sleep

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REM behavior disorder

question

Spending an increased amount of time in REM sleep due to being deprived of it the night before

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REM rebound

question

As the brain becomes active during REM sleep, neurons are spontaneously firing

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Activation synthesis Theory

question

Difficulty sleeping

answer

Insomnia

question

Stop breathing during sleep, usually lasts 10 seconds-a couple minutes. Cause is snoring (tightening of the airway)

answer

Sleep Apnea

question

Chronic disorder marked by excessive sleepiness

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Narcolepsy

question

Bad dreams that happen in stage 4 sleep

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Night terrors

question

Bad REM dream, frightening, anxiety producing, great detail

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Nightmares

question

Altered state of consciousness characterized by narrowing attention and increased suggestability

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Hypnosis

question

Reduction in pain reported by people who undergo hypnosis

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Hypnotic anaglesia

question

Not remembering what happened while hypnotized

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Posthypnotic hypnosis

question

Stage 1- lasts a few minutes, going to sleep, heart slows down, muscles relax, breathing is irregular Stage 2- Body temp drops, start making deep spindles (brain wave activity) Stage 3- Deeper sleep, brain starts making new kinds of waves (delta waves) Stage 4- Making delta waves, goes into REM sleep

answer

Stages of sleep

question

90 minutes

answer

How long does stage 2,3,4 last?

question

Sleep that appears to be deep during REM sleep. Brain waves are similar to being awake

answer

What is paradoxical sleep?

question

To replenish memories, and the immune system.

answer

Why do we sleep?

question

Health, energy, focus, overeating, accidents, hallucinations

answer

Consequences of not sleeping.

question

Melatonin, Chamomile, reading, sleep meds

answer

Treatments for Insomnia

question

Humans are filled with aggressive impulses and they come out in our dreams

answer

Freud's explanation of dreams

question

Cured symptoms by creating hypnosis

answer

How is Anton Mesmer related to hypnotism?

question

Puts a person in altered state of consciousness where they are disconnected from reality, so they experience and respond to suggestions

answer

Altered state theory

question

Behaviors observed during hypnosis result from not being hypnotized, but ability to respond to pressures and suggestions

answer

Socio-cognitive theory

question

Helps recover memories, pain management, changes sensory experiences

answer

What does hypnosis do for the brain?

question

Dreaming about thoughts or experiences that happened during the day

answer

Extensive waking life

question

Texting-6 times Talking- 4 times

answer

How many more times does texting and talking increase you chances of an accident?

General psychology chapter 3 & 4 – Flashcards

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