question

How did psychology officially become a science? Where and who is credited?

answer

Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychological laboratory in 1879 where it was recognized as the beginning of psychology as a researchable science

question

scientific method

answer

- system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced - Science is the pursuit of causes, the most conclusive scientific explanation can infer cause and effect. - Cause and effect only occurs with experiments!

question

Steps in the scientific method

answer

- Finding a question that needs to be answered - Making sure that you are clear about what you are studying (operational definitions) - Finding a group of people to serve as participants in the study (define population and sample) - Deciding how best to collect data from these participants and collecting it - Analyzing and interpreting the results of the study - Report findings

question

Variables

answer

are specific factors or characteristics that are manipulated and measured in research

question

independent

answer

manipulated in research ( the cause in experiments)

question

dependent

answer

observed and recorded in research data (the effect in experiments)

question

confounding

answer

any variable that might have affected the dependent variable instead of the independent variable ( how nice the car is )

question

random(extraneous)

answer

- variables that are uncontrollable, individual differences ( background, physiological readiness attention interest) controlled by large sample size & random assignment

question

Empirical method

answer

Set of rules and techniques are used for observation.

question

Validity

answer

extent to which a measurement and a property are conceptually related

question

reliability

answer

tendency for a measure to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing

question

power

answer

ability of a measure to detect the concrete conditions specified in the operational definition

question

Random assignment

answer

every member of sample has equal likelihood of being assigned to control or experimental groups

question

Random sampling

answer

every member of population has equal likelihood of being in sample needed for equivalence representation & generalization

question

sample bias

answer

occurs when do not have random sampling convenience sampling

question

theory

answer

a general explanations of a phenomenon - based on observations of the world

question

hypothesis

answer

a specific testable proposition about something of interests to the research hypothesis stem from theories

question

operational definitions

answer

are statements describing the exact operations or methods used to manipulate and or measure variables investigation in an experiment

question

Measure

answer

Device that can detect the condition to which an operational definition refers

question

placebo

answer

an inert substance or procedure that has been applied with the expectation that a healing response will be produced

question

demand characteristics

answer

- aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think they should must be controlled for .... often through deception

question

population

answer

group of interest, infer about them from the research

question

Sample

answer

subgroup of pop that is studied

question

Data

answer

Observable behavior performed by the participants and recorded by the researcher

question

descriptive method

answer

All descriptive methods lead to the formation of testable hypotheses Good starting point!

question

Methods of Obtaining Data:

answer

- Naturalistic observation & Lab observation - Case Studies - Surveys - Experiments (lab or field) - Quasi Experiments

question

surveys

answer

researchers ask a series of questions about the topic under study given to representative sample of the population of interest

question

representative sample what are the advantages and disadvantages

answer

randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects that mirror that population advantages: data from large numbers of people - study covert behavior disadvantages: research have to ensure representative sample or the results are not meaningful

question

case studies what are the advantages and disadvantages

answer

study of one individual in great detail Advantage: tremendous amount of detail Disadvantage: cannot apply to others

question

experiments

answer

a deliberate manipulation of a variable to see whether corresponding changes in behavior result in another variable, can infer a cause-and-effect relationship

question

naturalistic observation what are the adv. and the disadv.

answer

a technique for gathering scientific information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments adv: watching animals or humans behave in their normal environment(realistic picture of behavior) disadv: observer effect tendency of organisms to behave differently when they know they are being observed

question

participant observation

answer

a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being studied or observed

question

observer bias

answer

tendency of observers to see what they expect to see

question

blind observers

answer

people who do not know what the research question is ( to reduce observers bias )each naturalistic

question

laboratory observation what are the advantages and disadvantages

answer

Advantages: watching animals or humans behave in a laboratory setting Disadvantage: you do not manipulate a variable though

question

quasi-experiment

answer

occurs when it is unethical or impossible to randomly assign subjects to groups due to nature of the question ex: effect of breastfeeding on intelligence ex: effect of smoking on intelligence ex: effect of gender on intelligence

question

Reactivity

answer

is a phenomenon that occurs when individuals alter their performance or behavior due to the awareness that they are being observed. The change may be positive or negative, and depends on the situation.

question

Third variable correlations

answer

two variables are correlated only because each is causally related to a third variable

question

third variable problem

answer

fact that a casual relationship between two variables cannot be inferred from the naturally occurring correlation between them because of the ever-present possibility of third variable correlation

question

experimental group what purpose does it serve

answer

subjects in a experiment who are subjected to the independent variable may have 1 or multiple experimental groups - ex: experimental groups: watch tv violence of various levels of violence purpose: by comparing the experimental and control groups researchers are able to see what kind of impact the independent variable had on the participants behavior

question

control group what purpose does it serve

answer

subjects in a experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment in our example control group no tv Purpose: the group serves as a base which allows the researchers to compare the experimental and control group to determine what kind of impact the independent variable produced

question

random assignment

answer

the process of assigning subject to the experimental or control groups randomly so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group controls for confounding ( extraneous, interfering variables

question

self-selection

answer

a problem that occurs when anything about a person determines whether he or she will be included in the experimental or control group

question

correlational studies and what correlations mean

answer

Correlational studies: are a type of research often used in psychology as a preliminary way to gather information about a topic or in situations where performing an experiment is not possible. knowing the value of one variable allows researchers to predict the value of the other variable Correlation coefficient ranges from -1.00 to +1.00. The closer to +1.00 or -1.00, the stronger the relationship between the variables no correlation = 0.0 perfect correlation = -1.00 or +1.00 Positive Correlation: variables are related in the same direction - as on increases the other increases and vise versa Negative Correlation: variables are related in opposite direction - as one increases the other is decreasing Correlation does not prove causation!

question

Descriptive statistics:

answer

measures of central tendency (mode, median, mean), measures of variability: range, standard deviation

question

measures of central tendency

answer

mode: most often occurring score in a set of data Median: middle score in set of data Mean: the average score of the data

question

measures of variability

answer

range: how much do scores vary (large - small) standard deviation: a measure of how spread out a group of scores are in relation to the mean

question

Sources of bias:

answer

experimenter, participant (social desirability bias), biased samples and how to correct for these sources of bias (double-blind), observer bi

question

experimenter bias

answer

tendency of the experimenters expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study ex: robert rosenthall 1966 - first to demonstrate power of this kind of bias maze Bright" vs. maze dull rats

question

participant bias(social desirability bias)

answer

is a social science research term that describes the tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others. It can take the form of over-reporting "good behavior" or under-reporting "bad", or undesirable behavior.

question

biased samples and how to correct for these sources of bias

answer

are the unintentional result of selecting samples from a population that favor one outcome over another. By only selecting samples of voters from Yellow County, the estimate of attitudes about the highway systematically favored one outcome. examples of biased samples include measuring professional American basketball players to estimate the mean height of American men or testing water from the well to make an estimate of the water in the river. In both examples, the estimate will be biased because the sample was biased.

question

double-blind

answer

neither the experimenter nor the subjects know which subjects are in the experimental or control group ( reduces placebo effect and experimenter effect

question

observer bi

answer

is a form of reactivity in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to subconsciously influence the participants of an experiment.

question

Statistical significance

answer

observed difference between groups that is larger than what would be expected by chance - use p

question

what does it mean for something to be statistically significant, how determine this - p values

answer

basically we calculate the odds that random assignment has failed, through inferential statistics many test to determine stat . sign - generally we use .05 or .01 in psychology - Drawing Conclusions - Remember, however - "No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right; a single experiment can prove me wrong." -Albert Einstein

question

what is first in the ethics of science

answer

First, Do No Harm

question

what is the APA code of ethics

answer

- Informed consent - Freedom from coercion - Protection from harm - Risk-benefit analysis - Deception - Debriefing - Confidentiality

question

institutional review boards

answer

groups of psychologists or other professionals who look over each proposed research study and judge it according to its safety and consideration for the participants in the study

question

common ethical guidelines

answer

- The rights and well-being of participants must be weighed against the study's value to science. Experimenter and IRB's job - Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation, so need Informed Consent. - Deception must be justified. ...talk about it more in a bit - VOLUNTARY! Participants may withdraw from the study at any time. - Participants must be protected from risks or told explicitly of risks. - Investigators must debrief participants, telling them the true nature of the study and their expectations regarding the results. - Data must remain confidential. - If for any reason a study results in undesirable consequences for the participant, the researcher is responsible for detecting and removing, or correcting, these consequences.

question

why is deception used in research

answer

to avoid placebo effects and self-report bias

question

Critical thinking

answer

- making reasoned judgments about claims - Was the evidence interpreted in unbiased way and is it the whole truth (not partial explanation)

question

Why do people have so much trouble thinking critically?

answer

- We see what we expect and want. - We consider what we see and ignore what we don't.

question

Four Principles of Critical Thinking

answer

- There are very few "truths" that do not need to be subjected to testing. - All evidence is NOT equal in quality. - Just because someone is considered to be an authority or to have a lot of expertise does not make everything that person claims automatically true. - Critical thinking requires an open mind.

question

Steps In Critical Thinking

answer

- What am I being asked to believe or accept? - What evidence is available to support the assertion? - Are there alternative ways of interpreting the evidence? - What additional evidence would help to evaluate the alternatives? - What conclusions are most reasonable?

question

what is Respecting Truth

answer

- Psychology, like all sciences, works on the honor system. - Results are reported truthfully on what was done and what was found. - Credit is ethically assigned. - Data are shared.

question

nervous system

answer

- an extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body - it is made up of neurons, spinal cord,

question

neuroscience

answer

- deals with the structure and function of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue - relationship to behavior and learning - is study of how the nervous system works

question

Neurons:

answer

Cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks

question

parts (dendrites, soma, axon, terminal buttons...sometimes grouped as part of the axon)

answer

dendrite: receives information soma: vital functions of the cell, coordinates information processing axon: transmits neural impulse (action potential) Terminal Buttons: at the end of the axons, releases NTs into the synapse Vesicles - hold NTs and release into the synapse

question

myelinated vs. non-myelinated

answer

Unmyelinated small diameter axon= smallest action potential Myelinated large diameter axon= largest action potential

question

interneurons

answer

In the brain and spine • Sensory neuron- step on tack, sensory info goes through spinal cord, and through interneuron goes to different muscles of leg, and causes you to lift leg. • Interneurons- makes more complex response • Excitation and inhibitory, need to excite some muscles and inhibit other muscles when lifting legs. The right muscles become activated and inappropriate muscles become inhibited • Interneurons take sensory neurons in and then gives an output, that is fundamentally what the brain is all about Connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons

question

(electrochemical communication) vs. glia cells - what they do...in detail

answer

electrochemical communication: - Communication of information within and between neurons proceeds in two stages. - Conduction (electrical) and - Transmission (chemical) - Together, these stages are referred to as electrochemical action (communication). - Electric Signaling: Conducting Information Within a Neuron glia cells: Support cells found in the nervous system, deliver nutrients, barrier for toxins,

question

Action potential

answer

electric signal that is conducted along a neuron's axon to a synapse

question

resting potential

answer

Difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane - soma at -70mv

question

refractory period

answer

Time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated (because not at -70mv yet...it hyperpolarizes and must get back up to -70mv)

question

nodes of ranvier

answer

gaps in sheath surrounding a myelinated axon

question

All or none principal (provide example)

answer

if you have all the required charge to have a neuron fire or you don't example:

question

Agonist

answer

Drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter

question

antagonist

answer

Drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter

question

Neurotransmitters - what are they/function

answer

- Chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neuron's dendrites - Reuptake, enzyme deactivation, autoreceptor binding

question

excitatory vs. inhibitory

answer

excitatory: neurotransmitter that increases the probability that the receiving cell will fire inhibitory: neurotransmitter that increases the probability that the receiving cell will stop firing

question

receptors

answer

Parts of the cell membrane that receive the neurotransmitter and initiate or prevent a new electric signal (on the dendrites)

question

Parkinson's and schizophrenia

answer

Schizophrenia (too much DA) drugs that decrease dopamine alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia Parkinson's Disease (too little DA) - drugs that decrease dopamine cause Parikinsonian-like symptoms

question

dopamine

answer

controlled cognition, planning, anticipation of rewards

question

GABA (do not worry about the rest of the NTs)

answer

- Major inhibitory neurotransmitter Located in the same areas that Dopamine is produced - Huntington's disease - too little GABA - When GABA neurons are activated, neural activity decreases...the effects of alcohol happen because alcohol can act like GABA and bind at receptor sites

question

Nervous system:

answer

Interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical information throughout the body

question

CNS (brain and spinal cord)

answer

- Central nervous system (CNS): Composed of the brain and the spinal cord - Spinal Cord: a long bundle of neurons that: - carries messages to and from the body to the brain - reflexes

question

the Brain

answer

- There are three major divisions of the brain. - Hindbrain: Coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord and controls the basic functions of life - Medulla, reticular formation, cerebellum, pons - Midbrain: Important for orientation and movement. Also serves as a relay center for visual, auditory, and motor system information - Tectum, tegmentum - Forebrain: Highest level of brain; critical for complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor functions - Cerebral cortex, subcortical structures

question

peripheral nervous system (somatic and autonomic)

answer

- Peripheral nervous system(PNS): Connects the CNS to the body's organs and muscles - Somatic nervous system: Conveys information into and out of the CNS to voluntary muscles of the body - Autonomic nervous systems (ANS): Carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands

question

Autonomic comprised of sympathetic and parasympathetic

answer

- Sympathetic nervous system: Prepares the body for action in threatening situations (fight or flight) - Parasympathetic nervous system: Helps the body return to a normal resting state (homeostatis)

question

Know the basic functions of each subdivision, how they are controlled (voluntary or involuntary)

answer

- Sympathetic System - takes over when we are threatened by something (stress) - heart rate (+) - digestion (-) - salivation (dry-mouth) - sweat production (to keep you cool) - adrenaline is released - bladder functions are inhibited - Parasympathetic System - Relaxation Response - heart rate ( - ) - digestion (+) - Salivation (+) - Homeostasis - balancing forces

question

Epigenetic processes

answer

- Environmental influences that determine whether or not genes are expressed, or the degree to which they are expressed, without altering the basic DNA sequences that constitute the genes themselves. EPIGENETICS AND THE PERSISTING EFFECTS OF EARLY EXPERIENCE In recent research, Meaney and colleagues demonstrated that epigenetic processes play a critical role in long-lasting effects on early life experiences. - Results from rat studies demonstrate hundreds of DNA methylation differences in the hippocampus of the offspring of high and low LG mothers. - New analyses of hippocampal samples from abused suicide victims also reveal widespread DNA methylation differences between the abused sample and a control group of nonabused individuals.

question

Reflexes - what are they, where do they happen

answer

Simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions spinal cord

question

Afferent and efferent nerves

answer

afferent: is the nerve fiber (axon) of an afferent neuron (sensory neuron). It is a long process (projection) extending far from the nerve cell body that carries nerve impulses from sensory receptors or sense organs toward the central nervous system. efferent: Neurons that send impulses from the central nervous system to your limbs and organs are called efferent

question

Medulla

answer

- lowest part of the brain - responsible for life-sustaining (vital) functions such as breathing, swallowing, vomiting, and heart rate

question

pons

answer

- larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom - plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, and arousal - The Hindbrain

question

thalamus

answer

- The thalamus receives inputs from all the major senses except smell. - You can thank your thalamus when you see the red apple, feel its smoothness in your hand, hear the crunch as you bite into it, and taste its sweetness. - Thalamus: Relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex

question

hypothalamus

answer

regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior; also part of the limbic system

question

reticular formation

answer

- Involved in arousal, attention, muscle reflexes, breathing, and pain perception - Contains the Locus Coeruleus (blue spot) -responsible for selective attention

question

substantia nigra

answer

(black substance) is connected to the Striatum (in the forebrain) and allows for smooth initiation of movement

question

cerebellum

answer

controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, ballistic, fine motor movement

question

corpus callosum

answer

Thick band of nerve fibers that connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of information across the hemispheres

question

hippocampus

answer

Critical for creating new memories and integrating them into a network of knowledge so that they can be stored indefinitely in other parts of the cerebral cortex

question

amygdala

answer

Plays a central role in many emotional processes, particularly the formation of emotional memories

question

Cortical lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal and their basic functions

answer

- Occipital lobe: Processes visual information - contains the visual centers of the brain - Primary Visual Cortex: processes visual information from the eyes - Visual Association Cortex: identifies and makes sense of visual information - Parietal lobe: Processes information about touch, taste, and temperature - contains the centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations - Somatosensory Cortex: at front of parietal lobe; processes info from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, body position, and possibly taste - Temporal lobe: Responsible for hearing and language - hearing and meaningful speech - Primary Auditory Cortex: processes auditory information from the ears - Auditory Association Cortex: identifies and makes sense of auditory info - Frontal lobe: Specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgment - responsible for higher mental processes - planning, impulse control, and decision making, and the production of fluent speech - Motor Cortex: at back of the frontal lobe; sends motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system

question

somatosensory cortex

answer

Represents skin areas on contralateral surface of body

question

motor cortex

answer

the part of the cerebral cortex in the brain where the nerve impulses originate that initiate voluntary muscular activity.

question

association cortex

answer

: Composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex

question

Wernicke's and Broca's areas

answer

- Broca's Area - speech production - Wernicke's Area - speech comprehension

question

lateralization,

answer

The human brain is divided into two hemispheres - left and right hemispheres. Lateralization of brain function means that there are certain mental processes that are mainly specialized to one side or the other. Most mental functions are distributed across the hemispheres but there are specific processes that are specialized to one hemisphere. For example, both sides of the brain perform functions related to language. But in most people, grammar and vocabulary are localized to the left side of the brain, while understanding the emotional content of language is a function of the right hemisphere. Read more: http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Lateralization#ixzz4LF5NujEP

question

plasticity

answer

the ability to constantly change both the structure and function of cells in response to experience or trauma

question

Endocrine system - what is it?

answer

The endocrine system is a series of glands throughout the body that secrete chemicals (hormones) into the bloodstream; hormones, in turn, affect body functions.

question

Limbic system - what is it?

answer

is survival and another is memory accessment and storage. Two of the major parts of the limbic system are the amygdala and the hippocampus.

question

Mirror Neurons

answer

- Found in the frontal and parietal lobes and have been identified in other species in addition to humans - Activated when an organism engages in a behavior or observes another engage in that behavior - Are also more highly activated when observing action within a context.

question

Signal detection

answer

attempts to identify the intensity needed for someone to say that they have experienced a stimulus...affected by Response to a stimulus depends both on the person's sensitivity to the stimulus in the presence of noise and on a person's response criterion; it takes into account individual perceptual sensitivity.

question

absolute threshold

answer

Minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus (usually identification on 50% of trials).

question

just noticeable difference

answer

Minimal change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected

question

criterion shift

answer

the change in response bias to a signal caused by some internal or external shift.

question

Weber's Law

answer

JND of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensity

question

Sensation vs. perception

answer

Sensation refers to the process of sensing our environment through touch, taste, sight, sound, and smell. This information is sent to our brains in raw form where perception comes into play. Perception is the way we interpret these sensations and therefore make sense of everything around us.

question

transduction

answer

- refers to the translation of information from the environment into neural signals. - Each of the sensory organs does this translation in a different way. - The interpretation of sensory input

question

Subliminal perception

answer

- is the idea that a stimulus can influence behavior even when it is so weak or brief that we do not perceive it consciously. - Liminal = threshold - Sub = below - Supra = above - Priming - can occur at all levels...makes the concept accessible

question

Sensory adaptation

answer

- the tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging - Sensory Adaptation - We are hard wired to notice differences in the environment rather than constants - Ex. Bad smells - Ex. Sweet drink - Even with these noxious stimuli, we eventually adapt to it...we call that habituation - Sometimes Must Avoid Sensory Adaptation - Microsaccades: constant movement of the eyes; tiny little vibrations that people do not notice consciously prevent sensory adaptation to visual stimuli

question

Accommodation (eye)

answer

is the flattening or curving of the lens of the eye in order to focus on objects of varying distances from the perceiver. In psychology, accommodation helps explain how people and animals perceive, thereby acquiring visual information about the world.

question

Eye

answer

A Living Optical Instrument - The eye: housing and channeling

question

fovea

answer

part of retina where vision is clearest (no rods - only cones)

question

retina

answer

layer of cells - rods, cones, other visual neurons (light sensitive) absorbs light, processes images, and sends information to the brain

question

lens

answer

focuses the light on the retina via accommodation

question

iris

answer

colored ring of muscle, constricts or dilates - regulates amount of light coming in

question

cornea

answer

where light enters the eye - bends light towards retina

question

pupil

answer

permits light to pass into the rear chamber of the eye

question

optic nerve

answer

carries the impulses formed by the retina, the nerve layer that lines the back of the eye and senses light and creates impulses. These impulses are dispatched through the optic nerve to the brain, which interprets them as images. ... The optic nerve is the second cranial nerve.

question

blind spot

answer

A small region in the visual field (the area scanned by the eye) that cannot be seen. The blind spot corresponds to an area in the eye where the optic nerve enters the retina.

question

Far-sightedness and near-sightedness

answer

- Nearsighted people see clearly what's nearby, but distant objects are blurry because light from them is focused in front of the retina, a condition called myopia. - Farsighted people have the opposite problem: Distant objects are clear, but those objects nearby are blurry because their point of focus falls beyond the surface of the retina, a condition called hyperopia.

question

Visual form agnosia

answer

The inability to recognize objects by sight

question

Change blindness

answer

When people fail to detect changes to the visual details of a scene

question

Inattentional blindness

answer

Failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention

question

Light and dark adaptation - relationship to rods and cones of the eye - adaptation??

answer

adaptation- becoming more or less sensitive to light as needed - DID PIRATES WEAR EYEPATCHES??? - Dark Adaptation: the recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimuli in darkness after exposure to bright lights - Light Adaptation: the recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness

question

Theories of color vision - trichromatic and opponent process theories

answer

- Trichromatic theory: Young and Helmholtz - Receptors for red, green, blue - color mixing of all three produces white light - Opponent Process theory: Hering - 3 pairs of antagonistic colors - red/green, blue/yellow, black/white - Current perspective: both theories necessary - first Trichromatic, then Opponent Process

question

Bottom up versus top down processing

answer

Top - Down: understand/identify the whole stimulus before the parts Bottom - Up: identify the parts of a stimulus to understand the whole

question

Haptic perception

answer

Active exploration of the environment by touching and grasping objects with our hands

question

gestalt principles:

answer

closure, proximity, continuity, similarity, simplicity, common fate

question

closure

answer

if object is missing parts, we fill in to complete

question

proximity

answer

group things that are close together

question

continuity

answer

identify parts by the apparent continuity in line

question

similarity

answer

group things that are alike

question

simplicity

answer

explain things in simplest terms

question

common fate

answer

depends on movement and is quite striking when observed. According to the principle of common fate, stimulus elements are likely to be perceived as a unit if they move together.

question

Phi phenomenon - stems from apparent motion

answer

- Present pictures at an appropriate rate and we experience smooth motion...especially when add sound in sync with images - Reason we can watch movies and tv seen in motion pictures, in which a rapid series of still pictures will appear to be in motion

question

Figure-ground distinction

answer

identifying the figure and background

question

Depth perception

answer

the ability to perceive the relative distance of objects in one's visual field.

question

monocular (relative size, interposition, texture gradients, linear perspective)

answer

- clues from a single eye - Accommodation - change in shape of the lens as the eye focuses relative size: is a perceptual clue which allows you to determine how close objects are to an object of known size. Sometimes our perceptions are faulty. Humans use relative size to judge the size of the moon. This is why the moon seems bigger and closer when it is near the horizon than when it is high in the sky. interposition: occurs in instances where one object overlaps the other, which causes us to perceive depth.( double image of fingers when you at them closely) texture gradients: the distortion in size which closer objects have compared to objects farther away. It also involves groups of objects appearing denser as they move farther away. Also could be explained by noticing a certain amount of detail depending on how close something is, giving a sense of depth perception. linear perspective: is a depth cue that is related to both relative size and the next depth cue, texture gradient. In linear perspective parallel lines that recede into the distance appear to get closer together or converge.

question

binocular cues (convergence, retinal disparity)

answer

- clues from both eyes - Retinal Disparity - - w/in 25 ft, images are different for each eye - Convergence - - Feeling of eye turning towards one another

question

cultural differences in ability to use pictoral cues

answer

Depth cues in pictures requires practice, but depth perception in the world is innate. - Perceptual Constancies in Vision - Perceptual constancies - stable perceptions with changing stimuli - Size - ex. know the train coming towards us is not getting larger - Shape - Brightness - Hue - Location in space - image on retina (proximal stimulus) changes as move, but the stimulus (distal stimulus) remains the same and the brain knows this

question

Gustation

answer

- taste (gustation) - Physical stimulus: soluble chemical substances - Receptors cells found in taste buds on papillae on the tongue - Five primary tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, and salty...recently umami has been added, which is the taste of glutamate - Taste bud map is a myth - Taste: learned and social processes - Flavor is the combination of smell and taste experiences. - Individual differences in taste experience - Tasters, nontasters, supertasters

question

Olfaction

answer

- Smell (Olfaction) - Physical stimuli (odorant molecules): substances carried in the air - Dissolved in fluid, the mucus in the nose - Olfactory receptors = olfactory cilia - Does not go through thalamus - Chemical odors may affect sexual behavior. - Pheromones: Biochemical odorants emitted by other members of its species that can affect an animal's behavior or physiology

question

Somesthetic Senses - vestibular, kinesthetic

answer

Kinesthetic: Detect body position and movement, know where body parts are Vestibular: Balance, position in space, and acceleration, receptors in inner ear - Vestibular System and Motion Sickness - Motion sickness is related to vestibular system. - Sensory Conflict Theory: Motion sickness occurs because vestibular system sensations do not match sensations from the eyes and body.

Uark general psychology exam 1 (alwood) – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards