Social Psychology Flashcard
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Social Psychology
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the branch of psychology concerned with the way individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others
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Social Psychology
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the branch of psychology that attempts to understand and explain how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals, or implied presence of others
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implied presence of others
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the audience that will read your Facebook post
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if manipulated and told you will live a lonely life study (imagined outcome)
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participants become aggressive and chose triplex hot sauce
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Inputs what is manipulated
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actual, imagined , implied
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Outputs; what is measured
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thoughts, feelings and behaviors
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Birthday of Social Psychology
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Late 1800's fairly young discipline
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Plato 400 BC
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argued that people formed groups and banded together to survive more effectively, in groups you can better meet common goals and needs
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plato 400 bc
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All of human behavior must be due to the need to survive
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Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679
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power was more easily obtained and fought for collectively; the more people on your side the more powerful you are
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Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679
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The more people believe x the more influenced are other people to believe x
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Jeremy Bentham 1748-1832
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social behavior motivated by the need to be pleased
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Jeremy Bentham 1748-1832
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believed that living socially brought more pleasure than living alone,
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Jeremy Bentham 1748-1832
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Said that seeking of pleasure and avoidance of pain governed most human behavior. He also said that the best society was one that did the greatest good for the greateset number of people
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3 Gran Theorists of Behavior
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Jeremy Bentham, Plato and Thomas Hobbes test their hypothesis through observation or experiment unlike contemporary social psychologists
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Birthdate of social Psychology
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Difficult to be certain; when the first experiment to be published. Norman Triplet 1898 ( American) or it could be Max Ringleman (1913)
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Norman Triplett
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first official social psychology experiment on social facilitation; cyclists performed better when paced by others
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Norman Triplett
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Published what is thought to be the first study of social psychology: he investigated the effect of competition on performance. He found that people perform better on familiar tasks when in the presence of others than when alone.
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Norman Triplett
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1897(first social psych experiment) took official records of bicycle races. He found that speed was 20% faster when racing with others. *Experiment. Kids turned fishing reels around a track with and without other children present. Girls did better in groups than alone. Personality affected the outcome too
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Norman Triplett
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First social psychology experiment, kids winding string did it faster when other children were present. Got idea from kids riding back, they rode faster when others were around.
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Max Ringelmann
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1880s studied the effects of presence of others on individual performance - Saw that individuals performed worse on simple tasks(e.g., pulling rope) Tug of war
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Max Ringelmann
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He found that as group size increased, individual effort decreased. This study can explain why people tend to slack off when working on group projects.
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social facilitation
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improved performance of tasks in the presence of others; occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered
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interdependent
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mutually dependent
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The 1930's
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very important decade in social psychology; Sherif studied how norms formed without explicit instruction and Bartlett published Remembering in 1932
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Sherif
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Used auto-kinetic effect to study conformity; also performed Robber's Cave Experiment and found that having superordinate goals increase intergroup cooperation.
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Sherif
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study demonstrated the impact of informational influence on social norms -when individuals are alone in a room and asked to guess how far the dot is moving, their guesses differ greatly -when individuals are in a group, their estimates of how far the dot is moving converge over time
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Sherif
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"autokinetic phenomenon"; conformity studies
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Bartlett
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Memory reconstructive-people more likely to remember ideas and meaning rather than grammar/details
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Bartlett
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More so Cognitive Psychologists but contributed to Social psychology
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Remembering 1932
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Published by Bartlett emphasized the importance of thought not just strictly observational behavior
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Bartlett
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1932 BOOK: Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology contained theory for memory of stories
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World War II
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Social Psychology blossomed; hovland's work on persuasion, Lewin's work on attitude change in groups
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Postwar research
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Stanley Milgram
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Hovland
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studied attitude change; sleeper effect of persuasion (To help the U.S. and allies to win the war)
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Hovland
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ex.) Persuaded the women to serve tongue for dinner to preserve certain cuts of meat for the soldiers during WWII ( were more persuaded when talked about it among a social context than informed independently)
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Hovland
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he said persuasion was based on learning and reinforcement
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Hovland
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proposed 3 components in the communication of persuasion (the communicator, the communication and the situation)
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Lewin
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Father of Social Psychology, Tested 3 styles of teaching a class- authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian. (authoritative was most effective)
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Lewin
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German psychologist who argued that a person's behavior could best be predicted by examining their subjective experience of the world.
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Lewin
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father of social psychology group dynamics
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Stanley Milgram
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social psychologist, conducted the Milgram Experiment on Obedience, criticized for unethical study
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Stanley Milgram
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Nazi Germany was not actually the motivation for his experiment that is a myth
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Stanley Milgram
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Stimulus-overload theory; also experiment where participants ordered to give "painful electric shocks" to a "learner" when incorrect, explored how people respond to orders; conditions that facilitated conformity: remoteness of victim, proximity of commander, legitimate-seeming commander, conformity of other subjects; conformed 66% of the time; raised ethical issues; also explained actions of Nazi war criminals
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1970's
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The Crisis Period in Social Psychology 1. Ken Gergen 1973 ( findings are not generalizable) 2. Red scare
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Gergen
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torched soc psych, said individ to time and cult
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Gergen
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73 wrote that SP was in cris of confidence said we didn't do so well in social psychology which others claimed we were unethical Relman 67 or flawed Orne 72 -- (demand characterstics = leading / good person) Miligrm in this time
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Gergen
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The field should aim for the development of historically bond descriptions of human behavior
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Crisis in Social Psychology
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period in the 1970s during which social psychology was subjected to a variety of metatheoretical, methodological, and moral critiques.
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Gergen
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was wrong about the ash study with lines; today in 2013 about 37% will call out the wrong length of line
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Gergen
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argued that our findings are not generalizable to other time periods
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Edward Sampson 1978
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"SP is a weak discipline at best" Too many people represent the same background among SP and therefore share a bias that leads to the wrong conclusion
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Edward Sampson 1978
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A sociologists who argued that the nature of the questions asked by social psychology address the needs of a male dominated, middle class, capitalist
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Edward Sampson 1978
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most findings in social psychology fail to generalize to other cultures
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Edward Sampson 1978
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following his critique, there was a stronger effort made to study social psychological phenomena across culturally
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independent variable
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the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
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dependent variable
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the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
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dependent variable
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represents the results of the events and processes
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independent variable
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leads to changes in the dependent variable
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Direction of Causality
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there is a positive strong correlation with the sales of ice-cream and crime rates; Does A cause B or B cause A or is there a third C variable?? (Hot weather)
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Era of Pluralism
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1970's-90's
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social cognition
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an area in social psychology, The study of how people perceive, remember and interpret info about themselves and others
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Social cognition
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concerned with social influences on thought, memory, perception, and beliefs
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social neuroscience
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the study of the relationship between neural and social processes
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behavioral genetics
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an interdisciplinary field that studies the influence of genetic factors on behavioral traits
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Goldberger and Pellagra epidemic
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example of the distinction among correlation and experiment
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Goldberger
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He linked poverty and disease togther. studied pellagra as well as holding various epidemiological posts in the United States. He was from Hungary.
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Goldberger
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Discovery of the curve for pellagra- a nutritional deficiency disease characterized by the so called 3 D's
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Goldberger
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carried out a control experiment; probably unethical today; randomly chose 50 prisoner to avoid selective bias
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Dear Abbey
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Night 1 Dinner with Hubby or Night 2 Sex with Hubby conservative readers, volunteered responders bias, trying to give experimenter what they want bias
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Marriage therapy
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Is it really effective or are those who decide to go much more committed population any ways? Selective Bias
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Goldberger
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one group had a no protein diet and the and another group who had protein rich diet ( the poor diet 15 developed Pellagra) -> Protein is the link
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memory errors
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forgetting things that did happen, remembering things that never did happened
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distorted memories
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align with who we are now....ex show "work out" owner of the gym thought she got all A's in high school
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current state a person is
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creates the story ex.) having a bad day..... i have no friends or Ryan Nelson seeing "my dog got shot in the face with a shot gun"
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memory biases in Relationships
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Parents and adolescents memory of past relationship
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flashbulb memories
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detailed memory for events surrounding a dramatic event that is vivid and remembered with confidence
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flashbulb memories
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type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it.
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distorted memory
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- Degrading of the accuracy of the initial memory. - people may distort memory through the retelling.
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distorted memory
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Neisser & Harsch, Remembering things the way people told you that they happened or distorted memory through the retelling
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Belief perseverance
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clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
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Belief perseverance
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persistence of one's initial conceptions, as when the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives
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Belief perseverance
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the tendency to maintain beliefs even after they have been discredited
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Slimming ass cream
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Belief perseverance
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Belief perseverance
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Our tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence.
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Belief perseverance
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"we tend to believe that our political beliefs stay the same and that we grow wiser with age" Goethals& Reckman 1973
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Goethals & Reckman
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Measured student's attitudes about school busing 4-14 days later exposed to a very convincing confederate arguing the opposite position held by student
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Belief perseverance
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Marriage therapy We were so bad off before... Wow therapy has helped SO much
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Study skills class
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Belief Perseverance "I was much terrible before"
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Loftus & Palmer
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Investigated the role of leading questions in recall. Replaced "hit" with "smashed", "collided", etc. The researchers found that the mean speed estimate was in fact affected by the words. how you say something affects the listener they can also make up and entirely new memory due to schematics.
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Loftus & Palmer
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Did an experiment where people estimated speed of a car crash; how you say something affects the listener
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Loftus & Palmer
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Social context has an impact on how your remember
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Loftus & Palmer
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car crashing experimenter showed the participants of a car accident. and asked the participants how fast was the car going before it crashed/bumped. And changed the verb in the sentence to see how it would influence memory. Then they were asked if they saw broken glass and they believed there was broken glass when there wasn't
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Misinformation Effect
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The tendency for False post-event misinformation to become integrated into people's memory of an event
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Misinformation Effect
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incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
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Misinformation Effect
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creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place
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Misinformation Effect
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Incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it.
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Misinformation Effect
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you find out your neighbor is a child molester... you have false memories that you always have thought that after hearing this
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Sam Stone Study
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negative stereotyple was implanted in 3-6 year old heads. the kids reported that he had ripped the book and soiled the teddy bear
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asking suggestive questions to children may lead them to make some thing up
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Misinformation Effect
