question

Stigmas

answer

A mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person. The more you're exposed to a stigma the less you have adverse reactions to it. You eventually become indifferent to it.

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Mere & Repeated Exposure

answer

Mere-exposure: The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them

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Proximity

answer

Proximity leads to liking because it enables interaction and anticipatory liking. Also due to mere and repeated exposure.

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Matching Hypothesis

answer

Tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a "good match" in attractiveness and other traits

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Evolutionary Psychology perspective

answer

Pass down genes and ensure survival of species

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Development of relationships (intimacy reciprocity)

answer

1)Increasing intimacy and self-disclosure 2)Increased reciprocity (Exchange relationship) (You scratch my back I scratch yours *Transformation to cognitive interdependence* leads to next step 3)Deceased reciprocity- Communal relationship Cognitive interdependence: Thinking of "us" instead of you and me

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Dyads

answer

Something that consists of two parts

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Proportion of Shared Attitudes

answer

There is a linear relationship between attraction and shared attitudes.

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Reponses to Troubled Dyads (Rusbult)

answer

Positive orientation: Active: Voice Passive: Loyalty Negative orientation: Active: Exit Passive: Neglect

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Cognitive interdependence

answer

Thinking of "us" instead of you and me

question

Comparison level and Comparison Level of alternatives

answer

Comparison level: What we think we should get from a relationship (CL) If outcome is above comparison level, we are happy with our relationship If outcome is below comparison level, we are unsatisfied with our relationship outcome=How your relationship is actually like Comparison level of alternatives: Assessment of how the outcomes would be outside a relationship Cl-Alt=Alternatives you have, aka leaving the relationship or starting a new relationship You don't leave a relationship unless your comparison level goes down below the level of alternatives. If your CL is above your CL-alt you stay in your relationship. Sometimes CL-Alt is higher than CL, but you stay in a relationship. This may be due to sunk costs.

question

What are sunk costs?

answer

Time or resources spent that cannot be recouped

question

What is the false consensus effect?

answer

We overestimate the degree to which people within our ingroup agree with us

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What is cuckolding?

answer

Female mates with genetically superior male and stays with provider male who raises the child that's not his

question

How do most relationships end?

answer

Most relationships end from small build up of problems and sometimes from a large trauma

question

What is social influence?

answer

Efforts made to change some part of the social self Attitudes, perceptions, behaviors

question

What is the 2 & 1/2 forms of social influence?

answer

Conformity, Compliance, and 1/2 Obedience

question

Conformity

answer

Pressure to behave in a certain way

question

Asch's study factors & reasons

answer

76% of participants conformed at least once (# of participants) On average participants conformed 37% of the time (# of trials) 5% conformed every time Pressure gets spread out when someone else deviates from the group

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Why are juries the size they are?

answer

Group is small enough to reach unanimous decision, but big enough to have different perspectives.

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What influences conformity in terms of task importance and difficulty?

answer

When task is not important, they are less likely to conform When task is important and easy, least likely to conform When task is important and hard, most likely to conform

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What is the difference between conformity and conversion?

answer

Just because you go with the group decision, doesn't mean you changed your mind. You can conform but not be converted

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Majority influence

answer

Make people conform by outnumbering them

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Minority influence

answer

You need to focus on conversion since you don't have the numbers

question

Minority influence behaviors

answer

-Consistent -Confident, over time and across minority members -Demonstrates flexibility -Willingess to compromise -idosyncrasy credits: Whenever members of minority group conforms to larger group expectations. Builds up credit that you can spend to challenge the group.

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Compliance definition

answer

Getting people to respond to requests

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Compliance techniques

answer

Liking Commitment/Consistency Reciprocity Scarcity Social validation Pique technique

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Liking (How is it used as a compliance technique)

answer

Ingratiation: Sucking up They don't dress too formal, not to show you up.

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Commitment/Consistency (How is it used as a compliance technique)

answer

Foot-in-the-door: Small task>bigger task Lowball procedure: Reach agreement then raise stakes a little People want to avoid dissonance so want to act in a consistent fashion.

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Reciprocity (How is it used as a compliance technique)

answer

Social exchange: Person A does something for Person B. Person B feels obligated to do something for Person A. Door in the face: Large request that is followed by a smaller request That's not all: Sweetening the deal by adding more components to the deal

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Scarcity (How is it used as a compliance technique)

answer

Deadline: Offer ends at a certain time Playing hard to get: Limited quantity

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Social Validation (How is it used as a compliance technique)

answer

Using a celebrity to endorse the product. Be like mike (nike)

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Pique technique (How is it used as a compliance technique)

answer

Getting someone's interest by using something unexpected. For example: Do you have a dollar and 56 cents rather than $1. The specificity might pique someone's interest

question

Briefly describe Milgram's obedience study (lessons) (how do we fight it)

answer

The two subjects that quit the research tried to give the money back. Experimenter>Teacher>Learner Relationship between experimenter and teacher Four prompts given: 1. Please continue 2. Requires you continue 3. Essential you continue 4. You have no further choice you have to continue Most people will obey a message from an authority figure. People ended their participation at the 4th prompt due to reactance.

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What are the different types of compliance?

answer

Foot in the door: Small request>bigger request Door in the face: Large request>smaller request Deadline: Offer ends at a certain time Hard to get: Limited quantity

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What is attitude inoculation?

answer

Exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available. This is an anti-persuasion technique. Like a medical vaccine. Person is exposed to small amounts of a virus which they build immunity to.

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What is reactance?

answer

A motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom. Reactance arises when someone threatens our freedom of action

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Why is conformity important?

answer

If we had no drive to conform, we'd have no culture or society.

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What is the definition of a group?

answer

Two or more humans who interact with one another, accept expectations and obligations as members of the group, and share a common identity.

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What is social facilitation & drive theory? (Relevance of Yerkes Dodsen)

answer

Social facilitation: Original meaning: The tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present Social facilitation Current Meaning: The strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses in the presence of others Driven by distraction: We get distracted by wonder how co-actors are doing or how an audience is reacting. This overloads our cognitive system causing too much arousal. If you're doing an easy task, having people watching increases your arousal which is a good thing because you get closer to the "flow zone" If you're doing a a difficult task having people watching you increases your arousal, which is a bad thing because you get too aroused.

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How does social facilitation manifest?

answer

Individual efforts evaluated> Evaluation apprehension>Arousal

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What is social loafing?

answer

The tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts towards a common goal when they are individually accountable

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How does social loafing manifest?

answer

Individual efforts are pooled together and not evaluated>No evaluation apprehension>Less arousal

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What can make people social loaf less?

answer

People loaf less when the task is challenging, appealing or involving. When the task is challenging they think their effort is require and important to the group. People also loaf less when the members in the group are friends or they feel identified or important to the group.

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What is free riding?

answer

People who benefit from a group but give little in return.

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What is the difference between social loafing and free riding?

answer

Social loafing is exerting less effort when efforts are pooled toward a common goal. Free riding is when people benefit from a group and give little in return. The terms are not synonymous. Social loafing=Effort Free Riding=Benefits received/given Freeriding is conscious, social loafing is unconscious

question

What is diffusion of responsibility?

answer

People are less likely to take responsibility for an action or inaction when others are present

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What is risky shift?

answer

Group decisions are usually riskier, individuals will also shift to more riskier sides after discussion

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Does risky shift always happen?

answer

No. This leads to the theory of group polarization.

question

What is group polarization?

answer

Discussion typically strengthens the initial inclination of group members. NOT A SPLIT WITHIN A GROUP. Views get more extreme in a group. Example: Alone: Individual 1: Smoking is bad Individual 2: Smoking isn't that bad (Non-extreme views) In a group: Individual 1: Smoking kills! Individual 2: There is nothing wrong with smoking! (More extreme views) People 1: Democrat Person 2:Republican Person 1: Starts to deviate more left in the spectrum when joining a democrat group Person 2: Starts to deviate more right in the spectrum when joining a republican group

question

What is group think?

answer

Tendency of decision-making groups to suppress dissent in the interest of group harmony. Going along with what the group says. "The mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence-seeing becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action" -- Irving Janis (1971)

question

According to Janis, what makes group think more likely to occur?

answer

An amiable, cohesive group Relative isolation of the group from dissenting viewpoints; and A directive leader who signals what decision he or she favors.

question

What are symptoms of group think symptoms that deal with overestimation of group's might and right?

answer

Illusion of invulnerability: Blind to warnings of danger Unquestioned belief in the group's morality: Group members assume inherent morality and ignore ethical and moral issues

question

What are groupthink symptoms of being close-minded?

answer

Rationalization: Groups discount challenges by collectively justifying their decisions Stereotyped view of opponent: Groupthink consider enemies too evil to negotiate with or too weak and unintelligent

question

What are groupthink symptoms of pressures toward uniformity?

answer

Conformity pressure: Group members rebuffed those who raised doubts about the group's assumptions and plans, at times by personal sarcasm Self-censorship: To avoid uncomfortable disagreements, members withheld or discounted their misgivings. Illusions of unanimity: Self-censorship and pressure not to puncture the consensus create an illusion of unanimity

question

What are mindguards?

answer

Some members protect the group from information that would call into question the effectiveness of morality of its decisions. People who withhold information that is disagreeable.

question

How do we prevent group think?

answer

Be impartial - do not endorse any position. Encourage critical evaluation - assign a devil's advocate or designated pain in the ass to critique all discourse Occasionally subdivide the group then reunite to air differences WELCOME critiques from outside experts and associates Then call a "second-chance" meeting to air any lingering doubts

question

Describe the stanford prisoner study (lessons)

answer

Simulated prison setting. Students were given roles of guards and prisoners. Students who were guards started treating prisoners poorly even if it was out of character. People can readily conform to social roles they are expected to play. However, we aren't doomed to the role we are assigned. Behavior is a product of the individual person and the environment. Giving people a bad role to play will not always lead to the person to play it. We should be aware of the power of roles, even Zimbardo fell victim to his role. There is a disconnect between who we are and who we think we are. What we would do vs what we actually do. When we act like those around us, we slightly change our former selves into being more like them.

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What is Deindividuation?

answer

In groups, people are more likely to abandon normal restraints, to forget their individual identity, to become responsive to group or crowd normas

question

What is the opposite of deindividuation?

answer

Self-awareness

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What is Altruism?

answer

A form of Pro-social behavior A motive to increase anther's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests Selfishness in reverse. Concerned and helpful even when no benefits are helpful or expected in return.

question

What circumstances elicit Deindividuation?

answer

Group size: More people leads to more deindividuation Anonymity: More anonymity leads to more deindividuation. Anonymity also makes one less self-conscious and more group- conscious, and more responsive to situation cues. Situational cue example: If a person is wearing a uniform similar to a KKK outfit, they may act more aggressive, but if a person is wearing a nurse uniform, they are less likely to act aggressive.

question

What is the bystander effect?

answer

People are less likely to help when other people are present because we think other people will help

question

What is the five stages to help (Latane & Darley)

answer

1) Notice (Perceive the emergency) 2)Interpretation (interpret situation as emergency) 3)Assume Responsibility 4)Know what to do (Competent enough to do something) 5)Final decision (Help or not)

question

Noticing stage (Five stages to help) What can go wrong?

answer

We perceive an emergency. The more things in our cognitive perception, the more our focus narrows.

question

Interpretation stage (Five stages to help) What can go wrong?

answer

Pluralistic ignorance: If you're not sure about a situation, you look to others, and others look at others. Leads to no one knowing if it's an emergency or not. Social proof: During uncertainty we look to others for what to do.

question

Assuming responsibility (Five stages to help) What can go wrong?

answer

There is an emergency and you have to do something about it . Diffusion of responsibility. Responsibility is diffused across the crowd More people=more time needed to get help

question

Knowing what to do (Five stages to help) What can go wrong?

answer

Ripples up, individual needs to know what to do through all the previous stages of the five stages to help. Helping the first time leads to a script, making it easier to help the second time

question

Final decision (Five stages to help)

answer

We weigh the pros and cons of situation to determine if we help or not .

question

What are theories that explain altruism?

answer

Genetic Determinism model Empathy-Joy model Negative - State relief model Empathy-Altruism model

question

What is the genetic determinism model?

answer

Goal of living organisms to pass down genes and make sure they survive Help people that more genetically similar to us

question

What is the empathy-joy model?

answer

When we help somebody, it makes us feel good. We derive pleasure because it boosts our self-esteem that we help somebody.

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What is the negative - state relief model?

answer

We help because we'll feel bad otherwise. We help to relieve negative emotions associated with not helping.

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What is the empathy-altruism model?

answer

When we see somebody in pain, we feel empathy and we are motivated to help them.

question

What are the components of an altruistic personality?

answer

Empathy Sense of social responsibility internal locus of control Believe in a just world: Doing good things=good things happen to me

question

What is the selfless altruism model?

answer

Empathy-altruism model

question

What is our interpretation of altruism?

answer

We are hardwired to help, we should feel good to help. Why does "pure altruism" need to occur?

question

What are reasons for aggression?

answer

Neural influences: Genetic influences: Blood chemistry: Alcohol, Testosterone, poor diet Frustration Environmental influences: Heat Attacks Crowding Painful incidents Media(TV, Videogames)

question

What is displacement?

answer

We displace or redirect our hostilities to safer target. Man humiliated by boss berates his wife, who yells at their son, who kicks the dog, which bites the mail carrier, who goes home to berates his wife

question

What is catharsis?

answer

Purging of emotions Cathartic experiences are actually not helpful when you feel aggressive Doing nothing is better than venting anger

question

What are gender differences in regards to aggression?

answer

Men admit they're more aggressive in surveys. Men exhibit more physical aggression. Gender difference shrinks when provoked. Less assaultive forms of aggression like verbally attacking someone, women are no less aggressive than men and may be even more aggressive. Women are also slightly more likely to commit indirect aggressive acts, such as spreading malicious gossip. Men much more often injury others with physical aggression

question

What is the biopsychosocial model?

answer

Holistic model that incorporates biology, psychology, and sociology. Each component can interact with each other.

question

What are the two states of the autonomic nervous system?

answer

Sympathetic: Fight, flight, or freeze Pupils dilate to get more visual information Bronchi relax to get more oxygen to the bloodstream Heart rate increases Blood vessels constrict to allow for more velocity Immune system and digestive shuts down due to energy reallocation Parasympathetic: Rest and digest

question

What is parasympathetic overshoot?

answer

Being in a sympathetic state too long causes an overeaction in the parasympathetic system. Excessive fatigue etc.

question

What are the characteristics of a type A personality

answer

Need control High degree of perfectionism High degree of stress

question

What causes stress?

answer

Environmental demands>Individual capacity You can't meet environmental demands

question

What is voodoo/psychosomatic death?

answer

Phenomenon of sudden death as brought about by a strong emotional shock. Fear, chronic stress, being ostracized etc.

question

What is learned helplessness?

answer

You get punished no matter what you do which eventually leads to feeling that your actions are pointless so you don't even try

question

How did the rat swimming study relate with learned helplessness?

answer

Rats that were held died faster than the rats who weren't. They found that the rats who were held died from reasons other than drowning which explained why they died only 2 hours after being put into the water tank. The rats internalized helpnessness

question

What is the opposite of learned helplessness?

answer

Learned Empowerment: No matter what you do, you're rewarded so you learn to always try

question

What are the stages in voodoo/psychosomatic death?

answer

Message from authority>Personal belief system(attitude)>Perception of one's own power (self-efficacy & social confirmation) Person's physiological reaction>Person's behavioral reactionPerson's psychological reactionPerson's physiological reaction

question

How do self-efficacy and social confirmation play a role in the perception of one's own power?

answer

If a person has low self-efficacy they believe that their individual capacity can't meet the environmental demands which leads to stress. Social confirmation can reinforce the perception of low-self efficacy. For example, if a person believes the are cursed, their peers may avoid them and think he's a lost cause. Which further feeds into the perception that he's cursed and he can't do anything about it .

question

How does a community reinforce a voodoo curse?

answer

People reinforce message of authority. Making you believe in the curse even more.

question

What is an example of voodoo/psychomatic death in modern culture?

answer

Racism.

question

What is role strain & its effects?("Beyond Tantrum Control")

answer

Going against social norms is detrimental to your health

question

What is impact bias?

answer

Overestimating the amount of happiness or misery we will derive from a future scenario

question

What is adaptation-level phenomena?

answer

We adapt to our new life and it becomes the baseline. The baseline is where we base happiness and misery.

question

What is happiness?

answer

The absence of misery. It doesn't predict anything just like love

question

What is meant by a level-up society?

answer

We always need more to be happy. Like video games. Achievements bring temporary happiness. We always need the next achievement. This is grounded in positive reinforcement.

question

What is healthy pessimism?

answer

Grounded in notion of Fortuna or probability. Understanding the probability of misfortune. Healthy pessimism grants perseverance because they are in tune with the probabilities of things going wrong. They are more prepared when this happens.

question

What is sustainability?

answer

Something that can be maintained long term. Living within our means.

question

What is metacognition?

answer

Thinking about thinking while thinking

question

What is a community?

answer

A group of people that have a psychological sense of community.

question

What are the 4 dimensions of a psychological sense of community (PSOC?

answer

Membership: belonging, fits in, accepted Influence: conformity is important to a community, it's important that the influences is bidirectional. Community makes requests to you, and you ave make requests to the community. Community is not above passiveness, it's about engagement. Reinforcement: Good deeds get rewarded, bad deeds get punished Shared emotional connection: This is the defining characteristic of a community

question

Do communities need to be close in geograhical proximity?

answer

No. Geography is not important to communities. Neighborhoods need geography.

question

What is "Home Range"?

answer

How far a child can go allowed by parents. Strong sense of community=larger home range. Lack of community=small home range.

question

What is the difference between emic and etic?

answer

Emic: Insider perspective, what is your perspective? How do you draw your neighborhood etc. Etic: Outsider perspective, outsider defines what the neighborhood is. Census block/tracts

question

What are census blocks and tracts?

answer

Census tracts: Census makes a geographical map of where the information was received, tracts are the larger portion Census blocks: Tracts are further broken down into census blocks

question

Does confidence lead to accuracy when suspecting a possible criminal?

answer

No. Even naive people in an experiment scored higher than police officers who were the most confident.

question

What is the problem associated with the cookie-cutter neighborhood design?

answer

Age. Kids grow up and people stay. Enrollment in school goes down. School closes. People don't want to move into a neighborood with no school. This eventually leads to disinvestment, urban decay, and gentrification

question

What happens when urban decay happens?

answer

People move into the suburbs.

question

What is gentrification?

answer

Moving into devalued neighborhoods. Natural end result of deinvestment.

question

What is redlining?

answer

Infrastructure of new neighborhood is based on demographic of people moving in. People from red and yellow neighborhoods (poor neighborhoods) could not move into these new neighborhoods in the suburbs. They are redlined from the new neighborhoods.

question

What is white flight?

answer

White folks moving from urban centers into the 3rd ring suburbs.

question

Civic Engagement / Social Capital ("Bowling Alone")

answer

Social capital: Investment in building relationships within a community that leads to the generation of opportunities and resources. Civic engagement: Engagement within the community. This is declining. As TV consumption increased, engagement decreased.

question

Why is civic engagement declining?

answer

More people engage in activities, but less people engage in group activities. As television consumption goes up, community participation goes down

question

What is natural selection?

answer

The evolutionary process by which heritable traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuing generations.

question

What is evolutionary psychology?

answer

The study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection

question

What is culture?

answer

The enduring behaviors, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

question

What are norms?

answer

Standards for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior. (In a different sense of the word, norms also describe what most others do - what is normal.)

question

What is personal space?

answer

The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies. Its size depends on our familiarity with whomever is near us.

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What is gender?

answer

In psychology, the characteristics, whether biological or socially influenced, by which people define male and female.

question

What is empathy?

answer

The vicarious experience of another's feelings: putting oneself in another's shoes.

question

What is aggression?

answer

Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. In laboratory experiments, this might mean delivering electric shocks or saying something likely to hurt another's feelings.

question

How does repeated violent game playing increase aggressive personality?

answer

Aggressive beliefs and attitudes Aggressive perceptions Aggressive expectations Aggressive behavior scripts Aggressive desensitization

question

What are gender roles?

answer

A set of behavior expectations norms) for males and females

question

What is interaction?

answer

A relationship in which the effect of one factor (such as biology) depends on another factor (such as environment)

question

Cult Dynamics: Introduction Phase

answer

Love Bombing: Flattery, non sexual touching Confession: Opening up to others causes an increase in intimacy. Members pregive by confessing first. Charismatic Leader: Likeable leader, caring and knowledgeable, forgiving. Leader may be handpicked from successor or be the chosen one, or have an insight. They know how to use compliance techniques. Some leaders want money, some leaders believe in what they're selling. Attack self esteem: Attack your self-esteem, and help you regain self-esteem by associating with them.

question

Cult Dynamics: Novice Phase

answer

New reality is being created Isolation Cutting: Removing external world so nothing can challenge the cult ideology Physical aspects: Cutting off sleep and nutrition to lead to poor decision making Social proof: Not sure what's going on, look to social confirmation for reality Stay or go: Staying easier and leaving is more difficult Reinforcement: Insight goals: Getting information from leader in bits and pieces. The more you stay the more information you get FtR & HtD: Fear then release: Creating a fear then giving an out to the fear. Punishment then withdrawal of punishment. Happiness then Disappointment: Approval then withdrawal of approval. This causes the person to want to get the approval back. Stockhold syndrome: Prisoner begins to sympathize with captivator. Opposite of HtD. First person feels disappointment then happiness after their captor treats them better over time

question

Cult Dynamics: Member Phase

answer

This is where new reality is formalized or internalized Sustenance Rewards: Getting rewards, better living conditions etc. Reinforces adherence to the group. Also lets novices know about these rewards. Groupthink: Within a cult there are the most perverse examples of groupthink, illusions of invulnerability etc. Hermeneutics: Theory and practice of interpretation

question

Is there data collection on police shootings?

answer

No

question

Who are the most likely to be shot when unarmed? (Top 3)

answer

1.Disabled people with mental illnesses 2.Native Americans 3.African American 32% of shooting/unarmed civilians

question

Why is there more interaction between police and African Americans?

answer

Due to over-policing, environment structure issue. Can't enter generally white neighborhoods, where crime rate is low due to people with lawyers complaining about too many police officers, so they go into a neighborhood that has a higher crime rate. More police go into high crime rate area which leads to more interactions.

question

What is serve and collect?

answer

An example of goal displacement. Change in goals leading to unintended and unwanted changes in action. Police officers need to make a quota and arrest people to make that quota

question

How do police use confirmation bias when interrogating?

answer

They don't want to use disconformity evidence.

question

What is the gold standard of evidence in prosecutions?

answer

A confession. You don't need anything else.

question

Why is it bad that a confession is the gold standard?

answer

This leads to doing anything to elicit a confession. Using threats, false evidence, false threats etc. which may lead to an innocent person confessing anyways. DNA evidence may suggest that the person did not commit the crime, but a confession leads to a prosecution.

question

When are people more likely to internalize a crime they did not commit?

answer

When a situation is fast paced and there is a witness. If the situation is slow pace with no witness they don't internalize

question

What happened in the Norfolk case?

answer

DNA evidence did not match confession, so the person pointed to another person who confessed. DNA evidence then did not match that person also. This happened 7 times.

question

What does a polygraph measure?

answer

Measures physiological response of arousal. If person thinks the machine is unreliable then truth can show up as lies.

question

What is required for an act to be terrorism?

answer

Non-state Instills Fear Political aims Illegal Relatively modern phenomenon. Phenomenon that can only manifest in relatively free country. It has to have a developed media infrastructure. Terrorists are weak, non-state, don't have the resources of the state. No military power.

question

What is the definition of terrorism?

answer

The violent and illegal political attack perpetrated by a marginalized group using the general population and the media as its primary weapon to achieve dermarginalization for the group, philosophy, religion, or issue

question

How does the patriot act relate to terrorism?

answer

Increased surveillance in reaction to 9/11. Terrorism caused government to become more oppressive.

question

What increases the chances of terrorism?

answer

Occupation. If a country occupies another country, the occupated country is more likely to retaliate with terrorism.

question

What is political juijitsu?

answer

Using opponents political strength against them

question

What is blowback?

answer

The pent up reaction against the country or political entity as a result of a consistent history of policies perceived to be oppressive

question

What are tactics to instill fear?

answer

Vulnerability Sense of unpredictability Brutality Sense of uncontrollability

question

What generates trauma?

answer

Durations Intent Extent Meaning

question

What do the terrorist tactics have in common?

answer

They destroy people's sense of efficacy

question

What makes terrorism effective?

answer

The weaponization of the people

question

Reading: Restaurant Shift

answer

Restaurant Shift: Man makes phone calls to restaurants impersonating a police officer to make managers perform sexual acts on employees. Clinical Psychologist Jeff Gardere says the caller's actions were likely a way to feed a God-like complex by manipulating victims. Virtual voyeurism. Targeted fast food restaurants because they follow everything by the book, when they had to do something outside the manual they were lost.

question

Reading: Groupthink isn't the CIA's problem

answer

Groupthink isn't the CIA's problem: It seems that hesitating to tell bosses what they don't want to hear plays a bigger role in CIA problems than group think. Political psychology also explains some of the problems. Intelligence gathering is done by individuals. Analysts like to work alone. Intelligence officials are on guard against group think.

question

Video: Richard Laynard, On Happiness

answer

Doing the right things for other people to feel good. Reward center lights up. Working together to make everyone happy

question

Reading: Organ Donor's Generosity

answer

Organ Donor's Generosity: Mr. Kravinsky gave away his kidney to a stranger and tries to give away his second one. He believes that the act would increase kidney donating awareness. His friends and family tried to convince him not to do it.

question

Reading: Where Altruism may reside

answer

If altruism decreases your chances of survival how does it stay in the genepool? We take care of those similar to us, such as caregiving, or saving lives of those who are similar to us. Altruism can also communicate status. High status individuals are more likely to pass down their genes. However, there is no simple explanation to why caregiving and heroism is prevalent despite the fact that evolutionarily speaking it should be wiped from the gene pool.

question

Reading: Payback why revenge tastes so sweet

answer

Payback: Why revenge tastes so sweet: People choose revenge even if it costs them. Left prefrontal cortex activity, also active when people prepare to satisfy hunger and cravings. Students less likely to avenge themselves when they were given a placebo pill said to block pleasure. Just-deserts retribution: Actions involving a deliberate effort to tailor the retribution to the crime. Indirect to direct acts of revenge 100 to 1.

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Reading Coerced to Confess

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Coerced to Confess: Woman raped and nearly murdered. Five black and Hispanic teenage boys were interrogated and all confessed. Central park five. None of the boys commited the crime. All were false confessions.

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Reading: Racism is Harmful to your Mental health

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Racism is Harmful to your Mental Health: Those who felt victimized by discrimination were twice as likely to develop psychotic episodes in the next three years. Harvard 1% increase in incidences of racial disrespect translates to 350 deaths per 100,000 african americans. From constant stress. Blood pressure doesn't lower at night.

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What is the relationship between social facilitation and arousal?

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If a person is not aroused, social facilitation helps, if the person is already aroused, social facilitation may make them do worse due to overarousal. Enhances easy behavior, impairs difficult behavior

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What is evaluation apprehension?

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Observers make us apprehensive because we wonder how they are evaluating us.

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What are co-actors?

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Co-participants working individually on a noncompetitive activity.

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What is reciprocity norm?

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An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

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What is social-exchange theory?

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The theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one's rewards and minimize one's costs

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What is prosocial behavior?

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Positive, constructive, helpful social behavior, the opposite of antisocial behavior

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What is leadership?

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The process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group

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What is transformational leadership?

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Leadership that, enabled by a leader's vision and inspiration, exerts significant influence

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What is social comparison?

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Evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others

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How are three ways that the person and the environment interact?

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1) Social situations often affect different people differently Example: Some people are more nervous than others in social situations 2) People often choose their situations. Example: Choosing college 3) People often create their situations. Example: Our actions towards people can make them act a certain way. If we think someone is hostile we may look at them with shifty eyes, which will cause them to be more hostile to us.

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What is the Social-exchange theory?

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The theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one's rewards and minimize one's costs

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What is reciprocity norms?

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An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

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What is the social-responsibility norm?

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An expectation that people will help those needing help.

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How has developing a meaning philosophy of life and financial wealth trends developed since the 1950s?

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In the 1950s more people thought a meaningful philosophy of life was more important than financial success Today, more people think financial success is more important than developing a meaningful life philosophy.

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What is the relationship between wealth and happiness?

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There is a point of diminishing returns. Once people are out of poverty, happiness levels tend to flatline.

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What are reasons for the increase in materialism?

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The internalization of the world cool and the American Dream

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What is the ecological footprint analysis?

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How much land in acres is needed for a person to consume and manage the waste they produce.

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What is collective efficacy?

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Like self-efficacy but in group terms. Our capability as a group.

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What is the physical-attractiveness stereotype?

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The presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well. "What is beautiful is good."

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What is complementarity?

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The popularly supposed tendency, in a relationship between two people, for each to complete what is missing in the other.

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What is the "need to belong"?

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A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions.

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What is passionate love?

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A state of intense longing for union with another. Passionate lovers are absorbed in each other, feel ecstatic at attaining their partner's love, and are disconsolate on losing it.

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What is companionate love?

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The affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined.

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What is equity?

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A condition in which the outcomes people receive from a relationship are proportion to what they contribute to it Note: Equitable outcomes needn't always be equal outcomes.

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What is the two-factory theory of emotion?

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Arousal x its label = emotion

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What is self-disclosure?

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Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

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What is disclosure reciprocity?

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The tendency for one's person's intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner.

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What is conflict?

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A perceived incompatibility of actions or goals

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What is a social trap?

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A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing its self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. Examples include the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Tragedy of the Commons.

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What is the tragedy of the commons?

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The "commons" is any shared resource, including air, water, energy sources, and food supplies. The tragedy occurs when individuals consume more than their share with the cost of their doing so dispersed among all, causing the ultimate collapse - the tragedy - of the common.

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What are non-zero-sum games?

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Games in which outcomes need not sum to zero. With cooperation, both can win; with competition, both can lose (also called mixed-motive situations).

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What are mirror-image perceptions?

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Reciprocal views of each other often held by parties in conflict; for example, each may view itself as moral and peace-loving and the other as evil and aggressive.

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What is implicit egoism?

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We like things that we associate with ourselves because we like ourselves.

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What is the prisoner's dilemma?

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If person A and B don't confess they both get off free. If person a rats out person b or vice versa they get a lowered sentence and the other person gets the full sentence and vice versa. Mutual nonconfession benefits both. But trusting each other is hard. Leads to ratting each other out. Uses fundamental attribution error. An example of a non-zero-sum game

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What is "my side bias"?

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We favor our own groups actions and exaggerate differences of parties involved.

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What is give-up-itis?

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Where soldiers would die in their sleep due to lack of social support.

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What is goal displacement?

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The substitution by an organization, of the goal or goals which it was established to serve, for other goals

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