question

Write a simple equation representing photosynthesis

answer

carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

question

what is chemosynthesis? Name a marine community which depends on this process

answer

use of energy directly from inorganic materials. used by small number of organisms. Example: bacteria (thermophiles) at hydrothermal vents

question

what organisms carry out primary productivity in the ocean? which of these is the most important?

answer

phytoplankton, algae, chemosynthetic organisms. phytoplankton is most important 90-96%

question

what term is used to describe organisms at different trophic levels?

answer

trophic pyramid

question

how much biomass is required in a trophic even in order to support the level above it?

answer

10x

question

_________ are plant-like plankton (photosynthesize). _________ are animal-like plankton (must eat other organisms)

answer

phytoplankton. Zooplankton

question

why are phytoplankton usually more abundant near land?

answer

higher nutrients

question

what is the limiting factor for productivity in tropical oceans? how does this affect the clarity of tropical water?

answer

little season variation, low productivity. clear and blue water

question

explain two locations where productivity is high In tropical oceans

answer

in areas of equatorial upwelling, and in coral reef communities

question

describe seasonal productivity changes in polar oceans. what is the liming factor

answer

productivity peaks in summer. very low at other times of the year. light is the limiting factor in winter

question

where is overall productivity in the oceans the highest? why?

answer

temperate regions, because dependable light, moderate nutrients, seasonal variation, green water

question

name three types of phytoplankton. which of these is the most abundant?

answer

diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophores. diatoms are most abundant

question

what is the composition of the diatoms frustules? what adaptation do these organisms have to stay near the surface?

answer

silica, consists of two halves. produce oil to assist in flotation

question

which type of phytoplankton produces a shell of calcium carbonates?

answer

coccolithophores

question

which type of phytoplankton is responsible for toxic red tides?

answer

dinoflagellates

question

dinoflagellates have _______ for locomotion

answer

flagella (2)

question

algae in the group ________ are restricted to shallow water because they lack accessory pigments. Algae in the group _______ can grow to the greatest depths.

answer

chlorophyta. phaeophyta.

question

what is a limiting factor?

answer

a physical or biological necessity available in a limited amount and thus controlling the ability of a specific organism to survive

question

what zones are used to describe light penetration in the ocean? in which of these does photosynthesis occur?

answer

photic (euphotic and disphotic) and aphotic. photic zone in euphotic zone

question

what is the difference between ecto- and endothermic?

answer

ectothermic used body temperature of organism in the same as its environment endothermic uses a maintained body temperature

question

how does temperature affect metabolic rate in ectotherms?

answer

rate increases with temperature

question

which groups of animals are endothermic? what are the advantages and disadvantages of this?

answer

marine mammals, sea birds, some sort of fish. gives ability to exploit a variety of habitats by maintaining a constant internal temperature. generally have higher energy requirements

question

give examples of five nutrients in the ocean and explain how they are used by living organisms. which of these is usually the limiting factor for ocean productivity?

answer

calcium: shells, teeth, bones iron: cellular processes (example: photosynthesis and respiration) nitrogen: protein (limiting nutrient in oceans) phosphorous: ATP, cell membrane, DNA silica: shells

question

what factors may affect the salinity of seawater?

answer

environment, rainfall, evaporation, stream run off

question

which 2 dissolved gasses are most important for living things? how are each of these used? are they more soluble in warm or cold water.

answer

oxygen (used for animals respiration) and carbon dioxide (plants/phytoplankton photosynthesis). cold water

question

describe how the concentrations of these gasses change from the surface into deeper water. explain what causes these changes.

answer

high photosynthesis near surface produces more O2 and uses up a lot of CO2. the deeper you go=more animals=breath more O2 = breath out more CO2

question

what is the average ph of ocean seawater? is this acidic or basic? what does it mean that seawater behaves as a buffer?

answer

around 8 (slightly alkaline). prevents dramatic change in ph.

question

what is the difference between pelagic and benthic organisms? neritic and oceanic?

answer

pelagic: open water benthic: seafloor neritic: over continental shelf oceanic: everywhere beyond the continental shelf

question

from the coastline to deep water, what are the names of the benthic (seafloor) zones

answer

intertidal, sublittoral, abyssal

question

describe the characteristics of the oceanic, pelagic zones (epipelagic) 0-200m

answer

epipepelagic: primary producers: phytoplankton (if nutrients available), zoo plankton, large fast nekton ( fish, mammals, seabirds) going long distance to search for food. nutrients usually low, except near land and areas of upwelling euphotic zone: enough light for photosynthesis O2: high CO2: low, used during photosynthesis temperature: usually warmer that deep water. varies with latitude, little change with depth

question

describe the characteristics of the oceanic, pelagic zones (mesopelagic) 200-1,000m

answer

no primary productivity, smaller fish and invertebrates (squid, shrimp, gelatinous organisms), bioluminescence common (up to 80% of species), DSL migrates upward at night high nutrients, increase with depth, bacteria decompose dead organisms and waste form from epipelagic organisms (marine snow) as it sinks. light: disphotic zone( twilight zone) light penetrates but not enough for photosynthesis O2: decreases with depth due to respiration CO2: increases with depth due to respiration temperature: thermocline: rapid decreases with depth. most dramatic in the tropics

question

describe the characteristics of the oceanic, pelagic zones (bathypelagic abyssalpelagic) below 1,000m

answer

little primary productivity only chemosynthesis in isolated benthic ecosystems, animals very dispersed, slow growing, long lived, eat large infrequent meals, bioluminescent common up to 30% of species hight nutrients: bacterial decomposition of sinking organic matter and nutrients already in deep water masses. aphotic zone: no light O2 and CO2: moderately high,water masses form at surface and absorb CO2 and O2 from atmosphere temperature: cold, average 2-4 degrees at all latitude, little change with depth

question

what is the source and composition of marine snow? why is it important to deep-sea life?

answer

depends on marine snow for primary productivity. living and dead plankton, bacteria, exoskeletons of crustaceans and fecal matter sediment/dust

question

what are some possible functions of bioluminescence?

answer

avoiding predators (camouflage) attracting prey attracting mates communication

question

common adaptations of deep-sea animals:

answer

soft bodied bioluminescent slow growing eat large, infrequent meals

question

the most abundant group of zooplankton are the _________

answer

copepods

question

_________ are the most important type of zooplankton in the Antarctic food wed

answer

krill

question

_________ remain plankton their whole lives, while _______ are plankton during a larval stage of their lives

answer

holoplankton. meroplankton.

question

describe the daily vertical migration patterns of phyto- and zooplankton

answer

phytoplankton reside in euphotic zone to maximize photosynthesis zooplankton remain below below surface (to avoid being seen by predators) at dusk: phytoplankton allow themselves to sink, zooplankton migrate upward and feed on them

question

describe the following types of interactions between organisms 1) interspecific 2) intraspecific 3) symbiosis 4) mutualism 5) commensalism 6) parasitism

answer

interspecific: between different species intraspecific: between members of same species symbiosis: one species depends on another mutualism: both organisms benefit commensalism: one organism benefits and other is unaffected parasitism: one organism benefits and other is harmed

question

explain the difference in reproductive strategies between r-selected and k-selected species

answer

r: provides little/no care, but produce a larger number of offspring to insure the survival of few k: provide extensive parental care, and only have a few offspring

question

an organism which has both male and female reproductive parts that has the ability to change from one gender to another is a ___________

answer

hermaprodites

question

staring with kingdom, what is the correct order of taxonomic categories used in classifying living things?

answer

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species king Philip came over for good soup

question

what are the three domains of life?

answer

bacteria: prokaryotic cells archaea: prokaryotic cells eukaryota: eukaryotic cells

question

what are the kingdoms in the domain eukaryota?

answer

Animalia, plantae, fungi, protista

question

define pelagic

answer

live in open water

question

define nekton

answer

actively swim

question

define sessile

answer

attach to bottom

question

define plankton

answer

float or weakly swim

question

define benthic

answer

live on bottom

question

define mobile

answer

move around on bottom

question

what are the major physical stresses in an estuarine community? rocky intertidal? beach?

answer

temperature changes, salinity changes. rocky: all types of stress: wave, temperature, salinity change, drying out beach: all stress plus moving particles sand and cobble beach: phytoplankton among particles

question

which community is used by seals and sea birds for raising offspring?

answer

sand and cobble beach community

question

in which is diversity of life highest? lowest?

answer

coastal wetlands community (salt marsh, mangrove swamp): highest sand and cobble beach community: lowest

question

in which is competition for space a major challenge?

answer

rocky intertidal community (problem hanging on to rocks)

question

what is the continental shelf?

answer

the submerged edge of the continent (7.4 of earths ocean area) close to land, nutrients high due to runoff streams

question

describe the following characteristics of the continental shelf

answer

abundance and type of sediment: lithogenous (from adjacent continent) abundance of nutrients: from stretch runoff near land amount of primary productivity: high productivity in general diversity and biomass: high diversity and biomass (compared to open ocean)

question

kelp forrest occur when the bottom is ___________

answer

rocky

question

what are two important functions of algae in kelp forrest communities

answer

food source and structure habitat

question

which of the following best describes the continental shelf overall?

answer

covered with fine sediment which has diverse communities living in it

question

an individual coral animal is called a ________

answer

polyp

question

hard corals secrete a cup-shaped structure called a ______ composed of ______

answer

calyx. calcium carbonate

question

________ are a type of dinoflaggate that live in the tissue of the coral animal. the type of symbiosis between these organisms is _______

answer

zooxanthellae. mutualistic

question

coral reefs occur in (warm/temerate/cold) water at (deep/shallow) depths

answer

warm, shallow

question

explain why coral reefs only occur in shallow water

answer

because zooxanthellae needs photosynthesize

question

describe the different types of coral reefs

answer

fringing tree, atoll, barrier reef

question

describe the 4 different ways that humans have impacted coral reefs

answer

fishing, recreational use, sewage and other pollution, climate change

question

some corals live in the deep ocean true/false?

answer

true

question

name 3 communities in the deep sea where life is abundant and concentrated

answer

cold seep communities, hydrothermal vent communities, whale fall communities

question

explain the following about hydrothermal vent communities 1)the geologic eating in which they occur 2) type of primary productivity

answer

1) oceanic ridges (divergent plate boundaries: magma forming) 2) chemosynthetic bacteria

question

what is a whale fall community? how long might this type of community last?

answer

large whale particles fall to sea floor once they die, last 50-100 years

question

what is one way the hydrothermal vent communities and whale fall communities might be interconnected?

answer

both use with chemosynthetic bacteria, some same species at each location (which allows species to move)

question

fish in the group Agnatha do not have _______

answer

jaws

question

the chonrichthyes include _________,_________, and _________

answer

sharks, rays, and chimeras

question

skeletons of fish in the group Chondrichthyes are made of ________ while in the osteichtyes they are made of _________

answer

flexible cartilage. hard mineralized bone

question

how do fish detect vibrations in the water?

answer

by the inner ear at the lateral line

question

in a majority of fish, the ________ fins are used for turning and maneuvering and the ________ fin is used to power forward swimming

answer

pectoral. caudal (tail)

question

blood flow within the gills is (in the same direction/ in the reverse direction) of water flow over the gills

answer

the reverse direction

question

what is the origin of the spiracle? what is its function

answer

modified gill slits. pumps water over the gills, one way pump.

question

what organ helps sharks regulate buoyancy?

answer

large oily liver

question

(true/false) sharks have poor eyesight. what is unique about the shark's sense of smell? describe its "sixth sense"

answer

false. brain forks into 2 lobes, extends into nostrils which can detect blood in water. electroreception: detect small electrical impulses in living things (ampullae of lorenzini)

question

compare the gill openings of cartilaginous and bony fish

answer

bony fish: gills covered in operculum cartilage: 5-6 gill opening, spiracle

question

(true/false) all sharks must constantly swim in order to move water over their gills

answer

false

question

which group of fish contains the most species?

answer

rayfinned bony fish 23,700 species

question

what is the purpose of a swim bladder? which fish group possesses this feature?

answer

allows them to be neutrally and hover in water . Osteichthyes.

question

describe 4 functions of the coloration in fish

answer

camouflage, communication, defense, warning

question

what type of coloration is found in most sharks and rays?

answer

countershading (common) dark on back, light on belly

question

define the term bycatch

answer

catching non-targeted species (nets behind boat that catch fish they didn't meant to catch)

question

explain what is meant by the maximum sustainable yield of fishery

answer

maximum amount of species that can be caught without impairing future populations

question

what are the two groups of bony fish?

answer

ray fined fishes, lobe finned fishes

question

Porifera

answer

animal: sponge colonies of cells, no tissues or organs cells can reassemble into a functioning organism if damaged

question

cnidaria

answer

animal: jellyfish, hard and soft coral, anemones, hydroids have stinging cells (ne matocysts), simple nervous system, no excretory or respiratory system, one opening function as mouth and anus

question

Ctenophora

answer

animal: ctenophores, comb jellies 8 fringed comb plates, have nervous system and excretory system

question

annelida

answer

animal: segmented worms, fan worms body segmented with bristles, hard, well developed organ system

question

arthropoda

answer

animal: crabs, shrimp, barnacles, lobster, krill, copepods, horseshoe crabs paired, jointed appendages, exoskeleton of chiton (must must to grow), compound eyes

question

echinodermata

answer

animal: seastars, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, sand dollars, sea urchins water vascular system (must move using tube feet) , calcareous endoskeleton a. in some plates form continuous shell( urchins, sand dollars) b. in some plates connected movable joints (sea stars, brittle stars) c. in some plates are not connected (sea cucumber) can regenerate lost body parts

question

Mollusca

answer

animal: snail, clams, cephalopods soft body, well developed organ system, siphons circulate water

question

Mollusca class Gastropoda

answer

animal: snail, nudibranch 1 shell or no shell, head with eyespots, muscular foot, radula (mouth part)(some grazers & some predators)

question

Mollusca class bivalvia

answer

animal: clams, mussels, scallops, oysters 2 part shell, no head, muscular foot, mostly filter feeders

question

Mollusca class Cephalopoda

answer

animal: squid, octopus, nautilus ring of arm/tentacles with suction cups, head- highly developed eye, shell reduced or absent, active swimmers, use siphons for jet propulsion, ink ask used for defense, change color for camouflage, communication,etc., predators

question

chordates

answer

animal: tunicates (sea squirts) notochord present during larval stage

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