Latin Grammar 2 – Flashcards
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Give the five vowel letters and their long sounds in Latin.
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a /ah/, e /ay/, i /ee/, o /oh/, u /oo/ (food)
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Give two Latin words that have the long sound of the five vowels.
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Gloria, Jesus
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Always in Latin and usually in English c, g, and sc are soft before
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e, i, ae and oe.
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Always in Latin and usually in English c, g and sc are hard before
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a, o, u, consonants.
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In Latin and English hard c has the sound of
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/k/.
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Soft c has the sound of /s/ in English and
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/ch/ in Latin.
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In Latin, gn is pronounced like
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/ny/. pugno, magnus
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Give the names, from left to right, of the last three syllables of a Latin word.
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antepenult, penult, ultima
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The accent is on the penult unless
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the antepenult is marked.
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Verb families are called
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conjugations.
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How many conjugations are there? Name them.
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4. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th
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Give the six attributes of a Latin verb.
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Conjugation, person, number, tense, voice and mood.
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Give the three grammar persons.
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First person, second person, third person.
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The first person is the person
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speaking.
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The second person is the person
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spoken to.
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The third person is the person
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spoken about.
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Give the two grammar numbers.
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Singular, plural.
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How many Latin tenses are there? Name them.
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six - present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
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The stem vowel of the 1st conjugation is
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a.
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Give the names for the three forms of the English present tense.
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simple present, progressive present, emphatic present
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In English "I praise" is the ________________ present.
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simple
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In English "I am praising" is the _____________ present.
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progressive
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In English "I do praise" is the _____________ present.
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emphatic
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In Latin "imperfect" means:
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not finished.
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The imperfect tense sign is:
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ba.
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The imperfect tense is used to describe an
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ongoing, repeated, habitual or interrupted action.
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What English helping verbs translate the imperfect tense?
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were, was
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The two basic parts of a sentence are
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the subject and predicate.
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The subject is
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who or what the sentence is about.
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The predicate tells
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what the subject is or does.
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What is Sentence Pattern 1?
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subject + verb
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What English helping verb translates the Latin future tense?
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will
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The three tenses that make up the Present System are:
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present, imperfect, future.
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The Present System is built on the
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present system.
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What are the principal parts of a verb? How many are there?
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The forms that provide the stems needed to conjugate a verb in all its tenses. There are usually 4 principal parts of a verb.
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What is the name of the 2nd principal part?
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infinitive
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The infinitive ending for all 1st conjugation verbs is
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-are
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How do you find the present stem?
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Drop -re from the infinitive.
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The English infinitive is written with the particle ____ before the verb.
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to
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The "to be" verb shows
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existence, not action.
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Give the English forms of the "to be" verb.
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am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
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Give the regular endings for the principal parts of 1st conjugation verbs.
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-o, -are, -avi, -atus
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What is Sentence Pattern 2?
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Subject + verb + direct object
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Something that completes the action of the verb is a
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complement.
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What is the first complement in this text?
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The complementary infinitive
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In Latin, grammar perfect means:
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finished.
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The perfect tense describes what kind of action?
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A one-time action completed in the past.
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The perfect tense is built on the ____________ stem.
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perfect
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How do you find the perfect stem?
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Drop -i from the 3rd principal part.
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Give three translations for vocavi.
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I called, I have called, I did call.
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What English helping verbs translate the perfect tense?
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have, has, did
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The pluperfect tense is built on the ___________ stem.
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perfect
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The pluperfect tense describes what kind of action?
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A past action completed prior to another past action.
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What English helping verb translates the pluperfect tense?
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had
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The pluperfect tense endings are identical to:
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the imperfect tense of "sum."
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The future perfect tense is built on the ________ stem.
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perfect
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The future perfect tense describes:
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an action in the future completed prior to another action in the future.
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What English helping verbs translate the future perfect tense?
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will have
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The future perfect tense endings are identical to:
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the future tense of "sum," except for 3rd person plural.
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The tenses of the Perfect System are:
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perfect, pluperfect, future perfect.
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The tenses of the Perfect System are built on the ________ stem.
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perfect
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Verb families are called _____________.
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conjugations
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Noun families are called ____________.
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declensions
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How many declensions are there? Name them.
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five: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th.
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Give the four attributes of nouns:
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declension, gender, number and case.
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The three genders are:
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masculine, feminine, neuter.
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Nouns that name male or female persons or animals have ____________ gender. Give three examples
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natural - sister, brother, father, queen, king, uncle, etc.
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Nouns that name non-living things have _____________ gender.
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grammatical
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To what does the "case" of a noun refer?
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To the job of a noun in a sentence.
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Name the cases in order.
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Nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, albative
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What is the "subject" case?
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nominative
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What is the "possessive" case?
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genitive
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What is the "indirect object: case?
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dative
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What is the "direct object" case?
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accusative
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What is the "in/by/with/from" case?
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ablative
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What is the "of" case?
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genitive
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What is the "to/for" case?
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dative
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The genitive singular of a 1st declension noun always ends in:
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-ae
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1st declension nouns are usually what gender?
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feminine
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Three important exceptions to the 1st declension feminine rule are:
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poeta, nauta, agricola.
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Latin does not have the English articles:
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a, an, the.
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Give three translations for the Latin noun "mensa."
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table, a table, the table
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The genitive singular of a 2nd declension noun always ends in:
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-i
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Second declension -us nouns are usually __________ in gender.
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masculine
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Name the two sub-groups of the 2nd declension, and give their genders:
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-us nouns with masculine gender; -um nouns with neuter gender.
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Verbs have ________________ endings and nouns have ____________ endings.
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tense, personal (verbs); case (nouns)
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Second declension -um nouns are always __________ in gender.
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neuter
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The declension a noun belongs to is determined by the ___________ ____________ case.
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genitive singular
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The natural gender rule _________ all other gender rules.
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trumps
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What is the neuter rule?
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nominative and accusative endings are the same; nominative and accusative plural ending is -a
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The subject and the verb must agree in:
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person and number.
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What is an adjective?
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An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
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In Latin, an adjective must agree with its noun in:
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gender, number and case, but not declension.
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Usually an adjective of ____________ precedes a noun and an adjective of _____________ follows a noun.
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quantity (number); quality (description)
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Counting numbers are called ____________.
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cardinal
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Numbers which indicate the order of things in a series are called ______________.
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ordinal
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What is Sentence Pattern 3?
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subject + linking verb + predicate adjective
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What is Sentence Pattern 4?
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subject + linking verb + predicate nominative
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The genitive singular of a 3rd declension noun always ends in:
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-is.
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How can you know the gender of a 3rd declension noun?
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You have to memorize it.
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Masculine and feminine nouns of the 3rd declension have _____________ case endings.
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the same
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How do you find the stem of a Latin noun?
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Drop the genitive singular ending.
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The usual word order for an English sentence is:
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subject - verb - direct object.
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How many of the seven basic sentence patterns have complements?
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six
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What are the three complements covered in this text?
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direct object, predicate adjective, predicate nominative
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What are the two kinds of direct objects covered in this text?
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1) complementary infinitive; 2) direct object in the accusative case
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The usual word order for a Latin sentence is:
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subject - direct object - verb.
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What kind of verb is never followed by a direct object?
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The verb "sum," the "to be" verb.
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The genitive singular of the 4th declension always ends in:
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-us.
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Fourth declension nouns are usually ___________ gender. Two exceptions are:
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masculine; domus and manus
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The genitive singular of the 5th declension is:
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-ei.
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Most 5th declension nouns are _____________ gender. One exception is:
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feminine; dies
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The stem vowel of the 2nd Conjugation is:
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-e.
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The infinitive ending for all 2nd conjugation verbs is:
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-ere.
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The regular endings for the principal parts of a 2nd conjugation verb are:
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-eo, -ere, -ui, -itus.
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Give the three nominative singular endings for 2nd declension masculine nouns
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us, er, ir
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2nd declension "er" nouns either ___ or ___ the "e" in the stem.
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drop; retain
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Some nouns have only plural forms. An example is _____.
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liberi, liberorum: children
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Four confusing words with the root of liber are:
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liberi, liberorum: children; liber, liberi: book; liber, libera, liberum: free; libero (1): to set free
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What kind of verbs have indirect objects?
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giving; telling
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Give Latin examples of indirect object verbs
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do, demonstro, nuntio, narro
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What are the two ways to show an direct object in English?
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the preposition to; word order- the indirect object precedes the direct object
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In Latin the indirect object is in the ___ case.
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dative
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What is Sentence Pattern #5?
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Subject + verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object
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Name the four verb complements
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predicate nominative, predicate adjective, direct object, indirect object
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What are the two ways to show possession in English?
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preposition "of" and "'s"
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In Latin the possessive noun is in the ___ case.
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genitive
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Third declension nouns that have a genitive plural in "ium" are called ___.
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i-stems
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The first indication a noun may be an i-stem with its example:
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same number of syllables in the nominative and genitive: collis, collis
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The second indication a noun may be an i-steam with its example:
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stem ends in two consonants: pons, pontis
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Third declension adjectives are related to ____.
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i-stem nouns.
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Define pronoun.
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a word that takes the place of a noun.
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How many kinds of pronouns are there?
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8
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Name the kinds of pronouns
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Personal, possessive; reflexive, intensive; interrogative, relative; demonstrative, indefinite
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What is an antecedent?
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the noun the pronoun takes the place of
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Give the Latin word for "we"
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nos
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Give the Latin word for "us"
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nos
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How do you write "cum" with the 1st/2nd person pronouns?
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mecum, tecum, nobiscum, vobiscum
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The genitive of 1st and 2nd person pronouns is used for ____
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of expressions that do not show possession.
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To show possession in the 1st and 2nd person, use the possessive pronoun adjectives:
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meus, tuus, noster, vester
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The possessive pronoun adjectives function like ____.
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adjectives.
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An adjective agrees with its noun in ______.
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gender, number, and case, but not declension.
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The pronoun agrees with its antecedent in ____.
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gender and number, but its case is determined by its own clause.
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Define preposition
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a word that shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence.
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A prepositional phrase consists of the preposition and its _____.
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object and modifiers.
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What English word adds an additional letter before words that begin with vowels?
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a
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What 2 Latin prepositions add an additional letter before words that begin with vowels?
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a/ab; e/ex
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Latin prepositions govern either the ____ or ___ cases.
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ablative; accusative
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Prepositions that express motion forward generally take what case?
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accusative
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Prepositions that express location, no motion, or motion from, take what case?
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ablative
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Give 2 prepositions that can take either the ablative or accusative case
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in; sub
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The infinitive ending for 2nd conjugation verbs is ____.
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`ere
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The infinitive ending for 3rd conjugation verbs is ____.
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ere
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The 3rd conjugation does not have a stem with a consistent ____.
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stem vowel
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In the 3rd conjugation you must chop to the ____ to find the present stem.
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root
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How can you remember the variable vowels in the 3rd conjugation present system?
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AE in future; IOU in present
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Why is the 3rd conjugation an old maid?
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it has no bo's in its future.
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The infinitive of the 4th conjugation is ____
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ire.
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The stem vowel for the 1st conjugation
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a
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The stem vowel for the 2nd conjugation
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'e
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The stem vowel for the 3rd conjugation
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none
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The stem vowel for the 4th conjugation
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i
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The present system of the 4th conjugation is essentially the same as the 3rd conjugation with the addition of ____.
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the stem vowel "i"
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3rd "io" verbs belong to the 3rd conjugation because their infinitive ends in ____.
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ere
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The present system of the 3rd "io" verbs looks exactly like ____.
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the present stems of the 4th conjugation
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Define adverb
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a word that modifies a verb, adjective or adverb
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An adverb most commonly modifies a verb by answering the questions:
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how, when, where, to what extent
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Many 1st/2nd declension adjectives can be changed into adverbs by adding ____ to the adjective stem.
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`e
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Many 3rd declension adjectives can be changed into adverbs by adding ___ to the adjective stem.
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iter
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Some adjectives use their ____ forms as adverbs.
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neuter singular accusative
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Neuter singular accusative adjectives end in either ____ or ____.
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um; e
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Two examples of neuter singular accusative adjectives
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multum; facile
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The perfect system is ____ regular in all four conjugations.
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perfectly
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How do you din the perfect stem for all four conjugations?
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drop the "I" from the 3rd principal part
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Although 3rd conjugation verbs do not have regular principal parts, they do have ____ that will help you remember them.
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patterns
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What is the pattern for verbs like "rego"?
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o, ere, xi, ctus
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What are two types of direct questions?
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questions introduced by question words; questions answered with a yes or no
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How do you for "yes or no" questions in English?
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by placing the helping verb first
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How do you form "yes or no" questions in Latin?
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Add the enclitic "ne" to the end of the first word, usually the verb.
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Give the six common question words in English
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who, what, when, where, why, how
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Give the two voices of Latin verbs.
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active; passive
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In the active voice, the subject ____.
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performs the action of the verb
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In the passive voice, the subject ____.
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receives the action of the verb
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To form the passive forms fo the present system, substitute ____ personal endings for ____ personal endings.
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passive; active
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When the action of the passive verb is performed by a living thing, the construction is called the ____.
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ablative of the agent
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The ablative of the agent requires the preposition ____.
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a/ab
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When the action of the passive verb is performed by a non-living thing, the construction is called ____.
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ablative of means
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The ablative of means requires the preposition ____.
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to be omitted
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What is the one irregularity in the present passive system of 1st conjugation?
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2nd person singular future tense: beris
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What is the one irregularity in the present passive system of 2nd conjugation?
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2nd person singular future tense: beris
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What is the one irregularity in the present passive system of 3rd conjugation?
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2nd person singular future tense: eris
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What is the one irregularity in the present passive system of 3rd "io" conjugation?
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2nd person singular future tense: eris
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What is the one irregularity in the present passive system of 4th conjugation?
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none
