Integument System Vet. Anatomy and Physiology – Flashcards
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Epidermis
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The most superficial layer of the skin, composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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Dermis
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Middle layer of the skin, tough, leathery layer composed of dense fibroelastic connective tissue, also called the corium
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Hypodermis/Subcutaneous
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Deepest layer of the skin, acts as a thermoinsulator and a mechanical shock absorber
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Arrector Pili
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Smooth muscles that connect hair follicles and create "goosebumps"
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Sebaceous Gland
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An exocrine gland in the dermis or subcutaneous layer that produces oil (sebum)., in sheep it is called lanolin
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Sudoriferous Glands
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Sweat glands which are located in the dermis with their ducts opening onto the epidermis. They consist of the eccrine and apocrine glands.
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Apocrine Sweat Glands
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A simple coiled tube located in the dermis or hypodermis with a single excretory duct that empties into hair follicles
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Melanin
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One factor that determines skin color. It is a brownish black pigment found in some parts of the body such as the skin, retina, and hair.
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Keloid
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Overgrowth of scar tissue that is benign and not contagious. Sometimes accompanied by severe itchiness, pain, and changes in texture. Can occur in anyone but are more common in darker-skinned individuals.
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Lesion
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any abnormal damage or change in the tissue, usually caused by disease or trauma
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Mammary Glands
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Gland that produces milk
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Keratin
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Protein that makes up hair and nails
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Exocrine Gland
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Glands whose secretions pass into a system of ducts that lead ultimately to the exterior of the body
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Endocrine Gland
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Glands whose secretions pass into the internal environment - the blood.
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Connective Tissue
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Adipose Tissue, Cartilage, Blood, Bone
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Epithelial Tissue
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A sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity.
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Membrane
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Cover, protect, or separate other structures or tissues in the body
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Mucous Membrane
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Membrance that lines the body cavities that open to the exterior, such as the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts
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Serous Membrane
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Tissue that lines certain internal cavities of the body, forming a smooth, transparent, two-layered membrane lubricated by a fluid derived from serum. The peritoneum, pericardium, and pleura are serous membranes.
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Pleura
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lining the lung cavity and covering the lungs
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Peritoneum
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lining the abdominal cavity and and covering the abdominal organs
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Pericardium
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lining the heart cavity and covering the heart
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Synovial Membrane
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Connective tissue that surround the cavity of joints, filling the space with the synovial fluid that they make that lubricates the ends of the bones allowing them to move freely
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Cutaneous Membrane
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Layer of stratified squamous (epidermis) firmly attached to a thick layer of dense connective tissue; the technical term for our skin.
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Keratinocytes
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produce keratin, located in the basement membrane
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Melanocytes
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Located within the lower epidermis and produces melanin
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Merkel cells
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Aid in tactile sensory functions, found in the epidermal-dermal junction
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Langerhans cells
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The macrophages of the epidermis that phagocytize invading microorganisms and produce antigens
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Stratum germinativum (stratum basale or basal layer)
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Base layer of the epidermis, composed of a single layer of cubiodal cells
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Stratum spinosum (spiny layer)
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contains prickle cells, weblike layer of epidermis dense with intercellular attachments (desmosomes)
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Stratum granulosum
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Middle layer, composed of 2-4 layers of flattened, diamond-shaped keratinocytes
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Stratum lucidum (clear layer)
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only in very thick skin, composed of flattened, dead cells
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Stratum cornium (horny layer)
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outermost layer, up to 3/4 of epidermal thickness, contains anucleated and keratinized cells
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Haired skin
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Has 3 layers, basale (germinativum), spinosum, and corneum
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epidermal papillae
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associated with a tactile hair called tylotrich hairs that are associated with the perception of touch
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Dermis (Corium)
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contains blood vessels, glands, nerve endings, smooth muscle, and hair follicles, composed of dense irregular connective tissue that contains collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers
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fibroblasts, adipocytes, and macrophages
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located in the dermis
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Papillary layer
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beneath the epidermal layer of the epidermis, composed of loose connective tissue
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dermal papillae
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projections that rise up into the epidermis to help cement the epidermis and dermis together
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Meissner's corpuscles
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located in the papillary layer, pain and touch receptors
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Reticular layer
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second dermal layer, composed of dense irregular connective tissue
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Hypodermis
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A loose layer of areolar tissue that contains adipose tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves
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Pacinian corpuscles
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touch receptors located in the hypodermis
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Paw Pads
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Contains thick layers of fat and connective tissue, has all 5 layers of the epidermis, conical papillae, contains sweat glands
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Planum Nasale
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The nose of dogs, cats, pigs, and sheep, has 3 edpidermal layers: basal (stratum germinativum), spinosum, and corneum
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Planum Nasolabiale
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The muzzle of horses and cattle
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Ergots (Dark horny Structure)
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Found in the long, caudal hairs of the fetlock of horses
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Chestnuts (Dark horny Structure)
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Found on the medial aspect of each leg at the carpus of the forearm and the tarsus (hock) or the hind leg
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Cutaneous Pouches
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In sheep, Infoldings of skin found in sheep found in three primary locations: infraorbital, interdigital, and inguinal pouches; contain fine hairs and numerous sebaceous and oil glands
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Hair shaft
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part that is visible above the skin
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Hair root
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part that is buried within the skin
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Hair follicle
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Tube-like invaginations of the epidermis that transverse through the dermis into the connective tissue, where the hair is rooted; located near arrector pilli and sebaceous glands
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Root hair plexus
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The arrangement of sensory nerves located at the root of the hair follicle that enable it to sense touch
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Medulla
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innermost layer of hair, contain flexible, soft keratin
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Cortex
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surrounds the medulla of the hair, composed of hard keratin
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Cuticle
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surface of the hair, composed of hard keratin
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Anagen
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the active phase of hair growth, stops when maximum length is achieved
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Catagen
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phase between anagen and telogen phases
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Telogen
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Resting phase of hair growth, can last years
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Telogen effluvium
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"blowing" the coat
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Primary (guard) hairs
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Straight or arched; thick and long
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Secondary (wool-type) hairs
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softer and shorter hairs, the undercoat
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Sinus (tactile) hairs (Vibrissa)
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whiskers, used as probes and feelers, contains large blood sinus
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Eccrine Sweat Glands
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A simple coiled tube located in the dermis or hypodermis that is connected to the surface of the skin by a long duct
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Circumoral glands
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found on the lips of cats, used for marking territory
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Tail Glands
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Located at an oval region at the dorsal base of the tail in dogs and cats, used in scent recognition
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Claws
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Hard, keratinized, pigmented outer coverings of the distal digits
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Declawing
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Surgical procedure that removes the entire third (distal) phalanx
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The Hoof (Ungula) Cows, Sheep, Goats
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Weight bearing hooves are the third and fourth digits, dewclaws are the second and fifth digits
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The Hoof (Horse)
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Weight bearing hoof is the third digit
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Outer hoof (horny hoof (epidermis))
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Modified keratinized epithelial layer
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Corium (dermis)
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Sensitive, well innervated tissue found under the hooves and claws, firmly attached to the periosteum of the phalanx
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Laminar Corium
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between hoof wall and phalanx, connects lateral and dorsal side of phalanx to hoof wall, provides nutrients to the stratum internum
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Perioplic Corium
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Continuous with the dermis of the skin, Located in the perioplic sulcus and supplies nutrients the the overlaying periople
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Coronary Corium
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Found in the coronary sulcus (grove) and provides nutrients to the stratum externum and medium
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Sole Corium
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The dermis underlying the horny sole. provides nutrients to the sole
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Frog Corium
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The dermis underlying the frog
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Three Parts of the Equine Hoof
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Wall, Sole, Frog
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Wall
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The convex, external portion of the hoof that is visible from the anterior, lateral, and medial views; divided into the toe, quarters, heel
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Sole
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plantar/palmar surface of hoof, Concave and fills the space bordered by the wall and the bars
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Angle
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part of the sole that immediately surrounds the bars
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White Line
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the junction of the sole and hoof wall, where the sensitive laminae is located
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Frog
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Triangular, horny structure located between the heels on the underside of the hoof
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Central sulcus
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a central depression that divides the frog
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Navicular bone
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The distal sesamoid bone
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Coffin bone
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The third phalanx
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Laminae
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Interdigitations formed between the hoof and the corium
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Lateral cartilages
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Two large bands of cartilage that extend proximally from the distal phalanx and form structural support for the foot
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Collateral grooves
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grooves lateral to the frog
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Periople
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Waxy, shiny layer the covers the outer surface of the hoof
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Hoof Growth
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grows down from the coronary band, 1/4 inch per month
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Thrush
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An infection of the frog associated with dirty conditions
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Gravel
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A draining tract resulting from a crack in the white line
