Human Anatomy & Physiology: Chapter 1 – Flashcards
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anatomy
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the branch of science that studies the structure of body parts
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physiology
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the branch of science that studies what body parts do and how they function
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subatomic particles
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particles that make up atoms (protons, neutrons, & electrons); first structure in the levels of organization in the body
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atoms
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the basic unit of matter; second structure in the levels of organization in the body
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molecules
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atoms that bind together form this; third structure in the levels of organization in the body
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macromolecules
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small molecules that combine to form larger molecules are called this; fourth structure in the levels of organization in the body
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organelles
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cell structures that are composed of macromolecules; fifth structure in the levels of organization in the body
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cell
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the basic unit of structure and function of life, composed of organelles & organic molecules; sixth structure in the levels of organization in the body
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tissues
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specialized group of cells that are organized into layers or masses that have specific functions; seventh structure in the levels of organization in the body
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organs
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complex structures with specialized functions that are composed of groups of different tissues; eighth structure in the levels of organization in the body
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organ systems
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groups of organs that function closely together; ninth structure in the levels of organization in the body
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organism
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what interacting organ systems make up; tenth structure in the levels of organization in the body
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metabolism
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physical and chemical processes that occur in the body that release and utilize energy; necessary for life
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movement
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a change in position of the body or of a body part, the motion of an internal organ; a characteristic of life
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responsiveness
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a reaction to a change taking place inside or outside the body; a characteristic of life
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growth
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the increase in body size without change in shape; a characteristic of life
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reproduction
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the production of new organisms and new cells; a characteristic of life
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respiration
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obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods; a characteristic of life
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digestion
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the breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used; a characteristic of life
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absorption
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passage of substance through membranes and into body fluids; a characteristic of life
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circulation
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the movement of substances from place to place in body fluids; a characteristic of life
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assimilation
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the changing of absorbed substances from place to place in body fluids; a characteristic of life
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excretion
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the removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions; a characteristic of life
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water
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the most abundant substance in the body that is essential for metabolic process; a requirement for an organism
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food
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substances that provide organisms with nutrients for building new living matter; a requirement for an organism
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oxygen
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gas that makes up about one-fifth of the air that is necessary for the release of energy; a requirement for an organism
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heat
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a form of energy that is present in our environment that governs the rate of chemical reactions; a requirement for an organism
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temperature
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a measure of the amount of heat present
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pressure
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an application of force on an object or substance; a requirement for an organism
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atmospheric pressure
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the force acting on the outside of a land organism due to the weight of air
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hydrostatic pressure
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a pressure exerted by a liquid due to the weight of water above them
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extracellular fluid
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fluid present outside the cells
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intracellular fluid
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fluid presents inside the cells
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internal environment
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conditions within the fluids surrounding the body cells
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homeostasis
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the maintenance of a constant internal environment despite the changes occuring in the external environment
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homeostatic mechanisms
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self-regulating control systems in the body that maintains homeostasis
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receptors
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provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment; stimulus - when a change occurs in the internal environment; component of homeostatic mechanisms
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control center
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includes a set point and tells what a particular value should be, change is compared to the set point; component of homeostatic mechanisms
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effectors
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elicit responses that alter conditions in the internal environment and change is corrected; component of homeostatic mechanisms
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hypothalamus
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the control center of the brain
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negative feedback
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mechanism in which a change in the body is recognized and compared against the accepted homeostatic value (set point), if the change is too far away from the set point value the body creates a response to return the internal environment to homeostasis
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positive feedback
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mechanism in which a change in the body occurs that requires a temporary but immediate response, that response involves allowing the body to deviate from the set point value in order to correct an error somewhere; once the error is corrected, the body quickly returns to homeostasis
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axial
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portion of the body that includes the head & trunk
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appendicular
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portion of the body that includes the upper & lower limbs
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cranial cavity
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cavity that contains the brain
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spinal cavity
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aka the vertebral canal; cavity that contains the spinal cord and surrounded by vertebrae
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thoracic cavity
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the cavity in the body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and contains the lungs and heart
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abdominal cavity
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the cavity below the chest that contains organs such as the liver, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines
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pelvic cavity
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the cavity bounded by the bones of the pelvis and contains the pelvic viscera such as the urinary bladder, the reproductive organs, and the last part of the large intestine
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abdominopelvic cavity
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both abdominal and pelvic cavities that contains the organs of digestion, reproduction, & exocrine
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diaphragm
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a broad, thin muscles that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
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mediastinum
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the part of the thoracic cavity located between the lungs that separates them; contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, trachea, and thymus
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oral cavity
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cavity that contains the teeth and tongue
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nasal cavity
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cavity located within the nose and divided into right & left portions by a nasal septum, contains the sphenoidal and frontal sinuses
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orbital cavities
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cavities that contain the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves
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middle ear cavities
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cavities that contain the middle ear bones
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parietal serous membranes
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line the walls of the thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes
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visceral serous membranes
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cover the organs within the thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes
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serous fluid
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fluid secreted by serous membrane that lubricates tissues and allows visceral organs to slide without friction
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pleural membranes
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parietal and visceral membranes that line the thoracic cavity and cover the lungs
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pericardial membranes
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parietal and visceral membranes that surround the heart and cover its surface
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pleural cavity
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the potential space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura
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pericardial cavity
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the potential space between the visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium
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peritoneal membranes
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membranes that line the abdominopelvic cavity and cover the organs inside
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peritoneal cavity
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the potential space between these membranes
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integumentary system
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[1] system that covers the body [2] includes the skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, & sebaceous glands [3] protects underlying tissues, regulates body temperature, houses sensory receptors, & synthesizes substances
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skeletal system
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[1] system that is composed of bones and the ligaments and cartilages that bind bones together [2] provides framework, protective shields, and attachments for muscles [3] produces blood cells and stores inorganic salts
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muscular system
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[1] system that includes all the muscles of the body [2] moves body parts, maintains posture, and produces body heat
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nervous system
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[1] system that consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs [2] receives impulses from sensory parts, interprets these impulses, and acts on them, stimulating muscles or glands to respond
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endocrine system
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[1] system that consists of glands that secrete hormones [2] hormones help regulate metabolism by stimulating target tissues [3] includes the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, & thymus
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digestive system
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[1] system that receives foods, breaks down nutrients into forms that can pass through cell membranes, and eliminates materials that are not absorbed [2] includes the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, & large intestine
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respiratory system
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[1] system that takes in and releases air and exchanges gases between the blood and the air [2] includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, & lungs
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cardiovascular system
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[1] system that includes the heart, which pumps blood, and the blood vessels, which carry blood to and from body parts [2] blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, & wastes
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lymphatic system
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[1] system that is composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, & spleen [2] transports lymph from tissue spaces to the bloodstream and carries certain fatty substances away from the digestive organs [3] lymphocytes defend the body against disease-causing agents
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urinary system
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[1] system that includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, & urethra [2] filters wastes from the blood and helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
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reproductive system
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[1] system that enables an organism to reproduce [2] male: includes the scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vsicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, and penis, which produce, maintain, and transport male sex cells [3] femal: includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva, which produce, maintain, and transport female sex cells
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anatomical position
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position where you are standing erect, with the face forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides, with the palms forward
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superior
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means a part above another part, or closer to the head
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inferior
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means a part below another part, or toward the feet
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anterior
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(or ventral) means toward the front
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posterior
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(or dorsal) means toward the back
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medial
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relates to an imaginary midline that divides the body into equal right & left halves; a part is _____ if it is closer to the midline that another part
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lateral
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means toward the side with respect to the imaginary midline
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ipsilateral
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refers to the same side
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contralateral
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refers to the opposite side
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proximal
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describes a part that is closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specified point of reference than another part
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distal
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describes a part that is farther from the trunk or farther from another specified point of reference than another part
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superficial
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means situated near the surface
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peripheral
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means outward or near the surface
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deep
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describes parts that are more internal
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sagittal
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refers to a lengthwise cut that divides the body intro right & left portions
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midsagittal
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term that refers to the midline, the line that divides the body into equal parts
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transverse
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horizontal, refers to a cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
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coronal
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frontal, refers to a section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
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cross section
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a cut across the structure
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oblique section
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an angular cut of a structure
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longitudinal section
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a lengthwise cut of a structure
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acromial
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point of the shoulder
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antebrachial
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forearm
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antecubital
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space in front of the elbow
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axillary
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armpit
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brachial
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arm
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buccal
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cheek
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carpal
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wrist
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celiac
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abdomen
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cephalic
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head
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cervical
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neck
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costal
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ribs
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coxal
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hip
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crural
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leg
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cubital
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elbow
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digital
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finger or toe
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dorsum
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back
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femoral
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thigh
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frontal
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forehead
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genitals
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reproductive organs
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gluteal
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buttocks
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inguinal
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depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh (groin)
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lumbar
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region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis (loin)
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mammary
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breast
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mental
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chin
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nasal
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nose
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occipital
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lower posterior region of the head
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oral
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mouth
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orbital
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eye cavity
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otic
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ear
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palmar
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palm of the hand
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patellar
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front of the knee
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pectoral
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chest
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pedal
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foot
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pelvic
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pelvis
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perineal
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region between the anus and the external reproductive organs
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plantar
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sole of the foot
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popliteal
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area behind the knee
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sacral
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posterior region between the hipbones
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sternal
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middle of the thorax, anteriorly
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sural
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calf
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tarsal
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instep of the foot (ankle)
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umbilical
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navel
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vertebral
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spinal column
