Anatomy & Physiology Test Questions – Flashcards
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Any abnormality of structure or function.
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Disorder
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more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.
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Disease
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Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer.
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Symptoms
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Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure. (EX - fever, rash)
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Signs
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The science that deals with why, when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community.
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Epidemiology
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Is the science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the txt of a disease.
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Pharmacology
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Science and skill of distinguishing one disease from another using signs, symptoms, medical history, pt. evaluation
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Diagnosis
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Orderly evaluation of the body and its functions
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Physical Examination
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When the subject stands erect facing the observer, head level, eyes facing forward, feet flat and forward, arms down at sides palms turned forward
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Anatomical Position
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Body is lying face down
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Prone position
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Body is lying face up
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Supine position
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Head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, lower limbs
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5 Regions of the body
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Nearer to or the front of the Body (EX - sternum is anterior to the heart)
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Anterior
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Nearer to or the back of the body (EX - esophagus is posterior to the trachea)
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Posterior
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Toward the head or, the upper part of the structure (EX - heart is superior to the liver)
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Superior
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Away from the head or, the lower part of the structure (EX - stomach is inferior to the lungs)
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Inferior
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Nearer to the midline (EX - the ulna is medial to the radius)
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Medial
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Farther from the midline (EX - the lungs are lateral to the heart)
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Lateral
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Between two structures (EX - transverse colon is intermediate between the ascending and descending colon)
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Intermediate
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On the same side of the body as another structure (EX - the gallbladder and ascending colon are ipsilateral)
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Ipsilateral
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On the opposite side of the body from another structure (EX - the ascending and descending colons are contralateral)
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Contralateral
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Nearer to the attachment of a limb to a trunk. Nearer to the origination of a structure (EX - the humerous is proximal to the radius)
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Proximal
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Farther from the attachement of a limb to the trunk. Farther from the origination of a structure (EX - the phalanges are distal to the carpals)
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Distal
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Toward or on the surface of the body (EX - the ribs are superficial to the lungs)
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Superficial
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Away from the surface of the body (EX - the ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back)
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Deep
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Is a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides
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Sagittal Plane
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When a sagittal plane EQUALLY divides the body or organ into right and left sides
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Midsagittal Plane
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When a sagittal plane divides the body into UNEQUAL right and left sides
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Parasgittal Plane
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Divides the body or organ into into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
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Frontal (Coronal) Plane
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Divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
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Transverse Plane
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Transverse Plane
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Cross-Sectional Plane & Horizontal Plane also known as?
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Passes through the body or organ at an angle between a transverse plan and a sagittal plane.
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Oblique Plane
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A cut of the body or one of the organs made along one of the planes
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Section
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Spaces within the body that help protect, separate and support internal organs.
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Body Cavities
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Cranial, Thoracic, Pleural, Pericardial, Mediastinum, Abdominopelvic, Abdominal, Pelvic
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Name 8 Body Cavities
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Cranial bones create this cavity which holds the brain
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Cranial Cavity
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Contains the spinal cord
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Vertebral Canal
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Three layers of protective tissue that line and protect the cranial and vertebral cavities
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Meninges
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Chest cavity include the ribs, muscle of the chest, sternum, and thorasic portion of the vertebral column
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Thoracic Cavity
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Is located within the Thoracic cavity and is a fluid filled space that surrounds the heart and two fluid filled spaces called pleural cavities one around each lung.
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Pericardial Cavity
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two fluid filled cavities; one around each lung
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Pleural Cavities
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Central part of Thoracic Cavity (from the between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphram)
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Mediastinum
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All the thorasic organs except for the lungs themselves (heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and several large blood vessels.)
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Mediastinum contains?
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Is a dome-shaped muscle that seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
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Diaphragm
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Extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal wall and the bones and muscles of the pelvis
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Abdominopelvic Cavity
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Superior portion contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine
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Abdominal Cavity
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Inferior portion contains the urinary bladder, portioins of the large intestine and internal organs of the reporductive system
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Pelvic Cavity
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Organs inside both the thoracic and adbominopelvic cavities
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Viscera
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Thin slippery, double layered membrane that covers the viscera within the thorasic and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen.
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Serous Membranes
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Parietal layer = lines the walls of the cavities Viscera Layer = covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities.
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Parts of the Serus Membrane
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Serous membrane of the pleural cavities
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Pleura
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Clings to the surface of the lungs
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Visceral Pleura
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Anterior part lines the chest wall, covering the superior surface of the diaphragm
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Parietal Pleura
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The Pleural Cavity
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What lies between the Visceral Pleura and Parietal Pleura?
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Serous membrane of the pericardial cavity. ((The Visceral pericardium covers the surface of the ehart; the parietal pericardium lines the chest wall. Between them is the pericardial cavity, filed witha small amount of lubricating fluid.))
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Pericardium
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Is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
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Peritoneum
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Kidnesy, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum of the small intestine, ascending and descinding colons of the large intestine and portions of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava
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Organs that are Retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneal)
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Far right side (top to bottom): Right Hypochondriac Region, Right Lumbar Region, Right Inguinal (Iliac) Region, Middle: Epigastric Region, Umbilical Regioin, Hypogastric (pubic) Region Left: Left Hypochondriac Region, Left Lumbar Region, Left Inguinal (Iliac) Region
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Abdominalpelvic Regions
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RUQ = Right Upper Quadrant, RLQ = Right Lower Quadrant, LUQ = Left Upper Quadrant, LLQ = Left Lower Quadrant
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Abdominalpelvic Quadrants
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Techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body
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Medical Imaging
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Image of blood vessels
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Angiogram
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Urinary system (find kidney stones)
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Intravenous Urography
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Shows abnormalities of the colon
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Barium Contrast X-ray
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The body is exposed to high energy magnetic field. Shows detals for soft tissue but not for bones.
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MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Formaly called a CAT Scan - Visualizes soft tissue and organs with much more detail
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CT - Computed Tomography
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Sonogram - high frequency sound waves produced by hand held wand relect off body tissues
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Ultrasound scanning
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PET Scan - Substance emits positrons is injected into the body. The scan shows where and how the substance is being used in the body
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Positron Emission Tomography
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Radioactive substance in injected into the body and carried by the blood to the tissue to be imaged.
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Radionuclide Scanning
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Visual examination of the inside of body organs or cavities using a lighted instrument
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Endoscopy
