Dolan Medieval History Final Semester 2 (JILL) – Flashcards
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England in the medieval ages
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England divided up into nation states, they developed concepts of jury trials, common law, and legal rights.
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Where the Norman conquest of England took place
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The English Channel
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The 2 generals that fought in the Norman conquest of England
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William I of Normandy and Harold Godwinson of England
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What made William I the rightful king of England
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His victory at the Battle of Hastings
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Author of the Doomsday Book
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William the first, of "William the Conqueror"
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The Doomsday Book
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It listed every castle, field, and pigpen in England. This information helped English monarchs to build an efficient system of tax collecting.
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How Harold Godwinson died
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He died at the Battle of Hastings, fighting the Norman invaders led by William the Conqueror during the Norman conquest of England.
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Sons of Henry II of England
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King Richard (the lion-hearted) and King John
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Accomplishments of Henry II
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He strengthened royal courts of England, and the courts collected taxes, settled lawsuits and punished crimes. Henry introduced the use of the jury in english courts, and he made common law, a legal system based on court rulings.
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Who Henry II give the throne to
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Richard I (the lion-hearted)
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Richard I
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Richard didn't spend time in England as king, he fought in the battles. He heavily taxed the people on order to fight in his battles.
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Cause of Richard I's death
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He was eventually killed in battle, since he took part in them.
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How did King John take the throne of England?
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When his brother, Richard I, died
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How good of a King was King John?
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He failed as a military leader, losing Normandy to Philip II. He was mean to his subjects and overtaxed them.
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What did the nobles do to King John?
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They forced King John to sign the Magna Carta to give them more rights.
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What did the Magna Carta consist of?
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It said that the nobles of England had certain rights, and eventually over all citizens. It also said that the monarch must obey the law.
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What was another name for the Magna Carta?
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Great Charter
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Who was Thomas Becket?
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An Archbishop of Canterbury at the time of Henry II's rule.
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What did Thomas Becket do when Henry II claimed the right to try clergy in royal courts? What was the outcome?
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He opposed Henry II. Years later, 4 of Henry II's knights murdered Becket in his own cathedral. He was honored as a martyr and declared a saint.
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Who created the first Parliament?
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Edward I
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How was the Model Parliament different from the first Parliament?
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It included representatives of common people as well as lords and clergy.
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What did the Parliament accomplish?
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It was primarily to listen to and approve the King's plan for a new tax.
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What were causes of the Hundred Years War?
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England's Edward III claimed he deserved throne of France from bloodline, but France's Philip VI claimed it was his throne. There were also disagreements over rights to land and economic conflicts.
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What were outcomes of the Hundred Years War?
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There was an increase in power for the English Parliament and the French Monarchy. It also developed a sense of nationalism for both countries, and also a French victory overall.
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What happened at the Battle of Crecy?
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The French army was 3x larger than the English. French relied on their knights. English depended on their Welsh (English) Longbowmen. The French Lost ⅓ of their army.
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What was special for the English at the Battle of Crecy?
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Longbows, not chivalry, allowed the English to win
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When did the Longbow Era begin?
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After the English used them in the Battle of Crecy
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What was the Battle of Poitiers?
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English were outnumbered, so King John II of France sent in a wave of knights. But, that was really easy for King Edward's longbows, so it was a win for the English.
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Who fought in the Battle of Agincourt?
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Henry V led the English (with knights and archers) and the French had a lot of calvary
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What were outcomes of the Battle of Agincourt?
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Henry V was awarded the french crown by the treaty after death from Charles VI. However, Charles VII was crowned king of France.
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Who is King Henry V and what is he noted for?
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King of England and one of the best military rulers of all time, since he was greatly outnumbered in many of his battles, but won a lot of them.
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Who is King Edward III and what is he noted for?
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King of England. He is noted for his military success and for restoring royal authority after the disastrous reign of his father, Edward II. But, when he claimed he had the right to the French crown, the 100 years war came.
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What time period did the battles of Crecy, Poitiers, and Agincourt occur?
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During the Hundred Years War
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Who was Joan of Arc?
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Just a 17 year-old peasant woman, but when she died at 19, the Church declared her a saint and the French saw her as a martyr
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What role did Joan of Arc have in the Hundred Years War?
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She said that God sent her to save France. She turned out to lead the French army to many victories in the Hundred years war, and she even sacrificed her life for the French.
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How did Joan of Arc die?
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She was tried for witchcraft when she was 19 by the English and was burnt to death
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Who is Charles VII?
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The uncrowned king of France
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What did Charles VII accomplish during his reign?
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His reign witnessed the expulsion of the English from France and the reestablishment of a strong French monarchy after the disasters of the Hundred Years War, and he brought Joan of Arc for the French.
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What was the War of Roses, and what happened in it?
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A Civil war in England. It started when Richard, Duke of York, tried to seize the throne of Henry VI, head of the house of Lancaster. Many leaders/followers died.
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How did the Tudor Dynasty emerge?
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During the War of Roses, power shifted between the families between both families until Henry Tudor defeated King Richard III and became King Henry VII, and married Elizabeth of York, which started the Tudor Dynasty.
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What did a lot of people call Philip II, and how did he get this name?
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He was named Philip Augustus for his ability to gain land.
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What did Philip II accomplish during his reign?
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He seized Normandy from John, but was unable to defeat Henry II or Richard I of England. Overall, he tripled the size of his kingdom, more powerful than his vassals, created a stronger central government by establishing royal officials / bailiffs who collected taxes.
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Who was Louis IX?
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A deeply religious king of France.
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What did Louis IX do during his reign?
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He persecuted heretics and Jews, led French knights into 2 crusades against Muslims, and he was declared a saint.
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What government advanced did Louis IX do to France during his reign?
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He improved government by sending out officials to check local administrators, expanding the royal courts, outlawed private wars, and ended serfdom in his personal domain. He made France an efficient centralized monarchy
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Where was Philip IV King, and how did get this role?
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He was king of France after Louis IX, since he was his grandson.
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What happened when Philip IV encountered Pope Boniface VIII?
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He tried collecting taxes from the clergy, which led him to a clash with Pope Boniface VIII. Boniface wouldn't let him, so Phillip seized him.
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What was Philip IV known for in France?
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He ruthlessly extended royal power.
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What was the Reconquista?
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The campaign by European Christians to drive Muslims out of Spain
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What was the Inquisition?
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A church court set up to try people accused of heresy
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What did the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella accomplish?
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Their marriage created the unified Spain, and they both helped the Reconquista become a success.
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Additionally, what did Isabella accomplish?
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Isabella ended the tolerance where Spanish Christians, Jews, and Muslims got to worship their god, and forced them to convert them to Christianity.
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Who were Ferdinand and Isabella?
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Isabella was the queen of Spain, and Ferdinand was the King of Aggron.
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What was the importance of Christopher Columbus?
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In the same century of the fall of the Byzantine empire, he landed in the Bahamas and founded America.
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What was the Granada 1492 AD?
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The last stand for the Muslims and Spain, but were taken out by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492, which completed the Reconquista.
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Who fought in the 5th Crusade, and where did it take place?
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Pope Innocent III called this crusade in Egypt against muslim forces led by Al-Kamil.
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How were the 5th and 7th crusades similar?
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They both failed in conquering Egypt
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What happened in the 6th Crusade?
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Frederick II negotiated for Jerusalem with Al-Kamil, but their treaty expired 10 years later, so Muslims regained Jerusalem.
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What is a crusade?
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A series of Holy Wars
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What did people call Palestine?
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The Holy Land
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What was the only successful crusade?
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First Crusade
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What is the city where Fourth Crusade began?
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Venice
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Who attacked Jerusalem, which started the crusades?
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Muslim Turks
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Why were the Crusades fought?
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To regain the Holy Land
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Which Pope called for people to go on First Crusade?
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Pope Urban II
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How did climate affect the outcome of the Crusades?
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Crusaders were unprepared to fight in Palestine's desert climate.
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What is an infidel?
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A non-believer of Christianity
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Who had more soldiers - crusaders or Muslims?
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The Christians were outnumbered by the organized Muslim forces.
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Which crusade is also known as "King's Crusade"?
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The Third
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What was the outcome of the Third Crusade?
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Muslims kept control of Holy Land, but Christians could visit Jerusalem.
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Why did the Muslims want the Holy Land?
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It is location of the Dome of the Rock where Muhammad ascended into heaven
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How did location affect the outcome of the Crusades?
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The Crusaders had to travel far distances which made their success less likely, and many died on the way
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Did the crusaders ever gain permanent control of the Holy Land?
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No, after the First Crusade, they never regained the land.
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Who was the Muslim leader during the Third Crusade?
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Saladin
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How did the crusades affect the power of the European kings?
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Their power increased
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How did the crusades affect feudalism?
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They brought about the decline of feudalism and rise of kings
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How did the crusades affect trade?
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In Europe, they increased the demand for goods from the Middle East.
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What was the outcome of the Second Crusade?
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Poor planning led to total defeat, and it was over in less than a year.
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How did Crusades affect relationships between Christians, Jews, and Muslims?
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Tensions Grew
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Who looted what city in the 4th crusade?
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Italian city-states connected to sack the Byzantine Capital Constantinople
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What crusade caused the schism between the western & eastern christian churches?
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4th crusade
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What is the Medieval European Society?
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Network of mutual obligations - political and legal relationship between lords and vassals based on exchanges.
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How did Feudalism originate in Europe?
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There was constant invasions from Vikings, Muslims and Magyars and people needed protection. The emperor was too weak to protect the people so powerful lords divided their land for lesser lords called vassals, and these vassals could protect the people since this was a structured system to organize medieval Europe.
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What is Feudalism?
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The dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants/serfs were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.
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Manorialism
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Self-sufficient system that describes how land was distributed and who profited from the land
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Manor
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A lord's land
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Fief
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Land used in feudalism that vassals would get
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The Feudal Contract
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Exchange of pledges between a powerful lord and a vassal getting a fief.
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The Code of Chivalry
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Code of honor that only applied to wealthy people and knights. Failure to apply to this code came strict punishments.
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Medieval Growth of Towns and Trade
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Merchants exchanged local goods, and got products manors didn't produce such as iron, silk and Asian spices. Cities grew since settlements attracted artisans since they made goods that merchants could sell. The biggest cities were in Northern Italy and Flanders - the two ends of the trade route since trade helped the cities grow. They had wool and textile industries.
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Who were peasants that were bound to the Lord's land?
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Serf
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What was the highest class and ruled and protected the lower classes?
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Royalty
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Who were mounted warriors and trained at the age of 7?
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Nobility(Knights)
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What was a group of people that conducted Christian services?
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Clergy
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What were Social and Political Effects of Feudalism?
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It gave the people a structured society, since it gave everyone a sense of where they ranked on how powerful they are. The monarch was on top, and then there was dukes and counts, and then they had less powerful vassals, and then those vassals had less powerful vassals and so on.
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Lay Investiture
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Appointment of bishops by anyone who isn't in clegery
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Medieval Civilization
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The medieval cities were crowded and dirty. The reason why is that they made technology advances such as the iron plow, which made the population grow
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Was a poet and a composer
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Peter Abelard
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Famous scholar who wrote Summa theologica about faith and reason.
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Thomas Aquinas
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common language that people use
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Vernacular Language
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Wrote canterburry tales
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Chaucer
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Wrote divine comedy
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Dante
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The rulers of this empire had big conflicts with the Church
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Holy Roman Empire
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The 3 Major German Dynastics
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Saxons, Salian and Hohenstaufen
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What style uses thick walls and towers. Long tunnels. No windows, just tiny slits?
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Romanesque
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What style uses flying buttresses-stone supports, higher, thinner walls, large stain glass and windows, very tall?
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Gothic
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Who helped the pope defeat rebellious nobles?
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Otto the Great
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What pope banned lay investiture?
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Pope Gregory VII
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What ruler exiled pope Gregory VII with strong military?
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Henry IV
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Who is Justinian?
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a monarch of the Byzantine Empire. He rebuilt Constantinople and the Hagia Sophia
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What was Justinian's Code?
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a code of laws based on the Romans set in place by Justinian that effected many other kingdom's laws
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Who is Theodora?
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Justinian's wife and co-ruler, she was the brains behind Justinian
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What is a Patriarch?
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highest church official; appointed by Byzantine Emperors
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What was the Great Schism?
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the split between the Eastern and Western church; caused by many disagreements between Popes and Emperors
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Who is Muhammad?
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prophet of Islam who was born in Mecca
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What are the 5 pillars of Islam?
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Their declaration of faith, to fast during the month of Ramadan, to pray 5 times a day, their pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their life, and to give alms to the poor
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What is Mecca?
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a market and trade town; the origin of Islam
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What is Medina?
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First called Yathrib, this city is where Islam first began to spread among the middle east
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What was the hijra?
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Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Yathrib/Medina
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What is the Kaaba?
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a temple in Mecca that Muhammad believed Abraham built to worship his one true God
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What is the Quran?
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the sacred text of Islam
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What is the hajj?
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pilgrimage to mecca
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What is a mosque?
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Muslim house of worship
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What is jihad?
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struggle in god's service
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Who is Abu Bakr?
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Muhammad's father in law and the first caliph. he preached that "if you worship muhammad, muhammad is dead. if you worship god, god is alive
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Who is a Caliph?
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successor to muhammad
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Who were the Sunni?
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group of Muslims who believed that any good Muslim could be the caliph
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Who were the Shiite?
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group of Muslims who believed that only a relative of Muhammad could be the caliph
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Who were Sufis?
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muslim mystics who sought communion with god through meditation, fasting, and other rituals
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Who were the Umayyads?
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a family line of of caliphs that ruled the Muslim empire and ended the systems of choosing the caliphs, and their capital was Damascus
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Who were the Abbasids?
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the rebel group of caliphs who overthrew the Umayyads, and made their new capital Baghdad
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What is Baghdad?
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the new capital for the muslim empire
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What is Damascus?
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original capital of muslim empire
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Who is Seljuk Sultan?
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ruler who controlled baghdad
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Who helped France become a nation state?
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The Capetian Kings
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What was developed in France when it became a nation state?
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A centralized government and a sense of Nationalism
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During the Hundred years war, what struggled for power and what gained power?
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The church and feudalism declined, while the Kings gained more power?
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Who was the first Capetian King?
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Hugh Capet
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What did the Capetian Kings accomplish?
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They made the throne of France a Heredity, gained land by playing one noble against the other and developed a system of tax collection.
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How could Christianity spread so fast?
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Because it could adapt to the religions already existing
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Who most effectively spread Christianity?
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Peter and Paul
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Who persecuted the followers of Jesus until he had a vision?
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Paul
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What was the main teaching of Jesus?
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"Love your neighbor as you love yourself"
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What was the early Church like?
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This religion didn't have many followers at first and was even looked upon as a cult.
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What major event was blamed on Christians?
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The Great Fire of Rome
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How did the church affect politics?
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The Pope could place an interdict on the whole kingdom
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What was the Nicene Creed?
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The people agreed on a trinity of one God. The Father (God), the Son (Jesus), and the Holy Spirit are all one God
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What people conquered the land of Gaul?
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The Franks
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Where did the invasion of the Moors stop?
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Battle of Tours
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Who defeated the Moors from advancing?
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Charles Martel
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What was the nickname of Charles Martel?
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"The Hammer"
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Who united the Franks into one single kingdom?
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Clovis
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What were the Franks called once they united?
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Merovingians
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What created a special bond between the king and the pope?
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Donation of Pepin
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What did the Treaty of Verdun do?
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Divided Charlemagne's great empire into three separate parts. These parts were given to his three grandsons.
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What two modern countries did the Treaty of Verdun cause?
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France and Germany
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Who settled in Scandinavia?
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Vikings
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Who first sailed to North America and made Vinland?
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Some of the Vikings
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What did the Strasbourg Oath do?
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The two younger grandsons of Charlemagne joined forces to take down their older brother, Lothair. The two younger grandsons were Charles the Bald and Louis the German.
