question

Concord of Worms

answer

-1122 -concord that solves the lay investiture problem but created more problems for the church and empire relationship -(Holy Roman Emperor) Henry V agrees to give up lay investiture, and Pope Calixtus agrees to still allow bishops to be lords over areas of land

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Cistercian

answer

-Benedictine monastic order -different houses held together through a council at Citeaux -greatest monastic force of the 12th century -founded by Benedictines, wishing to reform the luxurious lifestyle -there was no abbot heading the movement, but they met as a council yearly

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St. Bernard of Clervo

answer

-1090-1153 -key figures in the expansion of the Cistercian movement - mystic, religious orator, and gifted writer - incredible moral influence

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Beguine Movement

answer

-lower country movement where women would live in community together while husbands were away on the crusade -church doesn't know how to handle this -- decide that these women have to take vows

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Female Monastic Movement

answer

-Adapted from the men's order -Cloister beckoned more than the world -They were not satisfied with staying inside and praying, they wanted to go out and help in the world

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Decretum

answer

collection of cannon law created by Gratian

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Glosses

answer

commentaries on canons written by scholars which clarified difficult points and reconciled apparent contradiction

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Hautevile Family

answer

-Norman Family who established the kingdom of Southern Italy (Naples and Sicily) -- Robert Guiscard, leads his four brother down to Sicily and eventually becomes appointed Duke of Apulia and Vassal of the Holy Sea -- Robert's brother Roger's son Roger II takes gets crowned king of Sicily 1130 --- Robert's son Bohemond get cut off by mother and has to go seek fortune from the 1st crusade; this is why Roger becomes king - family member marries Henry VI

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Barbarossa

answer

-r. 1152-1190 -Mission was to reconstruct the Holy Roman Empire -conquers northern Italy -was all about seeking power- wanted to have solid control over it and limit it over others -lessened powers of lesser nobility -created ministeriales - deals with Issue at Besancon -- Cardinal Bandinelli asks the Emperor "To whom do you owe your legacy" ---Two swards theory -Goes on 2 crusades -> fights in the 2nd and dies on the way to the 3rd -Henry VI is his son - Fredrick II is his grandson who takes over the throne after he dies

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Otto of Freising, The Incident at Besancon ?

answer

- Fred sends a letter asking about relationship between pope and monarchy - Cardinal Rolland (Alexander II) delivers Pope Hadrian IV letter, The pope is vague in his answer - Fred then asks Rolland what this means and he declares that Frederick had received the empire as a fief, from the pope, provoking the emperor and his advisers. -This was the first of a series of controversies between the papacy and Empire. -The attempt to establish a direct imperial regime in Italy by Barbarossa in 1159 antagonized the papacy once again and led to a new struggle with Rome.

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Lombard League

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-1167 -Created by the Lombards in Northern Italy, to fight Barbarossa's rule -backed by the Pope *Battle of Legano (1176)- Lombard League defeats Barbarossa

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Battle of Legano (1176)

answer

-Lombard League defeats Barbarossa -Barbarossa negotiates with the Lombards and pope SEPERATELY -Barbarossa will not reconcile with the pope until Alexander III dies

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Henry VI (G)

answer

- Barbarossa's son -marries daughter of Hautevile Family - has a son Fredrick II

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Imperialist

answer

- king, divinely empowered to govern over his realm in matters religious and temporal, God's vicar on earth

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Papalist

answer

- pope, a temporal ruler as well as religious one: he was God's vicar in all matters

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Clericalist

answer

- the church as an institution was properly separate from the political institution of the west

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Two Swords Theory

answer

God placed both the spiritual and temporal swords in the pope's hands. The pope might delegate his secular authority by passing the temporal sword to a king or other rule but the pope could always reclaim the temporal sword and the authority that came with it.

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Ministeriales

answer

special form of knighthood used by Barbarous who were serf knights

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Papal Election of 1159

answer

-Pope Alexander III elected -his election was not unanimous --tweaking of papal decree ---need ? vote to elect new pop

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Council of Lyon

answer

-1245 -Pope Innocent IV calls it to condemn and excommunicate Frederick II after the King

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Alexander III

answer

(1519-1181) -lawyer Pope - Anti-Pope Victor was put into power by Barbarossa -- the lombards supported him so that created a buffer between Rome and Germany - has to deal with the Henry II/ Beckett issue

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4ht Lateran Council

answer

-1215 -called by Innocent III -refinement of Christian morality --combats corruptness within the church --bishops must maintain schools and preach -declerations: --clerical dress must be worn --new religious orders postponed -Jews had to wear special badges -clerics

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Pope Innocent III ?

answer

-1198-1216 -protector of Frederick II -changes that follow -popes better qualified (study theology and canon law -better division between temporal and religious -hammered out heresies -calls 4th Lateran Council -also supports 4th crusade to combat Albigensian

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Dominicans

answer

- Deal with Albigensian (Cathars) - Founded to preach - Associated with Inquisition

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Franciscans

answer

-Deal with Waldensianism - practiced Correct apostolic poverty --Product of the success of the papal reform movement

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Fredrick II

answer

(r. 1215- 1250) -son of Henry VI and Grandson of Barbarossa -raised in Sicily by his mother - protected by Innocent III after his father died - when he comes to power he waits to unite Germany and Northern Italy until after Innocent dies -- roman emperor in the old sense -- religion is not important to him, he uses the church when it is convenient for him -excommunicated 3 times by Alexander IV - allows Germany to begin to split into fraction because he is ruling from Sicily -goes on 5th and 6th crusade

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Chivalry

answer

-1100 -military vassals -deep element of a person due to the complexity of the rules

question

6 Aspects of of Chilvarly

answer

- Prowess ( military Ability) - Loyalty - Largess ( Generosity) - Courtesy (certain way to act) - Prestige (glory) - Franchise(Blood line --> later development)

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Architecture and Sculpture of High Middle Ages

answer

Romanesque Style, Gothic Style, and Cathedral life

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Intellectual trends of High Middle Ages

answer

Emmergence of innovations in : -Medicine--> incfluence from Hwish and Arabic, went back to greek works -law --> studied Roman Law as well as cannon -Philosophy--> Logic -Faith and Reason -Debate over Universals -Political Theory -Summations -Natural Philosophy: Science

question

Literature of High Middle Ages

answer

emergence of Epic, The Lyric, The Romance, Bernard of Ventadour, Fabliaux, Fables, and Mystery Plays, Dante Alighieri

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Bologna

answer

college that focuses on law

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Slearno

answer

medical college founded by Fredrick II

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Capet Objectives to take over france

answer

-take there own county, Il De France (Philip/Louis VI) -extend influence to rest of France (Louis VI) - physically control and re-establish vassal relationship ( Louis VII)

question

Tools the Capets use to take over France

answer

- they are king - physically present in the wealthiest past of France - they are in a good standing with the church - last in standing with justice

question

Hugh Capet

answer

(r. 987-996) -territorial lord picked to be french king becasue he was a weak leader -- the lords still wanted to control things - surprisingly he turns out to be pretty good -1060 establish on throne and this dynasty will succeed father to son for 20 generations

question

King Philip I

answer

(r. 1060-1108) -son of Hugh -starts of take over Il de France

question

Suger of Sandurgy

answer

-friend of Louis VI -helps with spiritual aspect of ruling -builds first gothic church - displays Louis's wealth and power

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King Louis VI (The Fat)

answer

(r. 1108-1137) - son of Philip - spends most tome on horseback -- takes down bad lords -- re-establihsed lord vassal --- present at new vassal appointments to ensure loyalty -successfully takes back Ile de france

question

King Louis VII, the Pious

answer

(r. 1137-1180) -completes the Capets' goal -very boring person --> wife called him a monk

question

University of Paris

answer

college created by the Guild of Masters (mostly theology)

question

William the Conquer

answer

(r.1066 -1087) - son of Robert the Devil -bring church reform to England - organized anglo-saxon England -- makes changes but keeps the system that was already working - calls for creation of Doomsday book - has everyone swear the Salisburg Oath

question

Doomsday Book

answer

survey in 1806 which recorded the land holders in England - tax record used to keep track of what is going on in England

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King Henry I (The Lion of Justice)

answer

-1100-1135 -expands royal justice to people -sends out circus to his people to informs justice -extends power and show the people who the king is and how he does care for him -produces 21 illigament children - only ligament son dies his -grandson of William the Conquer takes the throne when he dies

question

Salisbury Oath

answer

-everyone who owns land swears loyalty William the Conqueror - re-enforcing that this land comes from the king -application of justice system

question

King Henry II

answer

1154-1189 - great king - inherits Normandy and England from mom ( Empress Miltilda) and counties in France from Dad (Geoffrey of Anjou ) - Marries Eleanor of Aquitaine -Contributions --english common law -- split the court into cout of kings and common-plee -- established trial by jury and 12 juries at court --sends justices out more regular (4x's a year) - doesn't like the church, wants to rule over it -- opponents his best friend Beckett as Bishop of Canterbury thinking that he can control through him --- Beckett takes his job seriously and doesn't let the king control him

question

Anarchy of King Steven

answer

-1135-1154 -grandson of William the Conquer -his son dies so he makes a deal with his - strikes deal with his cousin Militia to maker her son Henry become his hire

question

Richard the Lion Heart ?

answer

1198-1199 -son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine -- Loved his mother and always took her side -- revolted against his father with twice -little time spend in England becasue of going on crusades ( no more then 6 months) -- levied high taxes to pay for crusade finances -greatest rival Phillip II, Philip tries to convince on of his brothers to take his land - Went on the 3rd Crusade - great military leader - gets killed by an arrow to the soldier in which the wound got infected - in the myth of Robinhood

question

King John

answer

1199-1216 -looses much land and cant get it back -- this occurred becasue he ran away with a girl, causes issues becasue he betrothed to someone else - Philip II Summons John 3 times but he refuse to come so -Philip asks Innocent III if he can treat John as a vassal - Innocent says yes thus allowing Philip to take all of Johns land in France - this is a huge land and financial loss for England so he begins to call upon his vassals in order to get money --> leads to the creation of the magna carta and parliament

question

King Henry III

answer

1216-1272 -Son of John and Isabella Edward - makes Gascony deal with Louis IX

question

King Philip II

answer

1180-1223 -one of France's best kings and son of Louis VII - because of what his father did everyone in France wants to be ruled by a king so he just needs to gain physical control of all of France to complete the Capet's goal - king who takes the land from John -build a new castle in Paris Louvre - when he dies he posses everything but southern France

question

Louis IX

answer

1226-1270 -becomes king at 12 because of death of his father Louis VIII - solidifies region - raised by Mother, Blanch of Castile, who is basically his regent - 1234 he begins to rule by himself -completes the Capet goal = King of all of France

question

Blanch of Castel ?

answer

- grandaughter of Eleanore of Aquitane and Jenry II -Married Louis VIII-; peace treaty bewteen France and England -mother of Louis IX - regent for the French throne while he grows up -- negoiated alliance, lead armies, besiged castels and overawed adn outwitted ehr enemies - a great diplomat and marviouls leader - she restored the quivering Capitian monarych to order - very spiritual person - suvres as regent for France when Louis IX goes on crusade - ruled France as well as any man

question

Magna Carta

answer

first check on kings -kings cannot tax without consent of lords--> start of parliament

question

Edward 0, The confessor

answer

1272-1307 - got crown after the counter dynasty dies out - doesn't like ____?____

question

Parliament (has an "I" and so does the world engl"i"sh)

answer

a representative assembly in England that was composed of great lords and representatives from tow groups; original purpose was to stop King John from abusing his tax collecting power

question

Parlement

answer

A judicial body, important in the administration of royal justice in France

question

Duchy of Gascony

answer

Louis IX and Henry III strike a deal - henry gives up all control over the family lands lost by John in exchange for possession of this duchy -- this area is great becasue you don't have to go through France to reach it, get Bords which is the wine capital of the time --> needed for drinking because water was so bad - never set out loyalty lines - Edward I and Philip III argue over this and cause alot of bad blood between France and Engladnd

question

Black Death

answer

1346 - climate change --> perfect storm conditions -1st sweep through Europe killing 25% of population - hits somewhere in Europe from 1346-1782 - Bubonic is most famous type -- were usually able to survive this type - biggest killer was the Pheomionc strand-->got into lungs, spread through coughing - Septicemic--> got into blood, usually paired with Pheomonic - church believed it was a punishment for sin

question

Malthusian Model of Population

answer

population will increase until crisis point which causes a natural disaster to occur to trim the herd (occurs in Medieval history with the 2 famine and the black death)

question

Conclave

answer

-3 families ( Colonna, Gaetani, Orsini) want control of Papacy, super scandalous becasue this is not their place - cause 2 years of no popes (1292-1294)

question

St. Celestine V

answer

-Hermit who becomes pope because he called out the bishops for bickering over politic issues fro the past two years instead of choosing a successor - not a very good pope because he is knowledgable but not formally educated in cannon law -resigns in 1294 in the best interest of the church

question

Boniface VIII

answer

pope who replaces Celestine V, he was part of the problem becasue his family is part of the conclave - gets in an argument with Edward and Philip IV about Gascony and taxes -- he institutes a bull reminding the kings that they cant tax clergy - killed by Philip's men

question

King Philip IV

answer

1285-1314 - has a problem with a corrupt clergyman - asks Boniface for help but he says its the local bishops issue - he doesnet go to the bishop but takes it into his own hands and punishes the man - Boniface sends a letter to him saying that you cant do that - the letter in intercepted and a false one is presented to the king, he freaks out - sends a letter back - Boniface realizes what has happened so he writes a letter back -- strongest written papal document - the king doesn't like this response so he ends men to rough Boniface up

question

Estates General

answer

The representative assembly of France , first called by Philip IV the Fair, similar to english Parliament but not needed in

question

Avignon Papacy

answer

- part of the Holy Roman Empire - pope's after clement mover here - John XXII - they cant go back to rome becasue it is too hostile - popes are not corrupt but the bishops and clergy around them are abusing their power

question

Pope Clement VI

answer

pope during the black death - he is a prince of French royal Family - runs Avignon like royalty - still good pope -- calls people out on doing stupid things during plague and sends his physician out to help victims of t

question

Pope Martin V ?

answer

(1417-1431) Pope who stood up against Concularism - insisted on absolute papal supremacy -cant back councils becasue cardinals (at this time) do not always have the best interest for the church in mind -preserves this important authority of the church

question

Pope Clement V

answer

1305-1314 - was a former bishop of France under english king -not Italian so he cant go to Rome or he will get killed because the pope is not to popular there right now because of riots -he starts the Exile of the pope

question

100 years War

answer

-fight over Gascony duchy and who owes loyalty to who causes the 100 years war - Louis IX and Henry III never concretely laid out the transaction of Gascony

question

100 Years War: Phase 1

answer

1337-1360 (English Phase) - Battle of Crecy --> English destroy the french unit --Black Prince of Wales helps win this battle -England cant seal the victory at this moment because of money, limited manpower and problems caused by the plague - 10 years of non major battles --> France rebuilds and regroups -2nd major battle occurs because Black prince is raiding southern France in order to bring black plunder -- John II and Geoffrey go down to defend their people -- John is captured by the Black Prince and refuses to flee when given the change

question

100 Years War: Phase 2

answer

1360-1396/99 (French Phase) - John II is held captive in England --> he is enjoying himself, eventually released early -Charles V takes over for John and is an outstanding leader - war swings in favor of France

question

Concularism ?

answer

A late medieval movement to make councils not popes the supreme authority within the Church

question

100 Years War: Phase 3

answer

1396-1422 (England phase) - 1396 Treaty is signed - Edward III gets killed by parliament 1399 - Henry IV becomes king of England - Charles V dies leaving Charles VI to the throne - Henry V invades Frane 1415 --Battle at Adjencore is an english victory - 1420 Treaty of Troyes -- Henry V will marry Charles VI's daughter Catherine --> any male heir of this couple will inherit England and France --- have a child Henry VI --- Henry V dies in 1422 leaving three year old to the throne - 15 years of regency for England

question

100 Years War: Phase 4

answer

1422-1453 (French phase) - England in control of N. France - Charles VII worried that England is going to conquer the rest of France - 1509 Joan of Arc is successful in gets Charles VII properly crowned -- this changes his character and he becomes a great leader --- He will lay foundation for absolute monarchy in France - France wins and England goes crazy trying to convict Joan

question

King Henry VI (E)

answer

(r. 1422-1461) -king who inherits madness of 100 years war England from Henry V - England goes into War of Roses--> civil war over Lancaster and York that occurs for 45 years -- leads to Henry VII starting the Tudor line

question

Sixtis IV

answer

1471-1484 pope who gives Ferdinand and Isabella the ability to set up inquisition through a papal bull

question

Pope Gregory IX

answer

1227-1341 -pope who establishes inquisitors of heresy

question

Golden Bull

answer

new electoral process that solves the issue of relationship with the papacy, no more popes crowning kings - 7 electors help choose the king (3 ecclesiastical and 4 lay) - solves one issue but creates so many more

question

Joan Of Arc ?

answer

- comes from a humble background for she was a present girl -at 12 she began hearing voices of angles and saints informing her that the english had no right to be in France and she needed to drive them out -- also had to get the dauphin properly crowned king -- she went to meet Chalres VII dressed in male attire, they put her through a test to make sure she was ligament - successful in many battle of the 100 years war and eventually enables Charles VII to be crowned at Reims -- greatly helped the battle of Orleans, and Patay - once Charles was crowned her luck began to fade -- she was captured by then english in battle after making sure that all of her men got safely to camp (she knew they were coming for her) -English spend much time trying to try her for heresy so that they could rid of her -- they couldn't accept her voices as from God becasue that would mean that God was not on their side and was supporting the french -- cross dressing, voices, and military success are things they focused on during interrogation

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