C) Unit Nine – Flashcards

1) Intact skin: physical and chemical barrier

2) Mucous membrane: hair, cilated cells, tears, saliva, & mucous

3) Normal Flora: "barrier" and bacteriocin prod,--> (chemical product)

4) Gastrointestinal Tract: stomach w/ low pH, digestive juices, & bile

5) Blood Brain Barrier: ependymal cells and astrocytes (2nd line- microglial cells aka phagocytes in the regio

6) Oxygen Tension: aerobic~lungs & anaerobic~intestines *keep certain micr. out*

7) Iron Levels: require Fe++, during infection-->hypoferremia which is iron levels slightly low causing certain micrb. to die bc lack of iron.

8) Defecation & Vomiting: ridding microbes

9) Fever: release of pyrogens

Benefits of a "low grade" fever- Increase in the following= immunce mechanism, phagocytes, interferon, & growth of certain microbes

3) Cydal Agents:

a) Compliment= gram neg. & virues

- Serum protein  - Exists in "inactive" state

- Actived when body temp rises

- Once activated, it attaches to the microbe & destroys it

b) Properdin

- In serum & destroys various microbes

- Rare Blood Disorder= paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

c) Interferon= antiviral protein
- All cells produce interferon in small amounts

- Protects uninfected cells from being infected by the virus

-Given in large doses for various therapeutic reasons (Hep B&C)

d) Leukins= produced by leukocytes (WBC)

e) Plakins= produced by platlets

f) Lactoferrin= breask milk, tears & neutrophils

g) Transferrin= serum productions, regulates the absorption, transport, & metablism of Fe++

- Cells that are capable of ingesting microbes, debris, and other foreign matter

Phagocytosis= 5 Steps:

1) Chemotaxis- move to area of infection

2) Adherance- *Opsonization- opsonin protein sticky

3) Ingestion- Phagocytic vacuoles or phagosome

4) Digestion- lysosomes

5) Release

TYPE 1=Wandering or Free Phagocytes:

Granulocytes=

-Neutrophils (most abd)

-Eosinophils

-Basophils (lst abd)-*phagocytic*

Agranulocytes=

-Monocytes

- Lymphocytes- *Ab. prod. or humoral defenses*

1) Neutrophils: 60-70% total WBC (12 microns)

Very pathogenic- 1st WBC @ infection

Scavenger cells

Granules- lysozyme & lactoferrin (reg. iron levels)

Leukocytosis- acute infections and neutrophilia (Incr. in WBC)

Leukopenia/neutropenia- Decrease in WBC

2) Eosinophils: 2-4% total WBC (13 microns)

Some phagocytic activity

Role in allergies (hypersensitivity)

Granules- histamine (1/3 of blood supply & can vasodilate)

Eosinophila- allergies and parasitic infections

3) Basophils: 0.5-1% WBC

Some phagocytic activity

Important role in graft rejection and viral immunity

Granules- heparin, serotonin, histamine (1/3 blood supply)

4) Monocytes: 3-8% of total WBC -Largest WBC- *16-20 microns*

Not phagocytic while in blood but a macrophage when it enters tissue  -Monocytosis- certain bacterial infections (TB, rickettsials infections), protozoa, & fungal infections

TYPE TWO= Fixed Phagocytes or Histiocytes:

a) Alveolar macrophages- lungs

b) Kupffer cells- liver

c) Lymphocytic macrophages- lymph nodes

d) Microglial cells- brain & CNS

e) Osteoclasts: bones

- Sum of reactions in the body incited by injury

1) Vasodilation:

increase in diameter of blood vessels, vascular permeability, blood flow from capillaries to damaged tissue, edema swelling

Types- bradykin, kinin, histamine (eosino. & baso.), & sertonin (platelets & baso.)

2) Hemostatic Plug: fibrin clot (wall-off)

3) Puss formation: dead cellls & body fluids

4) Chemotaxis: phagocytes move to injured area

5) Margination: WBC cling to the lining of blood vessels

6) Diapedesis: phagocytic WBC move from blood to tissue, fever incites this process

7) Neutrophils: 1st to arrive w/in hrs, 4-5 fold increase

8) Monocytes: arrive in 12hrs, enter tissue & become macrophages

9) Eosinophils & Basophils appear   10) Antibody formation

1) Fibrinolysis: plasminogen converted to plasmin which breaks down fibrin clot

2) Fibroblasts: formation of scar tissue