Symbiosis – Microbiology Test Questions – Flashcards

norhipposudoric acid which is orange and hipposudoric aci which is red

Answer is B

Pore-forming toxin

Leptin

food intake, reduce energy expenditure, and increases acid secretion.

cytoplasmic inheritance.

greater, fewer respectively

–leptin and ghrelin

during fasting

–sulforaphane

Bdellovibrio are gram negative bacteria that prey upon other gram negative bacteria.  They choose young gram negative bacteria to penetrate because young gram negatives are 

more metabolically active than old gram negatives and gram negatives have a thin peptidoglycan cell wall.  The increased metabolic activity allows the Bdellovibio to replicate faster because they can acquire more  nutrients at a faster rate  from the young bacteria than the old.  The thin peptidoglycan cell wall, unlike  the thicker  cell wall found in gram positive bacteria, makes it easier for the Bdellovibrio to penetrate the bacteria cell wall of their prey.

Bdellovibrio penetrate their prey by winding their flagellum up which increases their speed, and then , slamming themselves into their host. They do this until they have made and indentation.  They, then, make an enzyme that allows them to fully penetrate into the host.

More Bacteriodetes, less Firmicutes

Because there may not be adequate animal hosts available, not all bacteria may be culturable at that particular time, and not all members of a species are equally virulent

It sequesters actin from host via bacterial protein ACT-A, which simulates the normal host WASP actin binging protein

: Kappa particles are release by paramecium to kill sensitive paramecia and are resistant to its own symbiont but sensitive to others symbiont strains.

They would tend to have obesity.  

The mice that had the human microbiota were fed a high fat and high sugar diet, and the other mice were fed on a low fat diet. Compared to the mice fed on a low fat diet, the mice with the human microbiota had a fast change in the population of bacteria that were in their guts, and they had an increase in body fat.

Macrophages 

one of these) reduce inflammation, improve glucose tolerance, reduced gut leakiness allowing less LPS to translocate to serum

LPS secreted by gut epithelia affect the liver, adipose tissue, muscle, and the hypothalamus to generally cause inflammation and reduce insulin sensitivity, thus increasing the level of glucose circulating in the blood. LPS also causes an increase in LPL (lipoprotein lipase) in adipose tissue and muscle which causes triglyceride accumulation in adipocytes.  

•1. The gene or its product should be found in strains of bacteria that cause disease and not in bacteria that are avirulent.

•2. A mutation of a virulent gene should reduce its virulence, and conversely, introduction of a virulent gene into an avirulent strain should make it virulent.

•3. The gene should be expressed by the bacterium during the infection process.

•4. Antibodies to a gene product should be protective, or the gene product should elicit an immune response.

Binding activates cellular survival and proliferation signals and induces cytoskeletal rearrangements that function in cellular motility and differentiation. 

Listeria monocytogenes secretes Phospholipases A and B (PlC A/B) and Listeriolysin O (LLO)

The microbe uses mechanisms that cause the host cell to surround the phagosome that contains the microbe with ribosomes, ER proteins and mitochondria.  The mechanism takes advantage of the RalF protein as an exchange factor for ARF which is a regulator for the transport of proteins from the ER to the Golgi.  The phagosome attracts the cytosol protein RalF which attracts the ARF.  The ARF then attracts the ribosomes, ER proteins and mitochondria to surround it.  This prevents the lysosome from being able to kill the microbe.

Bdellovibrio is a bacterial symbiont that carries out its reproductive cycle in the periplasmic space of a Gram negative host bacteria like E. coli and is dependent on the host for nutrients much like a virus. Bacteriophages specific to Bdellovibrio require Bdellovibrio to be in the E.coli host before starting replication. 

A2: obese animals showed a decrease in Bacteroides and increases in Firmicutes and Archaea. 

Cag Secretion system forms NF-Kb. It uses by binding to MHC molecules that increases apoptosis. It also has VAC increase mitochondrial release of cytochrome C which leads to activation of Caspase 3 and apoptosis. They can also downregulate apoptosis through inhibition of NFb by prostaglandin formation through COX enzymes.

Hipposudoric acid, which is red, and norhipposudoric acid, which is orange.

: It transmitted from female to offspring, and may cause parthenogenesis, cytoplasmic incompatibility, feminization of offspring, or male killing of offspring.

CagA is an example of such a prokaryotic effector protein, translocated by adhered Helicobacter pylori into the host epithelial cell.

CagA is unique, however, in that its chronic presence apparently increases the risk of long-term complications for the host, such as the development of peptic ulcers and gastric adenocarcinoma

Oxygen-dependent phagocytosis, Oxygen-independent phagocytosis, Nitrogen-dependent phagocytosis, and Lactic acid production.

Cyanobacteria provide nutrients to sponges, and sponge provides a shelter for bacteria.

Listeria uses ActA to polymerize actin to produce an "actin tail" that attaches to its old pole and directs its motion in one direction. This actin based motility propels Listeria into the cell membrane, causing the membrane to protrude. This protrusion, the Listeriapod, contacts neighboring cells which phagocytize and engulf the Listeria as a phagosome thereby transferring the Listeria into a new host cell without it being exposed to the extracellular environment where immune cells might detect it.

Toll-like Receptor 5 (TLR5); this receptor "senses" bacteria by, for example, recognizing flagella

Actin

by upregulating antiapoptotic genes.

it regulates the vesicular transport between Golgi and ER.

Bacteroides

It leads to insulin resistance.

CagA is injected to the host epithelial cells by adhered H.pylori. It affects the following: 

Actin Polymerization - cytokines secrtion - regulation of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic genes etc...

By producing pore forming toxins that are inserted into the plasma membrane and leading to the osmotic lysis of the cell followed by the release of the intracellular bacteria.

CMV