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Home Page Science Biology Immunology Micro: Chapter 23 - Flashcards

Micro: Chapter 23 – Flashcards

Sonia Kelly
7 July 2022

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Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
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  • Plasma leaves blood to become interstitial fluid
  • Lymph capillaries: transport interstitial fluid to blood
  • Lymph nodes contain:
    • Fixed macrophages
    • B cells
    • T cells
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Septicemia
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  • Persistant pathogens or their toxins in blood
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Sepsis
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  • Systemic inflammatory response
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Severe sepsis
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  • Sepsis and decreased blood pressure
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Septic shock
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  • Sepsis and uncrontrollable decreased blood pressure
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Lymphangitis
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  • Inflamed lymph vessels accompanying septicemia and septic shock
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Gram-Negative Sepsis
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  • Endotoxin shock
    • Endotoxins cause blood pressure to decrease
    • Antibiotics can worsen condition by killing bacteria
    • Possible treatment
      • Human activated protein C, an anticoagulant
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Gram-Positive Sepsis
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  • Nosocomial infections
    • Group B streptococcus, S. agalactiae
    • Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis
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Puerperal Sepsis
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  • Childbirth fever
    • Streptococcus pyogenes
    • Transmitted to mother during childbirth by attending physicians and midwives
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Endocarditis
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  • Inflammation of the endocardium
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Subacute bacterial endocarditis
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  • Alpha-hemolytic streptococci from mouth
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Acute bacterial endocarditis
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  • Staphylococcus aureus from mouth
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Pericarditis
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  • Streptococci
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Rheumatic Fever
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  • Inflammation of heart valves
  • Autoimmune complication of Streptococcus pyogenes infections
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Tularemia
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  • Francisella tularensis
    • Gram-Negative rod
  • Zoonosis
  • Transmitted from rabits and deer by deer flies
  • Bacteria reproduce in phagocytes
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Brucellosis (Undulant Fever)
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  • Brucella spp.
    • Gram-negative rods that grow in phagocytes
  • B. abortus (elk, bison, cows)
  • B. suis (swine)
  • B. melitensis (goats, sheep, camels)
  • Undulating fever spikes to 40 C each evening 
  • Transmitted via milk from infected animals or contact with infected animals
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Anthrax
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  • Bacillus anthracis
    • Gram-positive, endospore-forming aerobic rod
  • Found in soil
  • Cattle are routinely vaccinated
  • Treated with ciprofloxacin or doxycycline
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Cutaneous anthrax
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  • Endospres enter through minor cut
  • 20% mortality
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Gastrointestinal anthrax
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  • Ingestion of undercooked, contaminated food
  • 50% mortality
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Inhalational (pulmonary) anthrax
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  • Inhalation of endospores
  • 100% mortality
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Gangrene
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  • Death of soft tissue
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Ischemia:
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  • Loss of blood supply to tissue
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Necrosis
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  • Death of tissue
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Gas gangrene
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  • Clostridium perfingens, gram-positive, endospore-forming anaerobic rod, grows in necrotic tissue
  • Treatment includes surgical removal of necrotic tissue and/or use of hyperbaric chamber
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Systemic Diseases caused by bites and scratches
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  • Pasteurella multocida
  • Clostridium
  • Bacteroides
  • Fusobacterium
  • Bartonella henselae
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Bartonella henselae
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  • Cat-scratch disease
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Plague
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  • Causitive agent: Yersinia pestis, gram-negative rod
  • Reservoir: rats, ground squirrels, and prairie dogs
  • Vector: Xenopsylla cheopis
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Bubonic plague
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  • Bacterial growth in blood and lymph
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Septicemia plague
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  • Septic shock
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Pneumonic plague
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  • Bacteria in the lungs
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Relapsing Fever
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  • Causative agent: Borrelia spp., spirochete
  • Reservoir: rodents
  • Vector: ticks
  • Successive replapses are less severe
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Lyme Disease
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  • Causative agent: Borrelia burgdorferi
  • Reservoir: deer
  • Vector: ticks
  • First symptom: bull's-eye rash
  • Second phase: irregular heartbeat, encephalitis
  • Third phase: arthritis
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Ehrlichiosis
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  • Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (HME)
    • Causative agent: Ehrlichia chaffeensis
      • Gram-negative, obligatory intracellular (in white blood cells)
    • Reservoir: white-tailed deer
    • Vector: Lone Star tick
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Anaplasmosis
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  • Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA)
    • Causative agent: anaplasma phagocytophilum
    • Reservoir: deer
    • Vector: ticks
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Typhus
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  • Rickettsia spp.
    • Obligate intracellular parasits
    • in endothelial cells of the vascular system 
    • Arthropod vectors
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Epidemic typhus
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  • Causative agent: Rickettsia prowazekii
  • Reservoir: rodents
  • Vector: Pediculus humanus corporis
  • Transmitted when louse feces are rubbed into bite wound 
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Endemic murine typhus
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  • Causative agent: Rickettsia typhi
  • Reservoir: rodents
  • Vector: Xenopsylla cheopsis
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (tickborne typhus)
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  • Causative agent: Rickettsia rickettsii
  • Measles-like rash, except that the rash also appears on palms and soles
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Infectious Mononucleosis
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  • Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4)
  • Childhood infections are asymptomatic
  • Transmitted via saliva
  • Characterized by proliferation of monocytes
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Burkitt's Lymphoma
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  • Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4)
  • Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  • Cancer in immunosuppressed individuals and in malaria and AIDS patients
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Cytomegalovirus Infections
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  • Cytomegalovirus (HHV-5)
  • Infected cells swell (cyto, mega-)
  • Latent in white blood cells
  • May be asymptomatic or mild
  • Transmitted across the placenta; may cause mental retardation 
  • Transmitted sexually, by blood, or by transplanted tissue
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Yellow Fever
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  • Pathogen: Arbovirus
  • Portal of entry: Skin
  • Reservoir: monkeys
  • Method of transmission: mosquito
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Dengue Fever
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  • Pathogen: Arbovirus
  • Portal of entry: skin
  • Reservoir: humans
  • Method of transmission: mosquito
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Chikungunya Fever
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  • Pathogen: Arbovirus
  • Portal of entry: skin
  • Reservoir: unknown
  • Method of transmission: mosquitos 
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Hemorrhagic Fevers
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  • Pathogen: Filovirus, arenavirus
  • Portal of entry: mucous membranes
  • Reservoir: fruit bats and other mammals
  • Method of transmission: contact with blood
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Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
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  • Pathogen: Bunyavirus
  • Portal of entry: respiratory tract
  • Reservoir: Field mice
  • Method of transmission: inhalation
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Lassa Fever
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  • Pathogen: Lassa virus, arenavirus
  • Potral of entry: gastrointestinal
  • Reservoir: rodents
  • Method of transmission: ingestion of water contaminated with rodent urine
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Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
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  • Pathogen: Ebolavirus, a filovirus
  • Portal of entry: gastrointestinal and mucous membranes
  • Reservoir: fruit bats
  • Method of transmission: ingestion of infected bats or infected individuals blood
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Chagas Disease
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  • Also called American trypanosomiasis
  • Causative agent: Trypanosoma cruzi
  • Reservoir: rodents, opossums, armadillos
  • Vector: reduviid bug
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Toxoplasmosis
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  • Caused by Toxoplasma gondii
  • Transmission: ingesting undercooked meat and contact with cat feces
  • Congenital infection: Stillbirth and neurological damage
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Causes of Malaria
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  • Four major forms: 
    • Plasmodium vivax
    • P. ovale
    • P. malariae
    • P. falciparum
  • Vector: Anopheles mosquito
  • Definitive host: Anopheles mosquito
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Malaria
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  • Prophylaxis
    • Chloroquine
    • Malarone: atovaquone and proguanil
    • Mefloquine
  • Treatment
    • Artemisinin: artesunate and artemether
  • Bed nets
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Visceral Leishmaniasis
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  • Fatal if untreated
  • Causative agent: Leishmania donovani
  • Vector: sandflies
  • Rerservoir: small mammals
  • Treatment: Amphotericin B or miltefosine
  • Geographic Distribution: South Asia, Sudan, Brazil
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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
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  • Papule
  • Causative Agent: L. tropica
  • Vector: sandflies
  • Reservoir: small mammals
  • Treatment: Amphotericin B or miltefosine
  • Geographic Distribution: Asia, Africa, Mediterranean, Central America, South America
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Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
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  • Disfiguring
  • Causative agent: L. braziliensis
  • Vector: sandflies
  • Reservoir: small mammals
  • Treatment: Antimony compounds
  • Geographic Distribution:  Yucatan, South America
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Babesiosis
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  • Replicates in RBC's 
  • Causative agent: Baesia microti
  • Vector: Ixodes ticks
  • Reservoir: rodents
  • Treatment: Atovaquone and azithromycin
  • Geographic Distribution: United States
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Schistosomiasis
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  • Tissue damage (granulomas) in response to eggs lodging in tissues
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S. Haematobium
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  • Granulomas in urinary bladder wall
  • Present in Africa and the Middle East
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S. japonicum
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  • Granules in intestinal wall
  • Present in East Asia
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S. mansoni
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  • Granulomas in intestinal wall
  • Present in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean
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Swimmer's itch
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  • Cutaneous allergic reaction to cercariae
  • Present as a parasit in wild birds in the US
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