Microbiology Test 3 Chaps 14-17 – Flashcards
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| Ch14q1 The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzed the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is A)Histamine B)Lysozyme C)Lactic acid D)hydrochloric acid E)Bile |
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| Answer: B)Lysozyme |
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| Ch14q2 Keratin is an important aspect of non-specific defense because... A)None of the other choices are correct B)It is toxic to pathogens C)It destroys pathogens D)It lowers the pH of the skin E)It creates a physical barrier against pathogens |
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| Answer: E)It creates a physical barrier against pathogens |
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| Ch14q3 Match the following correctly: A) function in allergic reactions and inflammation, contain peroxidase and lysozyme and target parasitic worms and fungi B) Comprise 3-7% of circulating WBC's, are phagocytic and can migrate out into body tissues to differentiate into macrophages. C)Most numberous WBC's, have multi-lobed nuclei an dare very phagocytic D)Comprise 20-30% of circulating WBC's and are the cells that function in the body immune system E)Least numerous of the white blood cells that release histamine during inflammation and allergic reactions Word bank: Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Neutrophils Monocytes |
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| Answers: Eosinophils - A Basophils - E Lymphocytes - D Neutrophils - C Monocytes - B |
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| Ch14q4 Which of the following lymphoid organs or tissues has the immunological function of filtering pathogens from the blood? A)Spleen B)Lymph nodes C)Thymus D)GALT E)Tonsils |
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| Answer: A)Spleen |
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| Ch14q5 Which of the following glands shrinks in size during adulthood and has hormones that function in maturation of T-lymphcytes? A)Thymus B)GALT C)Spleen D)Lymph nodes E)Tonsils |
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| Answer: A)Thymus |
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| Ch14q6 Diapedesis is... A)Production of while blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets B)migration of white blood cells from the blood out into tissues C)production of only red blood cells D)loss of blood due to hemorrhaging E)plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding |
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| Answer: B)migration of white blood cells from the blood out into tissues |
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| Ch14q7 Histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin are all A)Mediators of T-cell activity B)Pyrogenic compounds C)Vasoactive mediators D)Mediators that increase chemotaxis E)Mediators of B-cell activity |
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| Answer: C)Vasoactive mediators |
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| Ch14q8 Which of the following is a chemical used by phagocytes to destroy ingested foreign substancesA)Hydrogen peroxide B)Nitric oxide C)Lactic acid D)Superoxide anion E)All of the above are correct |
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| Answer: E)All of the above are correct |
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| Ch14q9 Which of the following is INCORRECT about complementA)Can be activated in more than one way B)Can lead to the lysis of pathogenic cells C)Only appear in the blood during a response to a pathogen D)Act in a cascade reaction E)Composed of at least 20 serum proteins |
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| Answer: C)Only appear in the blood during a response to a pathogen |
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| Ch14q10 Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell, in order to communicate with other cells the need to produce antiviral proteinsA)Albumin B)Interferon C)Histamine D)Complement E)Gyrase |
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| Answer: B)Interferon |
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| L14q1 What is the main component of our first line of defenseA)Phagocytes B)Antibodies C)Chemicals D)Physical barriers |
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| Answer: D)Physical barriers like our skin and mucous membranes are our first line of defense |
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| L14q2 What would be the effect of lysozyme treatment on Staphylococcus cellsA)They would starve B)They would lyse C)They would grow D)They would be unaffected |
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| Answer: B)They would lyse - lysozyme treatment would weaken the cell wall and lead to cell lysis |
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| L14q3 What step of phagocytosis do microbial capsules interfere with mostA)Chemotaxis B)Binding & Engulfment C)Lysosomal fusion D)Oxidative killing |
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| Answer: B)binding & Engulfment - capsules make it more difficult for phagocytes to bind and engulf the pathogens |
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| L14q4 A patient’s serum is found to have elevated interferon levels. What is most the probable causeA)A fungal infection B)A bacterial infection C)A viral infection D)No infection, patient is normal |
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| Answer: C)A viral infection - elevated interferon levels are associated with viral infections |
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| L14q5 Which of these is NOT an important function of the complement cascadeA)Chemotaxis of phagocytes B)Killing by pore formation C)Opsonization of pathogens D)Expression of antiviral proteins |
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| Answer: D)Expression of antiviral proteins - Complement is most effective against extracellular pathogens |
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| Ch15q1 What type of cells secrete antibodiesA)Plasma cells B)Antigen-presenting cells C)B-Cells D)Helper T-cells E)Cytotoxic T-cells |
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| Answer: A)Plasma cells |
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| Ch15q2 The region of each antibody molecule where amino acid composition is highly varied from on clone of B lymphocytes to another is the... A)Constant region B)Light region C)Joining region D)Variable region E)Hinge region |
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| Answer: D)Variable region |
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| Ch15q3 Small foreign molecules that are too small by themselves to elicit an immune response are termed A)Antigen B)Platelet C)Variable region D)Epitope E)Hapten |
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| Answer: E)Hapten |
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| Ch15q4 During presentation of APC-bound antigen, macrophages and dendritic cells secrete the cytokine, __________, that activated T-helper cells A)Interferon B)Interleukin 2 C)Interleukin 1 D)Histamine E)Gamma globulin |
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| Answer: C)Interleukin 1 |
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| Ch15q5 ______________ involves antibodies covering surface receptors on a virus or toxin molecule thereby disrupting their activity; while ____________ involves antibodies covering microorganisms in order to facilitate phagocytosis. A)Complement fixation; Opsonization B)Opsonization; Agglutination C)Neutralization; Opsonization D)Opsonization; Neutralization E)Agglutination; Neutralization |
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| Answer: C)Neutralization; Opsonization |
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| Ch15q6 Match the following with their best answer(s): A)The immunoglobulin class that is the only one capable of crossing the placenta B)The immunoglobulin(s) found on the surface of B-cells is/are C)Which immunoglobulin class/es can fix complement D)The immunoglobulin class that has an Fc region that binds to receptors on basophils and mast cells E)Which immunoglobulin class had 10 antigen binding sites and is the first class synthesized by plasma cells BANK: IgM and IgD IgM IgG IgE IgM and IgG |
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| Answers: A)IgG B)IgM and IgD C)IgM and IgG D)IgE E)IgM |
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| Ch15q7 Which of the following is NOT a target for Tc cellsA)Pig transplanted heart B)Virus infected cells C)Bacteria D)Human transplanted liver E)Cancer Cells |
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| Answer: C)Bacteria |
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| Ch15q8 The beauty of specific immunity is the production of ______ cells that provide long-lasting protection A)Memory B)T-helper C)Antibody D)Plasma E)Phagocytic |
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| Answer: A)Memory |
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| Ch15q9 Killed or inactivated vaccines are prepared by A)Removal of virulence genes from the microbe B)Treatment with formalin, heat, or radiation C)Passage of the pathogen through unnatural hosts or tissue culture D)Long-term subculturing of the microbe E)All of the above choices are correct |
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| Answer: B)Treatment with formalin, heat, or radiation |
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| Ch15q10 Live, attenuated vaccines... A)Include the Sabin polio vaccine B)Include the Measles, Mumps, Rubella vaccine (MMR) C)Contain viable microbes that can multiple in the person D)Require smaller doses and fewer boosters compared to inactivated vaccines E)All of the above choices are correct |
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| Answer: E)All of the above choices are correct |
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| L15q1 Where do T-lymphocytes complete their developmentA)Thyroid B)Thymus C)Thalamus D)Hypothalamus |
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| Answer: B)Thymus - the thymus is located near the heart |
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| L15q2 What type of MHC molecule do B cells and T cells use to present antigensA)MHC Class 1 B)MHC Class 2 C)CD4 receptor D)CD8 receptor |
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| Answer: B)MHC Class 2 |
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| L15q3 What type of T-cells are most important for helping B-cells to proliferate and differentiateA)CD8 T-cells B)CD4 T-cells C)Cytotoxic T-cells D)Killer T-cells |
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| Answer: B)CD4 T-cells - helper cells are CD4+ |
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| L15q4 What term refers to a small molecule that must bind to a carrier in order to become immunogenicA)Superantigen B)Isotype C)Epitope D)Hapten |
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| Answer: D)Hapten - haptens are small antigens (like a drug) that must bind to a serum protein to be immunogenic |
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| L15q5 What type of antibodies are most important in our mucosal defensesA)IgA B)IgE C)IgG D)IgM |
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| Answer: A)IgA - the dimeric IgA are involved in mucosal defenses |
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| L15q6 If you received antivenim for a Black Widow spider bite, what sort of immunity do you haveA)Artificial active B)Natural active C)Artificial passive D)Natural active |
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| Answer: C)Artificial passive - you were injected with pre-formed antibodies |
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| L15q7 You have orders to administer the Twinrix vaccine. What diseases does this protect againstA)Hepatitis A and Polio B)Diptheria and Tetanus C)Hepatitis A and B D)Measles, Mumps, Rubella |
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| Answer: C)Hepatitis A and B |
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| Ch16q1 The study of diseases associated with excesses and deficiencies of the immune system is A)Hemopathology B)Immunopathology C)Histopathology D)Humoralpathology E)Epidemiology |
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| Answer: B)Immunopathology |
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| Ch16q2 Bee sting venom is considered to be which type of allergenA)Ingestant B)Inhalant C)Injectant D)Contactant E)None of the above |
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| Answer: C)Injectant |
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| Ch16q3 Which event is the process of releasing chemical mediatorsA)Prostaglandins cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability B)Degranulation C)Binding of IgG by the Fc region to mast cells and basophils D)Bonding of an allergen to adjacent IgM binding sites on mast cells and basophils E)Histamine acts on smooth muscle |
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| Answer: B)Degranulation |
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| Ch16q4 Which event occurs with the sensitizing dose of allergensA)Binding of IgE by the Fc region to mast cells and basophils B)Prostaglandins cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability C)Bonding of allergens to adjacent IgE binding sites on mast cells and basophils D)Degranulation E)Histamine acts on smooth muscle |
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| Answer: A)Binding of IgE by the Fc region to mast cells and basophils |
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| Ch16q5 Match the following correctly: A)Does not cause increased sensitivity to pain B)Bind to histamine receptors on target organs C)Reverses constriction of airways D)Chemical mediator that causes prolonged bronchospasm, vascular permeability and mucus secretion of asthmatic patients E)Inhibit the action of lymphocytes WORD BANK: 1.Histamine 2.Leukotriene 3.Epinephrine 4.Antihistamines 5.Corticosteroids |
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| Answers: A)Does not cause increased sensitivity to pain - Histamine (1) B)Bind to histamine receptors on target organs - Antihistamines (4) C)Reverses constriction of airways - Epinephrine (3) D)Chemical mediator that causes prolonged bronchospasm, vascular permeability and mucus secretion of asthmatic patients - Leukotriene (2) E)Inhibit the action of lymphocytes - Corticosteroids (5) |
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| Ch16q6 Allergies run in families because A)Immunoglobulins pass from mother to fetus B)Immunoglobulins pass through breast milk C)The constant region of antibodies is genetically determined D)Relative production of IgE is inherited E)None of these are correct |
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| Answer: D)Relative production of IgE is inherited |
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| Ch16q7 A person who has anti A and anti B serum antibodies will have blood type A)B B)A C)O D)AB E)Rh |
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| Answer: C)O |
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| Ch16q8 Which of the following is NOT a major organ that can be a target of immune complex depositionA)Blood vessels and skin B)Joints C)Kidneys D)Brain E)Heart and lungs |
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| Answer: D)Brain |
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| Ch16q9 In multiple sclerosis, autoantibodies attack A)Cells in the thyroid follicles B)Sodium pump proteins in the cell membrane C)Acetycholine receptors on smooth muscle D)Acetycholine receptors on skeletal muscle E)Myelin sheath cells of the nervous system |
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| Answer: E)Myelin sheath cells of the nervous system |
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| Ch16q10 In the theory for allergic desensitization, which immunoglobulin blocks the allergen from binding with IgEA)IgA B)IgM C)IgD D)IgE E)IgG |
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| Answer: E)IgG |
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| L16q1 What isotype of antibody is most directly involved in type I hypersensitivityA)IgG B)IgM C)IgA D)IgE |
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| Answer: D)IgE - IgE binds to mast cells |
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| L16q2 What is the main mechanism of Cromolyn actionA)Blocks T-cell activation B)Blocks degranulation C)Blocks histamine receptors D)Blocks IgE from binding |
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| Answer: B)Blocks degranulation - Cromolyn blocks the release of histamine from granulocytes |
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| L16q3 Which of these blood types is the universal donor (can give packed blood cells to any blood type)A)Type A B)Type B C)Type O D)Type AB |
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| Answer: C)Type O - Type O blood has no ABO markers and would not be recognized by the host's immune system |
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| L16q4 What type of tissue transplant would be least likely to cause a host vs. graft responseA)Xenograft B)Allograft C)Isograft D)Autograft |
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| Answer: D)Autograft - self-versus-self should be unreactive |
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| L16q5 Which of these is the "boy in the bubble" diseaseA)AIDS B)DiGeorge Syndrome C)SCID D)Agammaglobulinemia |
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| Answer: C)SCID - these patients do not develop B or T-cells |
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| Ch17q1 Specimen collection A)Is most often done by a medical professional but may be done by the patient under controlled circumstances B)Must use sterile sample containers C)Must utilize aseptic techniques D)Requires prompt processing of samples E)All of these choices are correct |
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| Answer: E)All of these choices are correct |
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| Ch17q2 Which sample is not collected by sterile needle aspirationA)Blood B)Urine C)Cerebrospinal fluid D)Tissue Fluids E)All are collected by sterile needle aspiration |
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| Answer: B)Urine |
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| Ch17q3 A serum titer involves A)DFA B)An ELISA C)Determining the highest dilution of serum that produces a visible reaction D)Determining the lowest dilution of serum that produces a visible reaction E)A western blott |
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| Answer: C)Determining the highest dilution of serum that produces a visible reaction |
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| Ch17q4 Serological testing relies upon A)Very high viral or bacterial load in the patient B)The specificty of the variable regions of antibodies C)The specificity of the Fc region of antibodies D)None of these are correct E)A Patient who is not immunocompromised |
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| Answer: B)The specificity of the variable regions of antibodies |
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| Ch17q5 The Widal test is determinant for A)Rickettsia B)Salmonella C)Syphilis D)Candida |
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| Answer: B)Salmonella |
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| Ch17q6 The VRDL test detects A)Rickettsia B)Syphilis C)Salmonella D)Candida |
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| Answer: B)Syphilis |
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| Ch17q7 Which test is most often used to diagnose Coccidioidomycosis and HistoplasmosisA)Western Blot B)Complement fixation C)VRDL D)ELISA E)Widal test |
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| Answer: B)Complement fixation |
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| Ch17q8 Horseradish peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase are enzymes used in ______ tests. A)ELISA B)Direct Antibody flourescence C)Indirect Antibody flourescence D)Elecrophoresis |
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| Answer: A)ELISA |
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| Ch17q9 The tuberculin skin test is read A)within minutes B)within 1-5 hours C)within 12-24 hours D)within 24-36 hours E)within 48-72 hours |
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| Answer: E)within 48-72 hours |
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| Ch17q10 When minute samples of DNA need to be genetically analyzed for identification purposes, which test can be effectively usedA)DFA B)Widal test C)Western blot D)PCR E)ELISA |
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| Answer: D)PCR |
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| L17q1 What is an advantage of DFA over the Gram stain for spirochetes like the one that causes syphilis A)DFA is faster to perform B)DFA does not require cultivation C)DFA visualizes the cells better D)DFA is less expensive |
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| Answer: C)DFA visualizes the cells better - spirochetes are exceedingly thin and difficult to see using the Gram stain, fluorescent cells are easily visualized |
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| L17q2 Which of the following is not a biochemical test used for identification of pathogensA)Carbohydrate fermentation B)Polymer degradation C)Enzyme activity D)Gram reaction |
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| Answer: D)Gram reaction - The Gram stain provide morphological information |
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| L17q3 What type of identification is the FISH analysisA)Morphological B)Genetic C)Biochemical D)Immunological |
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| Answer: B)Genetic - FISH requires biding of a molecular probe to microbial sequences |
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| L17q4 What isotype of antibody would be best for an agglutination reaction, whyA)IgG B)IgM C)IgA D)IgE |
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| Answer: B)IgM - IgM has 10 antigen biding sites per molecule |
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| L17q5 If you perform a complement fixation test and the RBC's lyse, what is your conclusionA)The patient's serum has antibodies to the pathogen B)The patient's serum has pathogen antigens C)The patient's serum does not have antibodies to the pathogen D)The patient's serum has been vaccinated against this pathogen |
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| Answer: C)The patient's serum does not have antibodies to the pathogen - Lysis of the cells indicates that the patient's serum was unable to deplete complement and therefore has not anti-pathogen antibody |
