Microbiology Exam 5 Answers – Flashcards
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| Who are the most susceptible to genital tract infecitons? |
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| Women and children |
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| What two STIs are increasing in incidence and prevalence |
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| Chlamydia and HPV |
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| Where do infections usually localize in Males? |
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| Most infections expect syphiis are limited to the urethra; occasionally they can infect the prostate |
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| Where do infections occur in females? |
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| Most parts can be infected; perineum, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, pelvic cavity |
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| How does the cellular structure of the vaginal and cervical epithelium change? |
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| Under hormonal control |
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| What pH is the adult vagina? What pH is the post menstrual vagina |
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| Acidic, neutral |
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| Where is the natural bacterial flora located in men and what is it? |
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| In the anterior urethra, staphylococcus |
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| At puberty, what is the normal flora of the female genital tract? |
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| Lactobacillus, a few enterococci and yeasts |
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| What does the vagina secrete, how is it produced? |
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| Glycogen, fermented to acid by Lactobacillus |
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| What keeps the uterus and fallopian tubes sterile? |
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| The cervical plug |
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| What non-STI do men occasionally get? |
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| Prostatitis |
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| What is usually associated with vaginal infections between puberty and menopause? |
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| Disruption of the normal flora by antibiotics; super infections |
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| How are these infections diagnosed? |
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| Clinically; each has a typical presentation according to volume, appearance and pH of the discharge |
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| What causes vaginosis? |
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| Disruption of the lactobacillus normal flora due to antibiotic therapy, douching |
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| What does vaginosis change in the vagina? What are signs and symptoms? |
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| Turns pH neutral, get vaginal discharge, smell, itching, burining |
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| What replace lactobacillus in vaginosis |
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| Anaerobes and Gardnerella vaginalis |
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| What drugs are typically used to treat vaginosis? |
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| Metronidazole or clindamycin |
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| What microorganism causes yeast vaginosis? |
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| Candida albicans |
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| What are the symptoms of yeast vaginosis? |
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| Itching, burning, white discharge |
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| How is yeast vaginosis diagnosed? |
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| Absence of lactobacilli, presence of yeast |
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| Explain the treatment of yeast vaginosis |
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| Antifungal creams (Nystatin) or tablets (fluconazole) |
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| What microorganism can cause Toxic Shock Syndrome |
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| S. aureus makes a toxin TSST-1 that is absorbed and causes systemic toxicity |
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| What are the symptoms of TSS? |
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| Fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, hypotension |
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| What is TSS associated with? |
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| Highly absorbent tampons |
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| How are STIs spread |
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| Requires direct contact between mucous membranes and exchange of body fluids. Not limited to genital contact, not limited to male-female contact |
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| When did STIs begin rising in numbers |
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| 1960s |
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| What are some reasons for the increase in STIs |
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| Birth control drugs replaced condom use, asymptomatic carriers, lack of immunity, persistent viruses |
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| How many STis are reportable to the CDC or health department |
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| 4; all others cannot be traced |
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| What is the epidemiology of Gonorrhea? |
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| Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus); Gram negative diplococci, often intracellular |
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| What are the signs and symptoms of Gonorrhea? |
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| 2-5 day incubation period, Male urethritis with copious purulent discharge, Female cervical infection, dysuria, vaginal discharge, pelvic pain |
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| Describe the pathogenesis of Gonorrhea |
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| Bind to non-ciliated mucosal epithelium (urethra, cervix, pharynx, conjunctiva, anus via pili); changes surface antigens to avoid the immune response |
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| What is the diagnosis and treatment of Gonorrhea |
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| Urethral or vaginal amplified DNA test; treatment is single-dose IM ceftriaxone; not penicillin |
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| What is epidemiology of Chlamydia? |
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| Chlamydia trachomatis; an intracellular pathogen |
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| Describe the two-stage life cycle of Chlamydia |
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| Elementary bodies spread from person to person Attaches to host receptors, enters cells, forms a reticulate body Replicates to spread again |
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| What is the fastest increasing reportable STI, especially in high school and college age |
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| Chlamydia |
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| Explain the pathogenesis of Chlamydia |
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| 7-14 day incubation (longer than gonorrhea) Male urethritis has less discharge than gonorrhea, can be subclinical or asymptomatic Female dysuria, vaginal bleeding, discharge, pelvic pain; can spread to salpingitis, infertility |
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| Describe the diagnosis and treatment of Chlamydia |
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| Urethral or cervical specimen, PCR DNA test Treated using intracellular antibiotics; macrolides (azithromycin) are best |
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| What is the microorganism that causes Syphilis |
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| A spirochete; Treponema pallidum |
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| What are the three stages of Syphilis |
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| Primary; hard chancre at the site of infection, goes away Secondary; spreads systemically, causes a rash Tertiary; immune response causes neurologic disorders |
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| How is syphilis treated? |
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| Penicillin |
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| Where was Syphilis discovered? |
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| Tuskegee program |
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| Describe epidemiology of Herpes Simplex Virus |
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| Type 2- a persistant virus; can be treated but never cured |
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| Explain the pathogenesis of Herpes Simplex Virus |
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| Forms vesicular lesions on the penis or vuvla; lesions last 2 to 3 weeks, itching, pain, fever; direct contact during the infectious period spreads the virus to the partner; can be congenital |
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| How is Herpes Simplex Virus diagnosis |
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| Culture or PCR of genital lesions or CSF |
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| How is Herpes Simplex Virus treated? |
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| Treatment by acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir. Reduce the symptoms, do not eliminate the latent virus from the sensory ganglia. Treatment episodes and chronic suppression |
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| What is the most common STI |
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| HPV |
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| What does HPV cause? |
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| Genital warts: raised on the penis, vulva, anus; flat on cervix. |
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| True or False: All warts caused by HPV will go away |
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| False, some cause cervical cancer |
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| How is HPV detected? |
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| Visually, by Pap smear, or DNA test |
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| How are HPV warts treated? |
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| Excision, laser, freezing |
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| What microorganism causes Trichomonas? |
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| Trichomonas vaginalis, a flagellate |
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| True or False: Men who have Trichomonas are generally asymptomatic |
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| True |
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| Which STIs pathogenesis is described below: Irritates vagina, itching, burning, yellow foamy discharge |
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| Trichomonas |
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| How is Trichomonas diagnosed |
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| Microscopic exam of discharge, see on a pap smear |
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| How is Trichomonas treated |
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| Metronidazole |
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| What are Crab lice caused by? |
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| Phthirus pubis |
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| How do crab lice survive? |
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| Sucking blood |
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| How are crab lice transmitted |
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| By direct contact; 2mm long female lays eggs in pubic hair |
