Microbio Final – Flashcards

• Encapsulated Gram +
• Upper Respiratory Tract

Known for Hemolytic Ability

Flesh eating disease

• Gram + bacillus
• Generates potent Exotoxin
• Most distinctive symptom is pseudomembrane

• Gram - encapsulated diplococcus
• Meningococcemia - Rapidly fatal septicemia

• Gram - rod
• Dangerous childhood disease
• distinctive cough

• Pleomorphic, no Gram reaction
• "Walking pneumonia"
• Atypical - not strep pneumoniae
• Viral-like symptoms

• Gram - encapsulated rod
• Dangerous misdiagnosis
• more aggressive than Strep
• not susceptible to penicillin

• Gram + anaerobic sporeformer
• Most dangerous food poisoning
• Exotoxin inhibits release of acetylcholine = no muscle contraction, respiratory paralysis

• Gram + coccus
• Second most common food poisoning in U.S.
• Exotoxin = Enterotoxin

• Gram + anaerobic sporeformer
• Spores contaminate food which germinate and creates an exotoxin

• Gram - rod
• Survives in stomach
• highly invasive
• leads to septecemic state

• Shigella sonnei
• Shigella dysenteriae
• Shigella flexneri
• Shigella boydii

• orgs multiply in bloodstreem and localize in lymph nodes ("Buboes")
• Becomes septicemic, leading to pneumonic plague

• Most common tick-borne disease in U.S.
• Erythema chronicum migrans - "bulls-eye" rash that expands from point of origin

• Macules - pink spots
• Papules - pink-red pimples
• Maculopapular rash - fusion of spots
• dark red, then fade

• Transmitted by body lice
• characteristic fever and maculopapular rash

• spirochete
• trasmitted by fucking

1. Primary Syphilis - hard chancre (hard ulcer at site of entry)
2. Secondary Syphilis - fever, swollen lymph nodes, rash, possible liver involvement
3. Tertiary Syphilis - gumma - soft fummy lesion that leads to degeneration of blood vessels in brain

• 2nd most frequently reported STD
• small gram - diplococcus (bean shaped)
• causes abdominal pain and burning urination

• Number 1 STD causing nongonococal urethritis
• grows only on living tissue
• similar to gonorrhea symptoms but milder

• Worldwide, may be more prevalent than syphilis or gonorrhea
• small Gram - rod
• characterized by soft chancre at site of entry

• acid-fast rod
• spread by multiple skin contacts or by droplet inhalation
• long incubation period of 3-6 years
• causes disfiguring of skin and bones due to lepromas

• grape-like cluster of Gram + cocci
• Key characteristic is formation of abscess (pus-filled lesion)
• boil- pimple
• carbuncle - deeper abscess when staph work their way down below skin

• ween in infants
• skin becomes red,wrinkled, tender, and peels, due to exotoxin

• Rapidly rising fever, vomiting and diarrhea progressing to sore throat and rash
• sudden drop in blood pressure can occur leading to shock and death
• associated with use of tampons

• conjunctiva becomes inflamed causing eye to appear pink
• highly contagious

• Acute, contagious disease of the upper respiratory tract tramsmitted by droplet inhalation
• characterized by ability to modulate surface antigens
• Acute onset with sudden chills, fatigue, headache, then 104°C fever

• over 30 types of adenoviruses which cause the common cold
• one strain may cause viral meningitis (aka aseptic meningitis)

• Most common lower respiratory tract disease in children under 2 resulting in viral pneumonia
• when virus infects tissue cells, the tend to fuse forming "giant" cells or syncytia

• over 100 rhinoviruses
• major cause of the common cold
• causes croup in children

Large viruses

passes among cells by intercellular bridges and remains in the nerve cells until there is a trigger

Type I - inhabits areas above waist

Type II - inhabits areas below waist

actually a herpes virus

highly contagious transmitted by droplet inhalation and skin contact

begins in respiratory tract with fever, headache, then passes into bloodstream and localizes in peripheral nerves and skin

multiplication results in fluid0filled vesicles

• known as shingles
• adult disease form of chickenpox whereby virus multiplies causing painful blistering

• Highly contagious virus
• upper respiratory disease accompanies by fever and characteristic red rash

• Thought to be a mild form of measles, but actually independent clinical entity caused by Togavirus
• mild disease - most dangerous to developing fetus

• Caused by a parvovirus infecting children
• characteristic fiery red rash on cheeks and ears

• characterized by enlarged jaw tissues arising from swollen salivary glands
• mumps virus transmitted by droplet inhalation, contact, and fomites

• First signs are high fever and general weakness, followed by pink-red spots (macules)
• Macules becone papules, then fluid-filled vesicles which form into pustules
• Pules break open and emit infectious pus that leaveves scars or pocks

• caused by human papilloma viruses
• maybe be associated with cervical cancer

• first human disease associated with a virus
• transmitted by mosquitoes, thus referred to as an arbovirus (arthropod-borne)
• can cause jaundice and internal bleeding

• blood disease especially of antibody-producing B-Cells
• caused by Epstein-Barr virus
• causes developement of heart defects, paralysis of face, rupture of spleen and liver

• acute inflammatory disease of the liver
• most commonly transmitted by food or water contaminated by feces of an individual infected with the virus

• second major type of heatitis known as serum hepatitis
• transmission usually involves direct or indirect contact with an infected body fluid
• more sever than A

• Liver damage develops slowly such that cirrhosis is beyond repair by the time it is diagnosed
• most often transmitted by drug injection and somtimes associated with tattoos or body piercing

• commonly caused by rotaviruses
• severe childhood diarrhea
• 24 hour flu

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• some are accompanied by severe hemorrhagic lesions
• lassa fever
• Marburg disease
• ebola hemorrhagic fever
• Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

• Caused by cytomegalovirus
• may be among the most common diseases in U.S.
• fever, malaise, enlarged spleen;

• caused by HIV;
• target is CD4 T-helper lymphocyte which shuts down effective immunity
• transmitted by infected blood or cum

• highest mortality rate of any human disease
• transmitted by animal bite
• death can come within days from respiratory paralysis

• Poliomyelitis - gray matter of brain and spinal cord affected
• poliovirus ingested in contaminated food or water
• multiplies first in tonsils, then lymphoid tissue in GI tract
• maybe get into bloodstream and cause paralysis

• acute inflammation of the brain
• caused by a series of Togaviruses
• transmitted by mosquitoes
• caharacterized by sudden high fever and severe headache
• may lead to confulsions and coma

;

• oneo f the most dangerious affecting the lungs and meninges
• transmitted by inhalation
• Org has large gelatinous capsule that is antiphagocytic

small yeast that will overgrow in compromised host

;

• general name for fungal disease of the hair, skin, and nails
• i.e. athlete's foot, ringworm
• transmitted by contact or fomites

• Lung disease prevalent in Ohio river valley
• transmitted by inhalation of spores which may develop into tuberculosis-like lung condition

1. Skin
2. Mucous Membrane
3. Ciliated Eplithelium
4. Various enzymes
5. Other proteins
6. pH 
7. Inflammatory response
8. Phagocytosis

1. Antibody Mediated immunity (humoral) - defense process thats mediated by antibodies
2. Cell-mediated immunity - defense mechanism mediated by T cells

• T Helper cell
• Chief regulatory cell of the immune system

T cytotoxic cell

precursor to the CTL "killer" cell

Line of lymphocytes that produces antibodies

1. genes that control the ability to generate cell mediated functions
2. genes that control the activity of T_H Cells
3. Genes that are involved in the production of components of complement system

1. IGM - first to appear, pentomer
2. IGG - most of them are these, last a long time only antibodies that can cross the placenta
3. IGA - GI tract, respiratory tree, passive transfer in mother's milk
4. IGE - major role in dangerous allergic reactions
5. IGD - early receptor on B - cells

• Important with viruses/toxins
• when antibodies attach to the virus so that they can't get to the cell