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A molecule that may react chemically to another molecule of the same type to form a larger molecule, such as dimer, trimer, tetramer, polymer, etc.

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1. Monomer

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A molecule composed of polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. Complex substance containing carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

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3. Protein

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class of organic molecules that includes RNA and DNA

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4. Nucleic acid

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substance that chemically speeds up reactions without itself being chemically changed or a part of the product

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5. Catalyst

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form more complex molecules from smaller ones

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6. Synthesize

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a reactant in which an enzymes acts on to causes a chemical action to proceed

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7. Substrate

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- the result of a reaction. Anything that is produced, whether as the result of generation, growth, labor, or thought, or by the operation of involuntary causes.

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8. Product

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9. The building of DNA via the joining of individual nucleotides is a

a. Catabolic reaction
b. Anabolic reaction
c. Cytobolic reaction
d. Amphibolic reaction

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b. Anabolic reaction

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10. Biosynthetic reactions are also know as ______________________

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anabolic reactions

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11. The Krebs cycle only accepts
a. Single carbons
b. Three-carbon molecules
c. Pyruvate
d. Two-carbon molecules

11. The Krebs cycle only accepts
a. Single carbons
b. Three-carbon molecules
c. Pyruvate
d. Two-carbon molecules

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two carbon molecules

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A compound made up of several repeating units monomers joined together by dehydration synthesis. Ex: carbohydrates and proteins

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polymer

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self feeding. ex: green plants

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autotrophy

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organisms that use sunlight as a source of energy

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photoautotrophs

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autotrophic organisms that obtain energy from chemical reacrtions involving inorganic substances such as nitrates and sulfates

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chemoautotrophs

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other feeding. these organisms get their carbon atoms from organic molecules present in other organisms

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heterotrophy

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obtain energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy

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photoheterotrophy

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obtain chemical energy by breaking down organic compounds
ex: most infectious oraganisms

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chemoheterotrophs

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organisms that carry out metabolic processes either way (anaerobically and aerobically)
ex: most pathogens

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facultative anaerobes

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C6H12O6 + 6 O2 > 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (34-36 ATP + heat)

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cwellular respiration equation

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the shape of the molecule provides site where the enzymatic activity takes place, it is here the substrate fits into the enzyme

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active site

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many enzymes can catalyza reaction only if substances are present before they can react w/ a substrate.
have an active site that doesnt fit the enzymes substrate

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apoenzyme

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helper substance that helps with binding of enzyme to substrate that is a mineral

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cofactor

question

helper substance that helps with binding of enzyme to substrate that is a nonprotien organic molecule

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coenzyme

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carry hydrogen atomes or electrons in redox reactions.
ex:cofactors, coenzymes, NAD and FAD

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carrier molecules

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with the type of enzymes known as ____________________ a cofactor is needed in the active site for the subtrate to fit properly. after the coenzyme has bound to the ________, the combination is known as a ____________.

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apoenzyme

holoenzyme

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an inhibitor molecule, which is a molecule similar in shape to the substrate for a given enzyme, competes w/ the substrate to bind to the enzymes active site

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competitive inhibition

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bind to a part of the enzyme at a site called an allsteric site which changes the structure of the enzyme so the substrate cant fit

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allosteric molecule

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if the inhibitor levels build up sufficiently, inhibitor molecules bind to an allosteric site on the enzyme, changing the shape of the active site and preventing the reactions of the pathway from continuing

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Feedback inhibition

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catabolic pathway in which gkucose is broken down resulting in the production of 2 ATP molecules for molecule of glucose involved

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glycolysis

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phosphate groups are removed from ATP and transferred to substrates. this process makes substrates more energetic

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phosphorylation

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is a process in aerobic respiration in which pyruvate produced earlier is metabolized further:

1. carbon is oxidized to CO2
2.electrons are transferred to coenzyme carrier molecules that take the electrons to the electron transport chain
3. energy is captured and stored when ADP is converted to ATP

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krebs cycle

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electrons are transferred to a final electron accepter.

answer

electron transport chain

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the transmembrane proton concentration gradient

is "energy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membrane and can be used for chemical, osmotic or mechanical work."

is a result of proton pumping across the cell membrane during the electron transport chain

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proton motive force

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the metabolic process in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy

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catabolism

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catabolism can involve glycolysis which occurs in the cytoplasm, as well as the krebs cycle and electron transport, which occur in the

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plasma membrane

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involves a series of chemical changes that generate the release of protons and electrons

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the krebs cycle

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electrons and protons are carried from the krebs cycle to the electron transport chain by reduced

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coenzymes such as NADH and FADH2

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in the electron transport chain, the protons and electrons are moved through a series of oxidation reduction reactionsthat result in thformation of a concentration gradient called the

answer

proton motive force

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protons are moved by the proton motive force across the plasma membrane of the bacterial cell and ___________ is released

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energy

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the energy produced from protons moving across the plasma membrane is used to form

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ATP

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is the enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecules

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fermemtation

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simplest pathway for metabolizing pyruvate. does not produce gas as a by product. the pyruvate molecule is converted directly to lactate with the reactions driven by energy of the electrons from NADH

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homolactic fermentation

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CO2 is released from pyruvate to form the intermediate acetaldehyde.NADH then reduces the acetaldehyde to etanol. @ the same time, the NADH is oxidized to NAD.

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alcoholic fermentation

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anabolic reactions are also known as ____________________- because they are used to syntesize all biological molecules needed by the cells of living organisms

answer

biosynthetic reactions

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nearly all chemical processes of a cell consists of a series of chemical reactions known as a

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pathway

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are proteins that work in metabolism by lowering the energy of activation

answer

2. Enzyme-

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breakdown of one molecule of glucose w/ out oxygen (anaerobic metabolism) yields

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only 2 ATP

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autotrophic organisms obtain carbon from

answer

CO2

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heterotrophic organisms obtain carbon from

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organic molecules

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during a redox reaction elcetrons are

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gained or lost

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complete oxidation of glucose yields

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carbon dioxide water and energy

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in an enzymatic reaction the reaction material is the

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substrate

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the majority of electrons are carried to the electron transport chain by

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NAD

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is important to have a basic understanding of metabolism because it governs the survival and growth of microorganisms.

answer

why is microbiology important

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A series of chemical processes that go on in living organisms.
?Used to obtain energy.
?Linked to growth

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?Metabolism is:

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Autotrophy –
?Heterotrophy

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carbon is obtained from inorganic substances
carbon is obtained from other organic molecules

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Nearly all infectious organisms are

chemoheterotrophs.
?Chemoheterotrophsobtain energy by breaking down other organic molecules and compounds.

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Chemoheterotrophs

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It is here that:
?The substrate fits into the enzyme and the reaction occurs.
?The enzyme and substrate interact to form the enzyme-substrate complex.
has to have the proper shape for th eenzyme to work

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the active site

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Cellular respiration describes catabolic processes and is divided into:
?Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Facultativelyanaerobic respiration

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metabolidm that uses oxygen
metabolism that doesnt use oxygen
metabolism that can use oxygen but can occur w/ out it

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work by lowering the energy of activation.
highly specific

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enzyme

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The shape of an enzyme molecule and the electrical charges found at the _______ allow for the reaction to work and are responsible for the enzyme’s specificity.

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active site

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always degrades proteins because it reacts only with peptide bonds.

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A proteolytic enzyme

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Many enzymes can catalyze a reaction only if other substances are present at the active site.
?These enzymes are referred to as

answer

apoenzymes

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bind to the active site and change the shape of the active site so the substrate now fits

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cofactors and coenzymes

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The final product in a pathway accumulates and begins to bind to and inactivate the enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction of the pathway.
?It is reversible and, when the level of end product decreases, the inhibition stops and the pathway begins to function again

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feedback inhibition

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The binding of the competitor is reversible and dependent upon the relative ____________ and ___________ present

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numbers of inhibitor molecules and substrate molecules

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Three major factors affect enzyme activity:
?Temperature
pH
Concentration of substrate, product and enzyme

Why

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temp and pH can break hydrogen bonds and change shape

lower # of substrate, product, and enzyme molecules means a lower level of activity

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The reactions occur in the cytoplasm and do not require oxygen.
?Four ATP molecules are produced
?The first steps of the pathway consume two ATP molecules.
?The net gain is two ATP molecules

answer

ScienceGLYCOLYSIS

question

During glycolysis:
?Phosphates are transferred to substrates by phosphorylation.
?Phosphorylation makes the substrates more energetic.
?After a series of steps, the ____________ is broken into ___________.
?NAD+carries electrons to the ____________

answer

carvon glucose molecule

two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules

electron transport chain

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Pyruvateis first modified with coenzyme A
?This produces the Acetyl-CoAcomplex.

answer

the prep step

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is a series of reactions in which chemical changes occur.
?Within these reactions, hydrogen atoms are removed and their electrons are transferred to coenzyme carrier molecules.
?The hydrogen atoms are carried by NAD+and FAD to the electron transport system

answer

the kreb's cycle

question

what 3 important things happen in the Kreb's cycle:

carbonelectronsenergy?

answer

Carbon is oxidized as CO2.
?Electrons are transferred to coenzyme carrier molecules that take the electrons to the electron transport chain.
?Energy is captured and stored when ADP is converted to ATP.

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The electron transport chain is a sequence of molecules.
?In eukaryotes, they are found in the inner _____________.
?In prokaryotes, they are organized in the _______________

answer

mitochondrial membrane

plasma membrane

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Electron transport differs from organism to organism and some organisms use more than one type.
?As electrons move from one molecule to another in the chain, energy is released via a process called

answer

chemiosmosis

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in chemiosmosis
electrons are transferred along the electron transport chain, protons are pumped out of the cell.
?This causes the proton concentration outside the cell to be higher than inside the cell, causing a

answer

concentration gradient

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Specialized membrane proteins allow protons to re-enter the cell.
?Energy is released as protons re-enter the cell.
?This energy is used to bind phosphate to ADP, making the high-energy molecule ATP.
?The difference in proton concentration in this process is called the proton motive force.

answer

chemiosmosis

question

Cells using anaerobic respiration generate__________ of ATP from one glucose molecule.
?Cell using aerobic respiration generate ___________ of ATP from one glucose molecule.

answer

two molecules
thirty eight total molecules

question

is the enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule.
?ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation but is not linked to electron transport.

answer

fermentation

question

No oxygen is required for ATP to be synthesized.
?Fermentation yields ____________ of ATP per glucose molecule.
?Different microorganisms use different fermentation pathways

answer

2 molecules

question

are classified as biosynthetic reactions because they are used to synthesize all the biological molecules needed by the cells of living organisms

answer

Anabolic reactions

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form the network of pathways that produce the components required by the cell for growth and survival

answer

Biosynthetic reactions

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