Mic 230 – Microbiology Test Questions – Flashcards
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| first microbes evolved when? |
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| 3.8 billion years ago |
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| what did the evolution of the poryphrin ring allow the development of? |
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| how did the first cell form? |
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| examples of microorganisms having an impact on history? 5 |
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| What was a major killer in the civil war? |
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| what was the first antibiotic? year? by? |
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| penicillin - sir alexander fleming in 1928 |
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| How much did the Romans and Greek society know about disease? |
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| who discovered the first microbes? when? with what? |
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| what did Louis Pasteur do? time frame? |
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| Ignaz semmelweis discovered? when? |
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| Robert Koch did what? when? |
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| Sergei Winogradski did? when? |
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| who is the father of modern taxonomy? |
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| TaxonomyPhylogeny? |
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| How we classify different organisms classification due to evolutionary descendants in the past |
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| difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |
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| Prokaryotes- no nucleus, 70s ribosomes, 1 circular chromosome, growth above 80C Eukaryotes - nucleus, membrane bound organelles, linear DNA, introns, 80s ribosomes, sexual reproduction |
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| Defining Reference for prokaryotes? |
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| Bergey's Manual |
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| characteristics of prokaryotes that makes them Adaptable? |
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| biochemically diverse growth potential extremely tolerant capable of genetic variation |
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| algal characteristics? |
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| oxygenic photosynthesis cell walls |
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| protozoa characteristics? |
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| lack cell walls ingulf food motile by flagella, cilia, amoeboid movement |
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| Fungal characteristics? |
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| cells walls of chitin produce spores absorb food by extracellular enzymes |
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| purpose of cholesterol(eukaryotes) and hapanoids(prokaryotes) in membrane? |
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| strengthen, more rigidity |
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| archaeal lipids differences? |
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| made of isoprenoid alcohols ether linkages can be tetraether lipids, lipid tails connected! |
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| functions of the membrane?A-G |
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| 1. permeability barrier except for water, gases and nonpolar molecules 2. houses proteins 3. transport 4. export of proteins and polysaccharides 5. energy generation 6. motility and chemotaxis 7. biosynthesis |
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| 3 types of transport? |
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| simple transport(uses proton gradient), group translocation(requires PEP), ATP binding Cassette(ABC)requires ATP |
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| function of cell wall? |
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| confer shape and strength provide elasticity to prevent lysing |
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| difference between gram +/-? |
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| + = no outer membrane, 20-40 layers peptidoglycan, no periplasm - = outer membrane, few layers of peptidoglycan, periplasm |
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| peptidoglycan composition? |
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| N - acetyl glucosamine N - acetyl muramic acid 4-5 AAs |
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| molecular arrangement of peptidoglycan? |
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| N-AM 4 AA cross linked to adjacent strands |
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| what is the target of penicillin, vanomycin and other antibiotics? |
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| peptidoglycan synthesis |
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| teichoic acids? |
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| polymers of alcohols and phosphates attach to peptidoglycan or membrane make envelope of cell negative antigenic |
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| what does the outer membrane of a gram negative bacteria do? |
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| creates periplasmic space contains porins linked to peptidoglycan by lipoprotein contains liposaccharides |
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| gram negative liposaccaride structure?results in? |
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| o specific polysaccarride, core polysaccharide, lipid A negative charge, antigenic, endotoxin, binds cations |
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| porins in outer membrane result in? |
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| small molecules can get through causes membrane to not be a permeability membrane |
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| S layers? function? |
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| crystalline protein layers outside the wall of gram +/- bacteria antigenic, block other antigens, protect against toxins |
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| cell walls of archaea made of? |
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| ALL LACK peptidoglycan s layers polysaccharides pseudopeptdoglycan |
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| glycocalyx? fxns? |
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| highly hydrated polysaccharide layers antigenic, mask antigens, antiphagocytic, attachment, trap nutrients, protect(toxins) |
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| pili? uses? |
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| protein appendages on cells gene transfer(sex pilus) attachment, antigenic bacteriophage attachment |
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| types of motility? |
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| flagella, spirochetes, gliding, gas vesicles, twitching |
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| flagella structural components? |
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| filament, hook, basal body, Mot(ovals outside), Fli (balls inside) |
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| How is energy supplied for the flagella motor? On/off? |
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| H+ proton gradient flows through mot proteins allowing them to rotate around ms ring. Fli proteins are motor switch |
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| chemotaxis? |
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| how bacteria respond to certain media |
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| attractants repellants? |
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| chemicals that attract bacteria chemicals taht repel bacteria |
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| molecular mechs of chemotaxis? |
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| chemoreceptors detect environment, then transducer proteins send message to flagellar switch (fli proteins)through che proteins which alter tumbling and receptors |
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| phototaxis aerotaxis? |
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| bacteria that move toward light move toward or away from oxygen |
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| characteristics of the endospore?resistant to?why? |
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| synthesized inside the cell when nutrients are no longer available resistant to heat, chemicals,radiation, freezing |
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| structure of endospore? |
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| dehydrated cytoplasm, membrane and typical wall,cortex of moded peptidoglycan, protein spore coat, exosporium |
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| when do they exit endospores and germinate? |
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| activation by heat if environment becomes suitable again |
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| other resting stages |
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| fungal and actinomycete spores bacterial cysts both dont survive extreme heat |
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| bacterial inclusions?storage products? |
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| poly-B-hydroxyalkonate - unique fat-like storage products glycogen, Volutin(polyphosphate), cyanophycin(N), sulfur (source of e-) |
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| Inclusions: Magnetosomes? Gas Vesicles? |
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| Rows of magnets found in the cytoplasm in aquatic bacteria to orient bacteria in earths magnetic field(swim down) Allow bacteria to float |
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| stalks and prostecha |
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| st- acellular extensions on cells for attachment pro - cellular extensions that increase SA/V ratio to increase survival in dilute environments, maybe attachment |
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| anabolism? requires? |
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| metabolic processes that are involved in cell division requires NRG(ATP), substrates, reducing power (NADPH) |
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| catabolism? rxns? products? |
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| make energy in a usable form either high energy chemical bonds or proton gradient CO2, urea |
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| what does a microbe require to reproduce? |
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| carbon and energy source |
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| types of nutrition classes that use energy source? |
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| phototrophs - convert sunlight to E chemoorganotrophs chemicals to organic molecules chemolithotrophs - chemicals to inorganic chemicals |
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| carbon source types? |
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| heterotrophs - use organic carbon and phototrophy Autotrophs-use CO2 for C and E from light |
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| 4 types of cell division |
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| binary fission budding fragmentation division spore formation |
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| steps of binary fission? |
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| DNA replication elongation septum formation septum completion, cell separation |
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| budding common in? |
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| yeasts |
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| fragmentation division steps? |
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| attachment, penetration, elongation, prey lyses, release of progeny |
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| growth rateexponential growth generation time? |
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| increase in numbers over time logarithmic curve latent period where cell rests in between divisions |
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| 4 stages of bacterial growth curve? |
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| lag, log, stationary, death |
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| secondary metabolism |
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| geared toward survival, not reproduction = less E (start to make antibiotics) |
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| How can one make a continuous culture? |
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| maintain log phase by continually replacing media by using a chemostat |
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| why does the culture stop growing and begin to die? 3? |
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| run out of nutrients, overcrowding, accumulate toxic products |
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| 4 ways to measure growth? |
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| direct count (microscopic grid count) viable count (plate count) measure mass (dry weight) measure turbidity |
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| how many ATP pre glucose via glycolysis? oxidation step? ATP steps? |
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| 2 ATP at PEP to pyruvate and 1,3 biphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate oxi at glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate |
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| lactic acid fermentation bacteria? ethanol? |
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| lactic - lactobacillus ehtanol - saccharomyces |
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| applications of fermentations? |
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| food: beer, wine, cheese, yogurt probiotics, chemicals, ID |
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| How many NADH produced in Krebs cycle?steps? |
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| 8 NADH: pyruvate to acetyl CoA isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA malate to oxaloacetate |
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| what else is produced? steps? |
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| 2 ATP Succinyl CoA to succinate 2 FADH succinate to fumarate |
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| respiration? |
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| oxidation of an inorganic or organic energy source in which electrons pass down an ETC and are accepted by an external terminal electron acceptor (O2, NO3, SO4) |
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| other respiration pathways? |
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| FA oxidation Alkanes to FA Aromatic rings to either Acetyl CoA or Succinyl CoA |
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| electron carriers in ETC? |
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| flavoproteins, Quinones(both accept 2e- and 2 protons) Fe-S proteins Cytochromes |
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| ATP synthase components? how does it work? |
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| Fo = IMP F1 = IC PMP for every 3 H+ protons that go through it down their conc. gradient and ATP is made. |
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| anaerobic respirations? |
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| Nitrate Reduction-E. coli reduces NO3 to NO2. Also pseudomonas denitrifies NO3 all the way to N2. Sulfate Reduction-Desulfovibrio reduce SO4 all the way to H2S, not favorable so gains little E. |
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| chemolithotrophy |
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| bacteria can oxidize inorganic chemicals for energy (mostly aerobic) |
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| 3 types? |
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| Hydrogen oxidation(methanobacterium) Ammonia ox. nitrosomonas sulfur ox. thiobacillus, thiomargaritas |
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| purpose of pentose phosphate shunt and calvin cycle? |
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| pps-make NADPH and biosynthetic intermeds(5C sugars) cc - make organic matter out of CO2 and intermediates from CO2 |
