Introduction to Microbiology – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
| ACUTE |
answer
| Quick, hard-hitting, lasts a short time (flu) |
question
| ADAPTIVE immunity |
answer
| Humoral response B cells generate antibodies B Lymphocytes activates, but only if that particular one has the matching - if Activated, goes to Memory B Cell; and effector cells (factories) Cellular immunity; Cell mediated response T - cells mature in Thymus Helper T cells (Th) Cytotoxic T-Cells (Tc) |
question
| AMINO ACIDS |
answer
| Building blocks of proteins 20 variants coded in mRNA tRNA molecules are the ‘wheels’ for Wants to bond with mRNA (trucks) example, IgG made up of 1500 amino acids |
question
| ANTIBODIES |
answer
| AKA immunoglobulins; made in response to antigen binds specifically to an antigen can cause 4 responses: Agglutination; Opsonization; Neutralization; Activation of complement monomer is composed of 2 light chains and 2 heavy chains (variable) IgG: 80% - help phagocytosis IgM: 1st responder - 5 “y” together - braun IgA: Protection on mucous membranes; eyes; backup to 1st Line IgD: unknown IgE: help eosinophils (remove parasitic worms) Comes from B Cells |
question
| ANTIGENS |
answer
| Protein or polysaccharide that are recognized as foreign and elicit an immune response; (antagonist) bind to a B cell, that generate a effector cell (antibody factories), which will generate 1000’s of antibody’s, “tags” them for phagocytosis also Stimulate T-Helper, provides 2nd check or confirmation |
question
| Acute bacterial endocarditis |
answer
| Staphylococcus aureus from mouth (surgery, dental) Destroy heart valves, fatal within days |
question
| African Trypanosomiasis |
answer
| Transmitted from animals to humans by tsetse fly Parasite evades the antibodies through antigenic variation |
question
| Aminoglycosides Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis |
answer
| Aminoglycosides Interfere with initial steps of protein synthesis Changes shape of the bacterial ribosome Streptomycin, Neomycin, Gentamicin |
question
| Anti-HIV Drugs: |
answer
| Protease inhibitors Inhibit the enzymes (proteases) that cut up the large viral proteins used for virus packaging Analogs of amino acids are incorporated into proteins that block protease activity. Entry inhibitors: Target cell membrane receptors Fusion or entry inhibitors: Target the fusion of the virus with the cell |
question
| Antibiotic |
answer
| A substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe |
question
| Antimicrobial drugs |
answer
| Interfere with the growth of microbes within a host |
question
| Antimycobacterial antibiotics |
answer
| Mycobacteria-incorporates mycolic acids in cell wall Drugs target the synthesis or incorporation of mycolic acid |
question
| Antiviral drugs |
answer
| Because of the parasitic nature of viruses, targets of antiviral drugs are limited Nucleoside and nucleotide inhibitors Treating HIV |
question
| BACTEREMIA |
answer
| Bacteria in the blood |
question
| Bacillus |
answer
| cell shape - rod, may be cigar or straw shaped streptobacillus - chains of rod-shaped bacteria staphylobacillus - clusters of bacilli |
question
| Bacitracin (Polypeptide antibiotics) |
answer
| Topical application Against gram-positives Inhibits cell wall synthesis at an earlier stage than penicillin |
question
| Bacterial Diseases of the Eye |
answer
| Conjunctivitis Ophthalmia neonatorum Chlamydia trachomatis |
question
| Bacterial Meningitis |
answer
| Predominately caused by three bacteria Haemophilus influenzae Neisseria Meningitis Streptococcus pneumoniae and 4) Listeria monocytogenes Capsule; enters via cerebrospinal fluid |
question
| Bactericidal |
answer
| Kill microbes directly |
question
| Bacteriocins |
answer
| Proteins that kill bacteria |
question
| Bacteriostatic |
answer
| Prevent microbes from growing |
question
| Blood brain barrier |
answer
| A protective barrier which is designed to keep the environment in the brain as stable as possible. Prevents many serious substances from entering the brain. |
question
| Broad spectrum |
answer
| Affect a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria |
question
| CARBOHYDRATE |
answer
| Include SUGARS and STARCHES; are building blocks (DNA, cell walls, food. Principle function - fuel cell activities. C, H, O (H:O, 2:1) ch2o sub n ribose c12h22o11; glucose c6h12o6; sucrose c12h22o11 Monosaccharides: simple sugars Gluc (sweet) ose (sugar) Disaccharides: 2 mono’ combine in dehydration synthesis. Polysaccharides: 10’s or 100’s of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis, with side chains (usually not sweet, and not soluble - like glycogen; cellulose; dextran; chiten; starch Story - sugars are the fuel source of every cell |
question
| CHRONIC |
answer
| Develops slowly; long lasting (mono, hep B) |
question
| Campylobacter jejuni |
answer
| Gram Negative, microaerophilic, spiral Infection Leading cause of food borne illness in the US |
question
| Capsule |
answer
| Very organized covering, Glycocalyx, which protects the cell. |
question
| Cellular immunity; Cell mediated response |
answer
| T - cells mature in Thymus Helper T cells (Th) Cytotoxic T-Cells (Tc) cellular immunity once “infiltrated”, cells or viruses, etc need to be killed; B Cells and T Cells; hanging out in the spleen, marrow and lymph nodes |
question
| Characteristics that differentiate prokaryotes from eukaryotes |
answer
| (Eu=Neu - nucleus) eukaryotes have nucleus, membrane bound organelles, replicates through mitosis (gametes, fertilized egg) (Pro = pre-nucleus) Prokaryotes have no nucleus/have a nucleoid structure; replicate through binary fission flagellum pili - transfer of DNA via pili is called conjugation |
question
| Chemical requirements for Microbial Growth |
answer
| Carbon Structural organic molecules, energy source Chemoheterotrophs use organic carbon sources Autotrophs use CO2 Nitrogen, and phosphorous In amino acids and proteins Most bacteria decompose proteins Some bacteria use NH4+ (organic cellular material) or NO3– A few bacteria use N2 in nitrogen fixation Sulfur; In amino acids, thiamine, and biotin Most bacteria decompose proteins Some bacteria use SO42– or H2S Trace elements Inorganic elements required in small amounts; Usually as enzyme cofactors; Oxygen; Organic growth factor |
question
| Chemotherapy |
answer
| The use of drugs to treat a disease |
question
| Chlamydia trachomatis |
answer
| Causes trachoma Leading cause of blindness worldwide |
question
| Chloramphenicol Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis |
answer
| Chloramphenicol Broad spectrum Binds 50S subunit; inhibits peptide bond formation Easily diffuses into areas of body that are normally inaccessible Serious side effects limiting use |
question
| Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) |
answer
| Gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe Recovery does not confer immunity due to low level of toxin Botulinal toxin blocks release of neurotransmitter, causing flaccid paralysis |
question
| Clostridium difficile |
answer
| Gram Positive, endospore forming, exotoxin producing, anaerobe found in healthy adults Disease occurs as a result of prolonged antibiotic use Predominately nosocomial disease |
question
| Cocci |
answer
| Cell shape - spherical shape of bacteria streptococcus - chains of cocci staphylococcus - clusters or grapes - of cocci |
question
| Combinations of Drugs (Effects) |
answer
| Synergism occurs when the effect of two drugs together is greater than the effect of either alone Antagonism occurs when the effect of two drugs together is less than the effect of either alone |
question
| Competitive Inhibitors of metabolite synthesis |
answer
| Sulfonamides |
question
| Complex LIPID |
answer
| Membrane component: adds P, N, S; Phospholipids build membranes; polar and non-polar, orients to a ‘wall’ |
question
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
answer
| Gram-positive rod Toxin produced by lysogenized bacteria Interferes with protein synthesis Highly virulent; anti-toxin therapy must be administered prior to infection |
question
| Cytoplasm |
answer
| “stuff” enclosed by plasma membrane, 80% H2O, proteins, carbs, lipids, ions. “Floats” nucleoid, ribosomes, inclusions. |
question
| Cytotoxic T cells |
answer
| Kill cells that have gone awry; infiltrator, broken, cancerous, whatever is wrong with them mature in Thymus cell mediated response MHC I presents a warning that the cell is bad - calling in a cytotoxic T-cell strike also generate into effector cells and cell factories Dumps porphyrins (proteins that blow up the cell membrane) |
question
| DNA polymerase |
answer
| Catalyzes the formation of polynucleotides of DNA using an existing strand of DNA as a template. Any of a class of enzymes involved in synthesizing DNA from precursor molecules. Any of various enzymes that function in the replication and repair of DNA by catalyzing the linking of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP in a specific order, using single-stranded DNA as a template. |
question
| Defenses of Human Skin |
answer
| Perspiration Sebum |
question
| Defensins |
answer
| Protein secreted by phagocytized bacteria, related to activity in Paneth Cells (Large Intestine) |
question
| Dental plaque |
answer
| Bacteria and dextran, Lactic acid breaks down enamel |
question
| Describe cellular respiration GLYCOLYSIS |
answer
| Breaking up of sugar C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> (cellular respiration) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy Energy goes to heat and 38 ATP’s breaks up carbon backbone into 3 C chains (pyruvate) C-C-C-C-C-C -> C-C-C + C-C-C needs 2 ATP’s and generates 4 ATP’s; NET 2 ATP’s (anaerobic) C-C-C chains (pyruvates) enter Krebs Cycle (aerobic) -> generates 2 ATPs Electron Transport Chain - This is where the most ATPs (Aerobic) are produced - 34 ATP’s |
question
| Describe the enteric bacteria and name a couple |
answer
| Enterobacteria -terium rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae, as those of the genera Escherichia, Salmonella, and Shigella, occurring normally or pathogenically in the intestines. |
question
| Difference between Gram Positive + and Gram Negative - cells walls |
answer
| Cell wall structure Gram Pos cells have a thick peptidoglycan layer Gram Neg cells have 2 plasma layers, with a thin peptidoglycan layer |
question
| Differences between cellular respiration, fermentation and photosynthesis: |
answer
| CR - conversion of sugar and O2 into energy, release of CO2; Fermentation - if there is no O2 - > fermentation occurs, produces alcohol or lactic acid -Method of forming energy from sugar breakdown - no O2, does not use Kreb’s cycle, or Electron Transport Chain, produces small amount of ATP, common product: lactic acid or ethanol Photosynthesis: conversion of light into energy, in chloroplasts (algae, plants, etc). 6 CO2+ 12 H2O [-] C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 |
question
| Disease |
answer
| Change in the state of health due to the microbe; action that causes something to not work properly in the body |
question
| Diseases of Lower Digestive System |
answer
| Infection Intoxication Gastroenteritis Treatment: oral rehydration therapy |
question
| ENDEMIC |
answer
| Always present in a population (prevalence; incidence) |
question
| ENTERIC |
answer
| Of, relating to, or being within the intestine. |
question
| EPIDEMIC |
answer
| Many people develop in short time |
question
| Endocarditis |
answer
| Inflammation of the endocardium |
question
| Endospores |
answer
| May form when nutrient conditions are low - hardened case, basically “hibernates” until released by improved conditions. Not replication / reproduction. just resting. |
question
| Enzymes |
answer
| A type of protein, that enhance or speed up a reaction process. |
question
| Escherichia coli Enterohemorrhagic EC |
answer
| Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)—STEC may also be referred to as Verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC) or enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). Pathotype is most commonly heard about in news about foodborne outbreaks Primary virulence is from Shiga toxin. Releases toxin into gut, upon lysis of cell Antibiotic treatment makes it worse because of cell lysis |
question
| Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis (4) |
answer
| Enteropathogenic EC Stimulate host-cell actin to form pedestals beneath attachment site |
question
| Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis (4) |
answer
| Enteroinvasive EC Access intestinal submucosa through M cells. Synonymous with Shigella |
question
| Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis (4) |
answer
| Enteroaggregative EC Not invasive; enterotoxin causing a watery diarrhea |
question
| Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis (4) |
answer
| Enterotoxigenic EC Not invasive; Secrete enterotoxins One resembles cholera toxin in function |
question
| Escherichia coli Pathogenic |
answer
| Pathogenic E. coli strains Six pathotypes are associated with diarrhea and collectively are referred to as diarrheagenic E. coli. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)—STEC may also be referred to as Verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC) or enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). This pathotype is the one most commonly heard about in the news in association with foodborne outbreaks. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) Diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC) |
question
| Etiology |
answer
| Cause; name of the microbe; |
question
| Exotoxins |
answer
| Proteins that disease causing bacteria produce toxins |
question
| Feedback inhibition (enzyme) |
answer
| Halts enzymatic activity by an end product that “allosterically” |
question
| Fermentation |
answer
| Method of forming energy from sugar breakdown - no O2, does not use Kreb’s cycle, or Electron Transport Chain, produces small amount of ATP, common: lactic acid or ethanol |
question
| Fimbriae |
answer
| Straight appendages; like velcro - help stick to intestine, during flow, for example. |
question
| Flagella |
answer
| Trichous, provide motility, several structures; special hook, base or basal body, and filament |
question
| Function of ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate) |
answer
| Source or currency of biological ENERGY (all life forms) growth, elec impulses, movement; battery of life Stored energy -> used energy A-P-P-P (ATP) +H20 -> A-P-P (ADP) + energy + P electrons going to lower energy state when Phosphate group ‘pops off’: going from uncomfortable (potential) to comfortable (low potential) adenosine is made up of adenine (A of DNA base pair) PLUS Ribose (RNA) |
question
| Function of B cells |
answer
| Generate antibodies BURSA of fabricius (produced in bone marrow) Participate in HUMORAL response membrane bound antibodies (fixed and variable portions) B Lymphocytes activates, (by T-Helper connecting to MHC II) but only if that particular one has the matching variable part to the virus if Activated, and same virus also affects T-Helper cells, T-Helper cell generates cytokines; goes to Memory B Cell; and effector cells (factories) T-Helper - is a double key system helps make sure that the body doesn't attack itself (autoimmune diseases) - likelihood of activation Effector B cells - “Plasma cells” Memory B cells |
question
| Functions of normal microbiota |
answer
| Microbes that are present on / in your body - do NOT cause disease, unless something occurs otherwise (damage or infection) may serve a function (lactobacillus aid in digestion) fill a room with good people, then there is no room for ‘bad’ people - Skin; eyes; upper respiratory tract; mouth; large intestine; urinary and reproductive systems microbial antagonism - normal can prevent harmful microbes Opportunistic organisms - part of the normal microbiota, that may take over or cause disease due to certain opportunities (AIDs, HIV) |
question
| Gastroenteritis (Lower Intestine) |
answer
| Inflammation of stomach and intestinal mucosa: diarrhea, dysentery |
question
| Gram Negative Sepsis (Endotoxin) |
answer
| Endotoxin shock Endotoxins cause blood pressure to decrease Progression to lethal stages Antibiotics can worsen condition by killing bacteria 225,000 people die of Endotoxin shock every year |
question
| Gram Stain mechanism |
answer
| Crystal Violet - “gram pos” cells take up the crystal violet stain (purple) iodine - some function to mordate/fix the color Ethanol, washes out the color from the “Gram Neg” cells, due to the wall thickness - thin peptidoglycan layer between two plasma layers Safranin - the safranin stains the gram neg cells (pink or red) |
question
| Gram-Positive Sepsis (Staph, Strep) |
answer
| Caused by Streptococcal and Staphylococcal Bacterial components that cause septic shock are unknown Nosocomial infection Enterococci are becoming more prevalent as a cause of sepsis Naturally resistant to penicillin and becoming resistant to vancomycin |
question
| HUMORAL immunity (2nd) |
answer
| Initial immune response to antigen in the body. floating around in the body - not inside the cells, but in the fluid B Lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell, from the bone marrow) connects to virus B Lymphocytes activates, but only if that particular one has the matching - if Activated, goes to Memory B Cell; and effector cells (factories) protein complexes on B Cell; specific Membrane bound antibodies Immunoglobulins variable portion on each part of the protein on each B cell |
question
| HUMORAL response |
answer
| B cells generate antibodies B Lymphocytes activates, but only if that particular one has the matching - if Activated, goes to Memory B Cell; and effector cells (factories) |
question
| Haemophilus influenzae |
answer
| Cause of Bacterial Meningitis (1/3) Gram-negative aerobic bacteria, normal throat microbiota |
question
| Haemophilus influenzae |
answer
| Conjunctivitis |
question
| Haemophilus influenzae Pneumonia |
answer
| Gram-negative coccobacillus Gram stain distinguishes from pneumococcal pneumonia |
question
| Hepatitis B virus Hepadnaviridae |
answer
| 1/3 of the world’s population have antibodies against HepBV Millions are carriers Many will eventually die of liver disease Acute HepB: may show symptoms but eventually recover Chronic: from asymptomatic to death |
question
| Hepatitis C virus Filoviridae |
answer
| Makes up almost all transfusion transmitted disease Does not kill the infected cell but induces a immune inflammatory response that either clears virus or destroys liver (scarring of the liver) |
question
| Hepatitis Viruses |
answer
| A, Picornaviridae B, Hepadnaviridae C, Filoviridae D, Deltaviridae E Caliciviridae |
question
| How do viruses kill their host cells? |
answer
| Virus is chain of nucleic acid, in a capsid; 1000’s of types of viruses; doesn’t grow, doesn’t metabolize on its own; Attaches to a cell, figures a way in - fusing, protein receptors, “trojan horse”, endocytosis “thinks it is food”, innoculate, release genetic material into cell, RNA starts to ‘replicate’, hijacks the replication process, then RNA replicates and virus itself replicates...cell lyses and then viruses are ‘out there’, may bud to cell membrane, and take part of the cell membrane with it (protective coat), less foreign looking |
question
| INNATE immunity |
answer
| Non-specific (attack any invader) 1st (skin) and 2nd line of defense; non-specific reaction (phagocytosis) |
question
| Infection |
answer
| Entry of pathogenic microbes into the body |
question
| Infection (Lower Intestine) |
answer
| Growth of a pathogen in intestines Organisms penetrate intestinal mucosa Incubation is from 12 hours to 2 weeks Fever |
question
| Influenza |
answer
| Hemagglutinin (HA) spikes used for attachment to host cells Neuraminidase (NA) spikes used to release virus from cell Antigenic drift Due to the lack of proofreading ability of RNA viruses Point mutations in genes encoding HA or NA spikes accumulate and eventually protein no longer an antigen to antibodies from last time |
question
| Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis Antimycobacterial antibiotics |
answer
| Opportunistic gram-positive pathogens MycoBacteria-incorporates mycolic acids in cell wall Drugs target the synthesis or incorporation of mycolic acid |
question
| Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis Bacitracin |
answer
| Polypeptide antibiotics Bacitracin- Topical application Against gram-positives Inhibits cell wall synthesis at an earlier stage than penicillin |
question
| Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis Cephalosporins |
answer
| 1ST-generation: narrow spectrum; act against gram-positive bacteria 2ND-generation: extended spectrum includes gram-negative bacteria 3RD-generation: includes pseudomonads; injected 4TH-generation: oral |
question
| Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis Natural penicillins |
answer
| Extracted from Penicillium, penicillin G (injected) Penicillin V can be taken orally Narrow spectrum, staph, strep, spirochetes Short half-life unless combined with another drug Susceptible to penicillinase (a ?-lactamase) produced by bacteria, particularly staphylococcus |
question
| Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis Penicillin |
answer
| All have a common core structure containing a ?-lactam ring Penicillin molecules are differentiated by chemical side chains attached to the lactam ring Block cross linking of peptidoglycans Natural penicillins (MORE) |
question
| Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis Vancomycin |
answer
| Important “last line” against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus VRE-vancomycin-resistant enterococci Opportunistic gram-positive pathogens |
question
| Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis (6) |
answer
| Penicillin Semisynthetic Penicillans Cephalosporins Polypeptide antibiotics; Bacitracin, Vancomycin Antimycobacterial antibiotics |
question
| Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis |
answer
| Rifamycin Quinolones Fluoroquinolones (Cipro) Flucytosine Cytosine analog interferes with RNA synthesis Fungal cell converts flucytosine to 5 fluorouracil which is incorporated into RNA and disrupts protein synthesis |
question
| Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis |
answer
| Chloramphenicol Aminoglycosides Tetracycline |
question
| Intoxication (Lower Intestine) |
answer
| Ingestion of a preformed toxin Symptoms appear quickly after ingestion No fever |
question
| Know what MRSA means and its effect on society |
answer
| Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus - a strain that resists antibiotics, and enhances the Staph bacteria’s ability to wreak havoc! |
question
| LATENT |
answer
| Remains undetected (disease that appears to go away, or does not present) |
question
| Laryngitis |
answer
| Infection at the site of the larynx. (affects speech) |
question
| Latent |
answer
| Infection sits “dormant” not expressed, usually no signs or symptoms |
question
| Listeria monocytogenes |
answer
| Fourth most common cause of meningitis Caused by Listeria monocytogenes Gram-negative aerobic rod |
question
| Lymphangitis |
answer
| Inflamed lymph vessels accompanying septicemia and septic shock |
question
| Lysogenic cycle |
answer
| Capsule Virion attaches, penetrates (DNA inserted into cell), cell multiplies with viral DNA, |
question
| Lysozyme |
answer
| Protein secreted by phagocytized bacteria, related to activity in Paneth Cells (Large Intestine) |
question
| Lytic cycle |
answer
| Virion attaches, penetrates (DNA inserted into cell), biosynthesis (multiplies using cell structures), matures (assembles new virions), then lyses the cell, and escape to infect more cells |
question
| M (microfold) cells |
answer
| Take up antigen (bacteria or large molecules) from the lumen of the small intestine by endocytosis or phagocytosis |
question
| M Cells |
answer
| Take up antigen (bacteria or large molecules) from the lumen of the small intestine by endocytosis or phagocytosis |
question
| MORBIDITY |
answer
| % that die or get sick; The rate of incidence of a disease. |
question
| MORTALITY |
answer
| # that die, the number of deaths in a given period |
question
| Mechanisms of Resistance |
answer
| Ways to mutate or avoid antibiotic action - Gram Neg; penetration resistance, mimicry, camouflage, |
question
| Mutation |
answer
| Change in DNA due to some outside action, reaction, or a failure of the editing (translation) process a. A change of the DNA sequence within a gene or chromosome of an organism resulting in the creation of a new character or trait not found in the parental type. b. The process by which such a change occurs in a chromosome, either through an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA coding for a gene or through a change in the physical arrangement of a chromosome. |
question
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Diagnosis) |
answer
| Test = Injection of bacterial antigens results in T cell activation and reaction with antigens |
question
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Etiology) |
answer
| Acid-fast rod; transmitted human-to-human; Cell wall has high lipid content mycolic acids which resist drying and chemical anti-microbials |
question
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Treatment) |
answer
| Treatment: prolonged treatment with multiple antibiotics to minimize drug resistant strains PIERS |
question
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (pathogenesis) |
answer
| Bacilli that reach the alveoli of the lung are ingested by macrophages, but often some survive. Infection is present, but no symptoms of disease. |
question
| Mycotoxin Intoxications |
answer
| Toxins produced by fungi. Cause nervous system disorders, kidney damage, liver damage |
question
| NOSOCOMIAL |
answer
| Disease or infection obtained through a health care facility |
question
| Narrow spectrum |
answer
| Limited effectiveness against microbes |
question
| Neisseria Meningitis |
answer
| Cause of Bacterial Meningitis (2/3) Gram-negative, aerobic cocci with a capsule Vaccines directed against capsules produce a poor immune response by memory B cells |
question
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
answer
| Ophthalmia neonatorum |
question
| Normal Microbiota |
answer
| Large intestine has millions of bacteria: facultative anaerobes To keep pathogenic bacteria out of small intestine antimicrobial defenses include granule filled Paneth cells Phagocytize bacteria and secrete proteins called defensins and lysozyme |
question
| Normal Microbiota of the Skin |
answer
| Gram-positive, salt-tolerant bacteria, resistant to drying Staphylococci Micrococci Diphtheroids |
question
| Nucleic acid (DNA) structure |
answer
| Double helix structure (ladders AT-CG Adenine Thymine :: Cytosine Guanine); Plasmid - circular bits of DNA |
question
| Nucleic acid (RNA) structure |
answer
| single structure (ladders AU-CG Adenine Uracil :: Cytosine Guarine); mRNA (messenger) part of transcription |
question
| Nucleoid |
answer
| Contains single, long strand DNA bacterial chromosome also, small DNA molecules call Plasmids - may be used to replicate (gene manipulation); associated with plasma proteins |
question
| OPSONIZATION |
answer
| Helping phagocytosis; antibodies tagging a virus for “pickup”; and may glom them together |
question
| PANDEMIC |
answer
| Epidemic that occurs world-wide |
question
| PRIMARY and SECONDARY infections |
answer
| primary and secondary infections, initial acute illness, causes weakness that causes secondary infection. Secondary infection could be opportunistic, for example; antibiotics reduce the normal microbiota, allowing 2nd flourishing |
question
| PROTEIN |
answer
| Component that is most by weight C, H, O, N, and some- S Made up of DNA, base pairs (genes) - codes for a particular protein Enzymes - proteins that speed up reactions Transporter proteins - move chemicals in / out of cells active osmosis - proteins use energy to move from high to low concentrations bacteriocins - kill bacteria exotoxins - disease causing bacteria produce toxins Proteins cause muscle movement/contraction part of cell structures conduct regulatory functions |
question
| Paneth cells |
answer
| Antimicrobial defenses keep pathogenic bacteria out of small intestine. Phagocytize bacteria and secrete proteins called defensins and lysozyme |
question
| Pathogenesis |
answer
| The way the disease develops; method of infection, action of the bacteria or virus; |
question
| Pathology |
answer
| pathology: scientific study of disease |
question
| Periodontal disease |
answer
| Caused by streptococci, actinomycetes, and anaerobic Gram negative bacteria |
question
| Periodontal disease |
answer
| Caused by streptococci, actinomycetes, and anaerobic gram negative bacteria |
question
| Persistent |
answer
| The infection continues, despite cure or reduction of antagonist; or recurs |
question
| Phagocytes |
answer
| Class of cell that can ‘eat’ pathogens eukaryotic cell general receptors respond to ‘protein’ in a bacteria, or to a tag from a antibody engulfs bacteria etc, becomes a phagosome - some lysosymes or reactive O2, dumped into phagosome “digestion |
question
| Pharyngitis |
answer
| Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the throat (sore throat) |
question
| Pili |
answer
| Pushed out when needed, are used to transfer DNA between cells - help develop and share DNA changes, such as resistance to an invader, antibiotic, or immune response that attacks it |
question
| Plasma membrane |
answer
| Protection, selective barrier and selective permeability |
question
| Plasmid |
answer
| Circular bits of DNA |
question
| Plasmids (2nd) |
answer
| Mini DNA strands, in the cytoplasm, A circular, double-stranded unit of DNA that replicates within a cell independently of the chromosomal DNA. Plasmids are most often found in bacteria and are used in recombinant DNA research to transfer genes between cells. |
question
| Poliomyelitis (Polio) |
answer
| Viremia, by ingestion If persistent, virus can enter CNS, with high affinity for nerve cells of the upper spinal cord which leads to destruction of motor cells and paralysis 99% of those exposed are asymptomatic or sore throat and nausea |
question
| Polymerase |
answer
| Any of various enzymes, such as DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, or reverse transcriptase, that catalyze the formation of polynucleotides of DNA or RNA using an existing strand of DNA or RNA as a template. |
question
| Protozoan |
answer
| Giardiasis Giardia lamblia Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium hominis |
question
| Pseudomonads |
answer
| Gram-negative, aerobic rod Pseudomonas aeruginosa- Produces various exotoxins |
question
| RESERVOIRS, living or inanimate |
answer
| Reservoirs (bacterial), living or inanimate (fomite) object; human; animal (zoonoses); non-living (dirt); environment favorable to store, carry or grow bacteria or virus |
question
| RNA polymerase |
answer
| Catalyzes the formation of polynucleotides of RNA using an existing strand of RNA as a template. |
question
| Rabies |
answer
| RNA virus with no proof reading capability Mutant strains develop rapidly |
question
| Relationship between antigens and antibodies |
answer
| Antigens (antagonist) start the process, antibodies (hero) finish it (if all works well) |
question
| Requirements for microbial growth |
answer
| Physical, chemical Physical requirements, T, pH, P Temperature (range for optimal growth) pH (range for optimal growth, storage) Most bacteria grow between pH 6.5 and 7.5 Molds and yeasts grow between pH 5 and 6 Acidophiles grow in acidic environments Osmotic pressure (balance for nutrients flow) |
question
| Ribosomes |
answer
| Site of protein synthesis (more if very active) |
question
| SEPSIS |
answer
| Toxic inflammatory condition (in the blood) Systemic inflammatory response Caused by a focus of infection that releases inflammatory mediators (cytokines) into the blood stream |
question
| SKIN (1ST Line, describe) |
answer
| 1st line of defense: skin cells; Mast cells; dendritic cells (phagocytes); interstitial fluid; capillary/endothelial cells |
question
| SPORADIC diseases |
answer
| Occurs randomly or occasionally |
question
| Salmonella enterica |
answer
| Gram Neg, Facultative anaerobe Infection: Endotoxin |
question
| Salmonella enterica |
answer
| Salmonellosis Gram Negative, facultative anaerobe Infection: Endotoxin |
question
| Salmonella typhi |
answer
| Typhoid: gram negative, facultative anaerobes, rods |
question
| Selective toxicity |
answer
| Killing harmful microbes without damaging the host |
question
| Septic shock |
answer
| Sepsis and uncontrollable decreased blood pressure |
question
| Septicemia |
answer
| Persistent pathogens or their toxins in blood |
question
| Severe sepsis |
answer
| Sepsis with decreased blood pressure and single organ failure |
question
| Shapes and arrangements of bacteria (3) |
answer
| Cocci - spherical streptococcus - chains of cocci staphylococcus - clusters or grapes - of cocci bacillus - rod, may be cigar or straw shaped streptobacillus - chains of rod-shaped bacteria staphylobacillus - clusters of bacilli spirillum - longer rods, that may twist vibrio - portions of the spiral, like a ‘comma’ spirochetes - longer chain of spirillum, or ‘corkscrew’ |
question
| Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery) |
answer
| Shigella spp (sonnei-mild, dystenteriae-severe) Infection: Endotoxin and Shiga exotoxin Bacteria proliferate in small intestine and are taken up by M cells in the large intestine |
question
| Simple LIPID |
answer
| Provides structure: Hold everything up (structure); C, H, O; nonpolar; insoluble in water Fats, triglycerides, contain alcohol called glycerol + fatty acids Glycerol; 3 C + 3 OH - long chains 1 molecule of glycerol + 1-3 fatty acid molecules mono-, di- or tri- glyceride variety of lipid structures FX: form plasma membranes that enclose cells allows stuff to pass through Story - Simple lipids are not limp; they provide structure to the cell, and keep everything from dissolving; 3+3; chain to +1, +2, or +3 |
question
| Slime Layer |
answer
| Glycocalyx is very loosely organized (still sticky) |
question
| Spiral |
answer
| spirillum - longer twisted shape, vibrio - portions of the spiral, like a ‘comma’ spirochetes - longer chain of spirillum, or ‘corkscrew’ |
question
| Spongiform Encephalopathies |
answer
| Caused by prions, Typical diseases Sheep scrapie Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Kuru Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Chronic and fatal |
question
| Staphylobacillus |
answer
| Clusters of bacilli |
question
| Staphylococcal Food Poisoning |
answer
| Staphylococcus aureus; Enterotoxin Cytotoxic protein exotoxin that targets the intestines, kill cells by altering the membrane permeability of the mucosal epithelial cells of the intestinal wall |
question
| Staphylococcal Skin Infections |
answer
| Staphylococcus epidermidis (90%) Staphylococcus aureus |
question
| Staphylococcus |
answer
| Clusters or grapes - of cocci |
question
| Staphylococcus aureus |
answer
| Gram-positive, salt-tolerant bacteria, resistant to drying Staphylococci Micrococci Diphtheroids |
question
| Staphylococcus epidermidis |
answer
| (90%) Gram-positive cocci, coagulase-negative Only pathogenic when skin barrier is broken |
question
| Streptobacillus |
answer
| Chains of rod-shaped bacteria |
question
| Streptococcal Pharyngitis |
answer
| Streptococcus pyogenes is the only member of group A streptococci Resistant to phagocytosis Scarlet fever: Erythrogenic (reddening) toxin produced by lysogenized S. pyogenes |
question
| Streptococcal Skin Infections |
answer
| a variety of toxins and enzymes Hemolysins lyse almost any type of cell The type of hemolysin categorizes the strep into alpha-, beta-, and gamma-(non)hemolytic |
question
| Streptococci mutans |
answer
| Gram positive cocci, Tooth decay Bacteria bind to thin film of proteins from saliva and produce dextran from sucrose Also produce lactic acid from sugar fermentation Dental plaque = bacteria and dextran Lactic acid breaks down enamel |
question
| Streptococcus |
answer
| Chains of cocci |
question
| Streptococcus pneumoniae |
answer
| Cause of Bacterial Meningitis (3/3) Gram-positive, capsulated diplococcus |
question
| Streptococcus pneumoniae |
answer
| Encapsulated diplococci Diagnosis: optochin-inhibition test or bile solubility test; serological typing of bacteria Prevention: pneumococcal vaccine |
question
| Streptococcus pyogenes |
answer
| Streptococcus pyogenes (most important) Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci M proteins-helps strep to evade chemotaxis and killing by neutrophils, and helps the bacteria to adhere to mucous membranes. Determine immunologic types Hyaluronic acid-forms capsules, poorly immunogenic |
question
| Streptokinases |
answer
| Lyses clots |
question
| Streptolysins |
answer
| Cytotoxic for red blood cells, tissue cells, leukocytes |
question
| Subacute |
answer
| Middle of acute to chronic - odd term for the 'middle'. |
question
| Subacute bacterial endocarditis |
answer
| Alpha-hemolytic streptococci from mouth Tooth extractions release bacteria that infect the endocardium Bacteria lodge in pre-existing lesions resulting from previous disease or abnormalities of the heart Are protected by blood clots that form around the infection Heart valve function is eventually impaired, fatal in months |
question
| Superinfection |
answer
| The overgrowth of some bacteria in the normal microbiota allowing them to become opportunistic pathogens. Results from the use of a broad spectrum antibiotic which kills the competing bacteria. |
question
| T-helper cells |
answer
| T-helper cells ALARM of the immune system; 2nd check on B Cell immunity cell mediated response, mature in Thymus receptor on T-helper cell binds to specific MHC II (Antigen Presenting Cell Matches) at some point, the genes for the receptor align with the specific antigen; activates Th. Dendritic cells are the best at activating the “Naive” Th, (never been touched) begins to copy, some are effector Th cells; some memory (similar to B Cells) Releases cytokines (flying squad) (polypeptides - raise the alarm - so that other cells can ‘get in gear’) - can also warn the specific B Cell to replicate more/faster amplifies the Humoral response |
question
| TOXEMIA |
answer
| Toxins in the blood |
question
| Tetanus |
answer
| Gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe. enters via deep wounds Symptoms are caused by Tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin Released from dead cells Enters CNS through peripheral nerves or blood, blocks relaxation pathway in muscles |
question
| Tetracycline Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis |
answer
| Antibiotic that interferes with attachment of tRNA to ribosomes Prevents attachment of amino acids |
question
| Tooth decay |
answer
| Streptococci mutans Gram positive cocci Bacteria bind to thin film of proteins from saliva and produce dextran from sucrose Also produce lactic acid from sugar fermentation Dental plaque = bacteria and dextran Lactic acid breaks down enamel |
question
| Transcription |
answer
| Unzips, creates mRNA, mRNA, AU-CG, copies, The process by which messenger RNA is synthesized from a DNA template resulting in the transfer of genetic information from the DNA molecule to the messenger RNA. |
question
| Translation |
answer
| In ribosome, mRNA - tRNA transfers, converts to proteins (building blocks of proteins are amino Acids); creates a copy, spellchecks, edits, and then produces the DNA strand (ends up with original + one copy). The process by which messenger RNA directs the amino acid sequence of a growing polypeptide during protein synthesis |
question
| VECTORS |
answer
| Spread of disease by insect; mechanical (on the body); biological (through a bite) |
question
| VIREMIA |
answer
| Virus in the blood |
question
| Vancomycin |
answer
| Important “last line” against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus VRE-vancomycin-resistant enterococci Opportunistic gram-positive pathogens |
question
| Vibrio cholerae |
answer
| Cholera: slightly curved rod (vibrio), Gram Negative , single polar flagellum Grow in small intestine, secrete exotoxin Toxin causes host cells to secrete electrolytes, and water Loss of fluids causes shock, collapse, and death Form biofilms and colonize aquatic organisms; Can become dormant in unfavorable conditions; Exceptionally sensitive to stomach acids; Rehydration therapy is highly effective |
question
| Viral Diseases of the Skin |
answer
| Chickenpox- Varicella-zoster virus (human herpesvirus 3) Human herpesvirus 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) Measles (Rubeola) Rubella (German Measles) |
question
| Virulence |
answer
| Strength, or number of bacteria required to affect the body and cause disease. A few microbes that cause disease quickly would be very virulent. |
question
| Zoonoses |
answer
| Animal carrying microbes |
