For Ann M – Microbiology – Flashcards

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Define Immunology
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study of the immune system and immune reponses
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Define Immunity
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resistance to an infection
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What is the significance of Human Immunity ?
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production of antibodies
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What is the significance of Cell-Mediated Immunity?
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involves macrophages, T Cells, Hypersensitivity cells, natural Killer cells, and granulocytes

[Note: Antibodies DO NOT play a majoy role]

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What are the three types of acquired immunity?
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active, passive, and protective
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Descrive active acquired immunity.
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natural (infection)
artificial (vaccine)
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Describe passive acquired immunity.
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natural

atrificial (sera, gamma globulin)

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Define passive immunity.
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transfer of antibody or lymphocyte from an immune donor
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Define protective antibodies.
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antibodies that provide protction against infectious disease
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Define Immunoglobulins
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protein present in the serum and cells of the immune system functioning as antibodies
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Name & describe the 4 lg classes. 
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lgM: fightes blood infections and triggers the production of lgG

lgG: main antibody against bacteria

lgA: (most common) chief antibody in membrane of Gi & respiratory tract

lgE: present in skin/mucous membranes

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Define Antigens.
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any foreign substances large enough to stimulate the production of Abs
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Antigenic vs. Immunogenic
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Antigenic: any foreign particle that enters the body

Immunogenic: any foreign particles that triggers an immune response

All immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens

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Define Epitopes
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also known as antigenic determenants; part of the antigen that is recognized by the immune system
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Define Haptens
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small molecule that cannot be recognized by the immune system alone (antigenic) unless attached to a carried molecule larger than itself and then become an epitope (immunogenic)
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Where are the locations of the immune response?
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Spleen & lymph nodes
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Define and describe Ag-Ab complexes
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binding of an antigen and antibody

immune complexes & activate complement cascade

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Define monoclonal antibodies
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monospecific antibodies that are the same b/c they are made by identical immune cells that are clones of the parent cells

{note: used in cancer immunotherapy}

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Define Vaccines and describe what is the ideal vaccine.
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materials that can artificially induce immunity to an infectious disease.

The ideal vaccine:

-contains enough antigens

-covers all strains

-few or no side effects

-does not cause disease

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Immediate vs. Delayed Hypersentivity
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{note: Hypersentivity: overly sensitive immune system}

1. Immediate hypersentivity reaction:

within mintutes-24 hours

2. Delayed Hypersentivity reaction:

greater than 24 hours

cell-mediated

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 Describe type 1 hypersentivity
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involes lgE Abs and release of chemical mediators

allergic response

allergens

allergy shots

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Describe Type II Hypersentivity
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cytotoxic reactoins (cell damage)

incompatible blood transfusions

Rh factor incompatibility

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Describe the process of Type II Hypersentivity
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1. Ag binds to cell surface

2. Ab binds to Ag

3. Ab binding starts complement activation

4. Complement cascade lyses cell

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Describe Type III hypersentivity and its autoimmune diseases.
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tissue damage

autoimmune disease: systemic lupus erythematosis & rheumatoid arthritis

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Describe Type IV Hypersensitivity
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delayed type

transplant rejection

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What is the process of Type IV Hypersensitivity?
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1. influx of PMN within 2-3 hourss of injection

2. PMNs dispearse; followed by macrophage and lymphocytes

3. Area becomes red within 12-18 hours

4. Redness peaks between 24-48 hours

5. Swelling and redness disappear with time

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Immunolaboratory Serology Section. What does is detect, test for, and test paired sera?
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detection of Abs and Ag

tests for lgM Abs

Test paired sera:

-acute serum

-convalescent serum

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What is the etiology, reservior, diagnosis, and mode of transmission for Chicken Pox & Shingles?
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Etiology: Varicella-Zoster Virus & Herpes Virus 3

Reserviors & MOT: infected humans, person-to-person, direct and airborne droplets

Diagnosis: Clinical presentations/ immunology methods

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What are the complications of Chicken Pox?
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Pneumonia, secondary bacterial infectons, hemorrhagic, encephalitis
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What is etiology, reservior, MOT, and Diagnosis of Rubella (German Measles)?
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Etiolgy: Rubella virus

Reservior & MOT: infected humans, droplet spread, direct contact w/ nasopharyngeal secretions

Diagnosis: clinical presentation & immunology methods

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What are the symptoms of Rubella?
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Fine, pink, flat rash

1-2 days post onset

effects face & neck first

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Describe Congential Rubella Syndrome
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1st trimester

interuterine death, spontaneous abortions, congenital malformations

26 cases in 2001

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What are the etiology, reservior, MOT, complications, and symptoms of Rubeola (Hard Measles?
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etiology: Rubeola (measles) virus

Reservoir & MOT: infected humans, droplet spread, direct contact w/ nasopharyngeal secretions

fomites contaminated with naspharyngeal secretions

Symptoms: Blotchy, red, rash; 3-7 days post onset, face first

Complications: bronchitis, pnemonia, otitis media, encephalitis

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Etiology, Reservoir, MOT, and Diagnosis of Small Pox.
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Etiologic Agent: Variola Virus

Reservoir & MOT: infected humans, droplet spread, direct contact w/ nasopharyngeal secretions, fomites contaminated with lesion secretions

Diagnosis: nucleic acid-based methods

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Name & describe the 6 Staph Infections of the Skin.
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folliculitis: infection localized to the hair follicle

furnuncle: involves sebacious gland

carbuncle: multiple furnuncles grouped together

abscesses: collections of pus

Impetigo: contagious skin infection with blisters and sores

Scaled Skin Syndrom: skin becomes damages and sheds

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What are hospital acquired characteristics of MRSA?
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highly resistant

vancomycin (drug treatment)

IV delivery, inpatient

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What are community acquired characteristics of MRSA?
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susceptible to limited # of drugs other than vancomycin

oral delivery, outpatient

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Describe acne, its etiology, and diagnosis.
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skin pores become clogged

Etiology: proprionibacterium acne

Diagnosis: Clincial presentation

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Name the 5 Streph infections of the skin.
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impetigo

scarlet fever

Erysipelas

Facilitis

Necrotizing Facilitis

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Fungal Infections of the Skin. Name the different Dermatophytes and its reserviors.
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Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton

Reservior: humans, animals, and soil

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Tinea is also known as ____.
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Ringworm Infection
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Define tinea capitis.
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infection of the scalp
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Define tinea corporis.
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infection of the skin; common in children
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Define tinea barbae.
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bearded areas on the face & neck
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Define Tinea Cruis.
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groin, "jocks itch"
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define Tinea Pedis
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infection of the foot
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Define Tinea Unguim 
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nail

also called onychomycosis

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Dermatrophyte Diagnosis
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Direct Microscopic exammination (potassium hydroxide prep & calcofluor white)

Culture

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Transmission, Diagnosis, Antivirals for Influenza.
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transmission: airborne spread, direct contact

diagnosis: rapid antigen testing

antivirals: must be given soon after symptoms appear; some specific for A and some A & B

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Reservoir, Transmission, Diagnosis of Hantavirus.
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Reservoir: rodents

Transmission: inhalation of feces, urine, saliva

Diagnosis: Serology

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Characteristics of Mycoplama Pneumonia and its transmission and diagnosis.
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small gram (-) bacteria lacking a cell wall

"walking pneumonia" or atypical

transmission: humans & fomites

Diagnosis: serology

pathonumonic: bubbles formed in ear drums

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Characteristics of Tuberculosis.
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acid-fast, slow growing

acute or chronic

advanced symptoms: shortness of breath, chest pain, hemoptysis (coughing up blood and parts of lungs), hoarseness

Multidrug resistance: M. Tuberculosis

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Reservior, Diagnosis, and Transmission of Tuberculosis.
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Reservoir: humans and other mammals

Transmission: airborne, infected animals, contaminated milk and dairy products

Diagnosis: radiogram, skin, culture, nucleic acid-based tests

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Describe Miliary TB.
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more advanced

 destroys lungs

active bacilli sits for over 20 years

activates after immune system weakens

clinical presentation

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What are the three stages of pertusis (whopping cough)?
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prodromal stage: mild, cold-like symptoms

Paroxymal stage: severe symptoms; lung rupture, eyes bleeding, broken ribs

Convalescent stage: 4 weeks post onset 

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Characteristics and diagnosis of Pertusis.
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small gram (-) coccobacilli

Diagnosis: direct flororescent antibody and culture

slow/insensitive

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Describe Legionellosis.
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poorly staining gram (-) bacillus

acute bacterial pneumonia

older demographic

[note: found in hotel fountains]

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Reservoir, Transmission, and Diagnosis of Legionellosis.
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Reservoir: environmental water sources

Transmission: airborne water droplets, dust

Diagnosis: rapid urine Ag detection, culuture, serology

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True/False

All fungal infections of the lower respiratory tract start of as primary pulmonary infections.

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True.
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Coccidioidomycosis: dissemination, reservoir, transmission, diagnosis.
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dissemination: lung lesions, abscesses throughout the body

Reservior: dry soil in Western Hemisphere

Transmission: inhalation of arthrospores

Diagnosis: Culture, serology

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Cryptococcosis: characteristics and reservior, and transmission.
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most common fungal meningitis 

most common in AIDS patients

pulmonary--> systemic

Reservior: bird feces, soil

transmission: inhalation of yeasts

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Reservior and Transmission of Histoplamosis.
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Reservoir: bird, bat feces, soil

Transmission: inhalatoin of conidia from soil

[note: 3 um (microns) live and reproduce inside a macrophage) & are slow growing]

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Reservior and Diagnosis of Pneumocystis Pneumonia.
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(aka P. Carinii & P. Jiroveci)

Reservior: infected humans

Diagnosis: direct observation of P. Jiroveci in clinical specimens

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