Fall Final – Flashcards
134 test answers
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| Living in the same household, when two or more organisms are living together |
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| Symbiosis |
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| Organisms that can cause disease under certain circumstances |
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| Opportunistic |
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| Result of having a disease |
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| Naturally acquired active immunity |
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| Immunity passed from mother to child |
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| Naturally acquired passive immunity |
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| Result of having a vaccine |
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| Artificially acquired active immunity |
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| Immunity as result of gamma globulin injection |
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| Artificially acquired passive immunity |
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| Gram negative bacteria with lipopolysaccharide layer that can be broken down and Lipid A is released |
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| Endotoxins |
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| Proteinaceous bacteria that are secreted by bacteria. Gram positive bacteria, inside bacterial cell wall |
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| Exotoxins |
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| Protein in structure |
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| Exotoxins |
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| Immunity is to toxoids |
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| Exotoxins |
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| Causes infection and disease conditions |
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| Exotoxins and Endotoxins |
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| Released upon cell death |
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| Endotoxins |
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| Immunity is to whole cell preparations |
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| Endotoxins |
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| Gram negative bacteria that have do with the endotoxins |
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| Food infections |
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| Gram positive bacteria that have to do with the exotoxins |
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| Food poisoning |
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| Food infections and food poisoning collectively |
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| Food intoxication |
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| Developed the first safe and effective Poliovirus vaccine. |
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| Salk |
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| Formulin titration form of vaccines |
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| Killed preparations |
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| Developed attenuated strains of Polio vaccine |
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| Sabin |
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| 3 principle types of vaccines |
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| Killed preparations, attenuated strains, and toxoids (OTP) |
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| Must take ______ different preparations to become immune |
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| 3 |
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| Heat killed types of vaccines |
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| Whole celled preparation |
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| Absolute absence of all life forms in a given area |
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| Sterile |
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| Chemical that is used to kill disease organisms on inanimate surfaces |
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| Disinfectant |
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| Prevents growth and multiplication of organisms on animate surfaces |
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| Antiseptic |
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| Usually the most effective method of killing microorgansims |
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| Heat |
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| Type of sterilization that involves using an autoclave at ____ degrees Celsius, ____ # psi, and for _______ |
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| Moist heat, 121 degrees Celsius, 15 # psi, and for 15-20 minutes |
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| Type of sterilization that involves _____ degrees Celsius for ________ |
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| Dry Heat, 170 degrees Celsius, 1.5-3 hours |
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| Use of bacteria proof filters |
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| Filtration |
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| Can mutate bacteria with various strengths of exposure to this type of radiation, Non ionizing type of radiation |
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| Ultraviolet light |
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| All radiations below 200 nm, Gamma is the main source for RAD sterilization and this is the most useful type of radiation |
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| Ionizing radiation |
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| Sensitive to heat |
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| Heat labile |
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| Used for heat labile surfaces/organisms |
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| Gas sterilization |
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| Bacteria that grow and multiply from -5°C-15°C |
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| Psychrophiles |
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| Bacteria that grow at ordinary/room/slightly above temperatures of 15°C-50°C |
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| Mesophilic |
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| Bacteria that grow and multiply from 50°C-92°C |
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| Thermophilic |
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| Performed with dilution blanks (most often 99 mL blanks), would need 3 dilution blanks to make plates from -2--7 |
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| Standard plate count |
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| Colony range that dictates the dilution to be counted |
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| 25-250 |
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| Uses 0.01 micrometer filter paper and is the most accurate enumeration method |
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| Membrane filtration |
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| Media is designed to count particular bacteria you are interested in, pH indicatior turns yellow with any acid, Chart provides the correct number |
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| Most Probable number |
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| Uses a colorimeter, have to relate od value to standard value curves, 10^-5/mL cells are usually used, one of the more accurate methods of enumeration |
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| Spectrophotometric (Turbidometric) |
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| Considered a survival cell, not a reproductive cell, classed as resistant to ultraviolet light, greater than 100,000 years old |
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| Endospores |
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| Polysaccharide or murien layer, gives rigidity to cell wall |
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| Peptidoglycan |
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| Gram negative cells, short appendages, involved in mechanism of variability, involved in conjugation which is closest to sexual reproduction |
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| Pili |
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| Electron dense area visible only with electron microscope |
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| Nucleoid |
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| Organ of movement of bacteria |
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| Flagella |
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| Gram negative division of bacteria |
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| Gracilicutes |
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| Gram positive division of bacteria |
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| Firmicutes |
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| Wall free division of bacteria |
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| Tenericutes |
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| Archaebacteria, which is the most primitive bacteria, division of bacteria |
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| Mendosicutes |
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| Electrons are always passed to ________ molecules |
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| Organic |
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| Found in Gm + cells but not Gm - cells |
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| Techoic Acid |
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| Enzyme that will split between NAG and NAM (M acetyl muramieacid) chains and degrade the cell wall and eventually yield a protoplast (wall-free structure/Oval, membrane-bounded structrue). Will never completely take away the cell wall and the shape and structure will yield a spheroplast as opposed to a protoplast. When cell wall is taken away, viruses can be applied into the cell. Will not work as well unless the chemical EDTA is also used |
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| Lysozyme |
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| Have an outer envelope called a lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS), have a thin cell wall |
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| Gm - |
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| Has a cation calcium between it and the cell wall, holds it to the cell wall |
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| Lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS) |
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| Extra chromosomal DNA that may replicate and maybe pass from one bacterial cell to another during conjugation |
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| Plasmid |
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| Resistant to ultraviolet light, highly resistant, formed in Clostridium and Bacillus, survival structure, Calcium dipicolinate: 15% of cell is occupied by this chemical per weight. Is what makes it so resistant. Sometimes posses inclusion bodies (deposits of materials inside certain cells that can take the form of storage, granules, and various types of phosphate granules) |
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| Endospores |
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| Final electron acceptor is an organic compound (Acetaldehide), Sacchromyces cerevisiea var. ellipsoideus (common wine yeast) and Saccharomyces cerevisieae var. Carlsbergensis (common beer yeast) |
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| Ethanol Fermentation |
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| Any energy yielding reaction, series of biologic oxidations, Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle, aerobic and anaerobic respiration |
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| Cellular Respiration |
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| Lactococcus lactis var. lactis,(Streptococcus lactis), milk bacteria in all raw milk, skim milk, buttermilk, sour cream, cottage cheese, yogurt (Lactobacillus bulgaricius and Streptococcus thermophilus), Kumiss fermented with mare's mile, Kelfir fermented with Lactobacillus bulguricus and yeast with low level of alcohol that has popcorn-like curd balls, final electron acceptor if pyruvic acid |
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| Lactic Fermentation |
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| Carried out by Enterobacter spp. |
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| Butylene Glycol Fermentation |
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| Based upon carbon and energy source, purple sulfur bacteria: chlorobium, chloroherpeton, Pelodicyton, Carbon=inorganic and energy source=light |
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| Photoautotrophs/Photolithotrophs |
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| Purple non sulfur bacteria: Carbon is organic and energy is light, Rhodospirillium, Rhodobacter, organism that utilize organic compounds |
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| Photoheterotrophs/Photoorganotrophs |
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| Carbon source is CO2 and energy source is reduced inorganic ions, Ferrebacillus, Thiobacillus: sulfur oxidizing bacteria |
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| Chemoautrophs/Chemolithotrophs |
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| Carbon source is organic and energy source is organic, common bacteria |
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| Chemoheterotrophs/Chemoorganotrophs |
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| Respiration where the final electron acceptor is O2 |
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| Aerobic respiration |
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| Respiration where the final electron acceptor is an inorganic material other than oxygen |
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| Anaerobic respiration |
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| Respiration where the final electron acceptor is an organic compound |
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| Fermentation |
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| True nucleus, bound by a double membrane,;DNA is complexed with proteins called histones, and is organized into chromosomes; large and complex ribosomes-five kinds of rRNA and eighty proteins; cytoplasm is filled with a large, complex collection of organelles, many of them enclosed in their own membrane |
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| Eukaryotes |
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| Have no nucleus; DNA is naked, meaning that it has no histones associated with it, and it is not formed into chromosomes; ribosomes are composed of only three kinds of rRNA and about fifty kinds of protein; contains no membrane-bound organelles which are independent of the plasma membrane |
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| Prokaryotes |
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| Inactivated toxin that is still antigenic (will stimulate antibodies against organisms), Type of vaccine that characterizes immunity to tetanus |
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| Toxoid |
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| Type of electron microscopy most often used in determining cell structure |
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| Transmission electron microscopy |
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| Fermentative pathway unique to Enterobacter spp. |
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| Butanediol |
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| Produced by Gram negative bacteria, chemically is a polysaccharide, responsible for enteric fever |
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| Endotoxins |
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| Coagulase is produced by this group of pathogenic organisms |
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| Staphylococci |
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| 0.1 mL of a 10^-2 plated in SPC gave a colony count of 56. Total count per mL |
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| 5.6*10^4 |
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| Antibodies are in this serum protein fraction |
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| Gamma globulin |
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| Clotting of plasma |
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| Coagulase |
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| Can lyse red blood cells and destroy hemoglobins |
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| Hemolysins |
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| Most correlated with pathogenicity |
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| Beta hemolysis |
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| Factors affecting microbial pathogenicity |
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| Portal of entry, dosage, virulence |
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| Factors affecting virulence |
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| Infectiousness, invasiveness, toxicity: endotoxins-food infections, exotoxins-food posioning |
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| Chemical substances that stimulate antibody productions, stimulate immune system to produce antibodies |
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| Antigen |
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| Gamma globulin molecules produced in response to a specific antigen |
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| Antibodies |
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| An incomplete antigen that will not produce antigens by itself |
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| Hapten |
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| Tests employing serum in serial dilutions |
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| Serological tests |
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| Clear to amber fraction of clotted blood |
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| Serum |
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| At 80%, most common group of immunoglobulins |
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| IgG |
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| At 5%, most complex group of immunoglobulins |
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| IgM |
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| At 0.002%, least concentrated group of immunoglobulins |
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| IgE |
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| 15% of immunoglobulins |
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| IgA |
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| 0.2% of immunoglobulins |
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| IgD |
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| Tube precipitin and microprecipitin |
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| Precipitin reactions |
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| Agar is ion agar, node agar or agarose +, spurr formation |
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| Oucterlony Agar-Double Diffusion test |
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| One of the most sensitive tests, double antibody sandwich or indirect ________, if antigen is specific to antibody, you will get binding |
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| ElisA test (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay) |
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| Activation of complement: microbe attacking proteins in blood and lymph and extracellular fluids |
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| Innate immunity |
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| Slowest of three immune systems to respond, but the most complicated and powerful; it is effective against all classes of microorganisms: prokaryotic, eukaryotic, viarl, and even helminth |
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| Adaptive immune system |
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| Central to adaptive immune system, type of leucocyte, smooth, round, lack visible granules and are relatively small |
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| Lymphocytes |
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| Where lymphocytes are formed, differentiate; where they are stored and through which they are transported |
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| Lymphoid tissues |
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| Three kinds of leucocytes |
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| B lymphocytes: B cells, T lymphocytes: T cells, and natural killer: (NK cells) innate immune system |
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| Play a central role in the adaptive immune system, are triggered into action against invading pathogens when they encounter antigens, able to attack all pathogens |
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| B and T cells |
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| Every microorganism has its own unique constellation of molecules that acts as _______ |
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| Antigens |
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| All B cells respond the same way to antigens, they produce defensive proteins __________ |
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| Antibodies |
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| Cytotoxic T cells that respond by killing cells in our body that have been infected by a pathogen and bear their antigens, helper T cells augment the antimicrobial activities of other lymphocytes, some activate macrophages to become more efficient phagocytes; other stimulate B cells to produce more antibodies |
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| T cells responses |
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| B and T cells confer different types of adaptive immunity termed: |
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| Humoral (B cell) and Cell-mediated (T cell) |
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| B cells respond to antigens by differentiating and producing antibodies which circulate in our blood; the type of immunity is known as _________ |
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| Antibody-mediated immunity or Humoral immunity |
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| Neutralize or vital compounds on the surface of pathogens by binding them, they bind to antigens on the surface of pathogens which facilitate their destruction by phagocytes, when bound to the surface of pathogens, they activate complement (set of pathogens destroying proteins in serum) |
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| Antibodies protection methods |
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| T cells respond to antigens that appear on the surface of pathogen infected cells, because T cells attack infected cells, they type of immunity is _________ |
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| Cell-mediated immunity |
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| Where lymphocytes are formed or differentiate |
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| Primary lymphoid tissues |
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| Two primary lymphoid tissues |
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| Bone marrow and thymus |
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| Jelly-like mass in core of our long bones, vertebra, ribs, sternum, long bones of the arms and legs, and pelvis; consists of a lot of fat and also stem cells; give rise to blood cells and B and T lymphocytes |
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| Bone marrow |
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| Remain in the bone marrow to differentiate once formed |
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| B cells |
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| Leave bone marrow and migrate to the thymus (gland located in the front of the heart) where they differentiate |
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| T cells |
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| When newly differentiated B cells and T cells escape from their primary lymphoid tissue by entering small blood vessels passing through the tissues; they then travel through the bloodstream to storage sites known as _________- |
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| Secondary lymphoid tissues |
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| Where most lymphocytes are stored |
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| Lymph nodes and spleen |
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| Where some secondary lymphoid tissues are |
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| Tonsils, spleen, adenoids (nose), appendix, Peyer's patches (small pockets of lymphoid tissues in intestinal wall) |
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| Where B and T lymphocytes interact and become activated to attack invading pathogens |
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| Secondary lymphoid tissues |
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| Components of the immune system that recognize antigens, they are capable of recognition because they have antigen receptors on their cell surface |
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| Lymphocytes |
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| Tethered antibody molecules on their cell surface |
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| Surface immunoglobulins |
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| T cell receptors |
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| T cell antigen receptors |
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| Fully differentiated B cell |
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| Native B cell |
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| Small signal proteins produced by lymphocytes |
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| Lymphokines |
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| Activated B cells give rise to ________ that are prodigious products of antibodies |
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| Plasma cells |
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| Defensive system that participates in lysis of foreign cells, inflammation and phagocytosis |
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| Complement |
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| Serum heated 56°C for 30 minutes to destroy complement, serum diluted and known quantities of non-human complement added plus test antigen, incubated to allow time for reaction in any antibody present, indicator system of sheep red blood cells in antibody cells, if antibody cells to test antigen, then complement is bound, if not then complement not fixed; all sheep red blood cells will be lysed |
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| First stage of complement fixation test |
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| Indicator system to determine if complement is fixed or free, sheep red blood cells with complement fixing antibodies and specific antibodies bound and attached to their surfaces (exposure to cells causes lysis which changes color of mixture), if antigen, antibody reaction occurred in stage one, then no complement to cause lysis |
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| Second stage of complement fixation test |
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| Macrophages |
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| Antigen-presenting cells |
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| When antigens are ingested and fragmented on |
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| Antigenic peptides |
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| Molecules that play an important role in immunity |
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| Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
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| Macrophages roam the body, ingesting antigens; antigenic peptides (pieces of the petides join to MHC), MHC + peptides are displayed on the cell surface, T lymphocytes have receptors that recognize different MHC-peptide combinations, T cells activated by recognition divide and secrete, memory and lymphokines chemical signals that mobilize other components of immune system, B cells respond recognize parts of antigens free in cells, Memory to plasma cells to antibody proteins |
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| Representation of the immune response |
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