question

Metabolism

answer

The sum of all biochemical processes taking place in a living cell

question

Anabolism

answer

An energy-requiring process involving the synthesis of larger organic compounds from smaller ones

question

Catabolism

answer

an energy-liberating process in which larger organic compounds are broken down into smaller ones

question

Endergonic Reaction

answer

A chemical process that requires energy

question

Exergonic Reaction

answer

A chemical process releasing energy

question

Metabolic Processes

answer

occur in the cell cytosol, on the cell (plasma) membrane, in the periplasmic space (gram-negative bacteria), in eukaryotic organelles, and outside the cell
• cells need a large variety of enzymes

question

Enzyme

answer

A reusable protein molecule that brings about a chemical change while itself remaining unchanged
? increase the probability of chemical reactions while remaining unchanged
? accomplish in fractions of a second what otherwise might take hours, days, or longer to happen spontaneously under normal biological conditions

question

1. Enzymes are reusable
? once a chemical reaction has occurred, the enzyme is released to participate in another identical reaction

1. Enzymes

answer

1. are reusable
? once a chemical reaction has occurred, they are released to participate in another identical reaction

question

2. Enzyme

answer

they are highly specific
? it functions in one type of chemical reaction usually will not participate in another type of reaction

question

3. Enzymes

answer

3. They have an active site
? each has a special pocket or cleft called an active site which has a specific 3D shape complementary to a reactant called a substrate. The active site positions the substrate such that it is highly likely a chemical reaction will occur to form one or more products

question

Active Site

answer

the region of an enzyme where the substrate binds

question

Substrate

answer

The structure or substances upon which an enzyme acts

question

Products

answer

A substance or substances resulting from a chemical reaction

question

4. Enzymes

answer

They are required in minute amounts
? because it can be use thousands of times to catalyze the same reaction, only minute amounts of a particular ones are needed to ensure that a fast and efficient metabolic effect occurs

question

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

answer

The association of an enzyme with its substrate at the active site
? chemical bonds in the substrate are stretched or weakened by the enzyme, causing the bond to break. Are forced to overlap in the spot where the chemical bond will form
? in this complex, the electrons shells

question

Activation Energy

answer

the energy that is required for a chemical reaction to occur
? the enzymes create an alternate pathway of less resistance and a lower activation energy barrier; they destabilize the chemical bonds and form new ones by separating or joining atoms in a carefully orchestrated fashion

question

Lysozome

answer

An enzyme found in tears and saliva that digests the peptidoglycan of gram-positive bacteria cell walls

question

Cofactor

answer

An inorganic substance that acts with and is essential to the activity of an enzyme (e.g. include metal ions [ Mg2+, Fe2+, Zn2+] and some vitamins)
? participate in catalytic reactions,

question

Coenzyme

answer

A small, organic molecule that forms the nonprotein part of an enzyme molecule
? e.g. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) [ play significant role as electron carriers in metabolism]

question

Metabolic Pathway

answer

a sequence of linked enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a cell
? each reaction catalyzed by a different enzyme, in which the product (output) of one reaction serves as a substrate (input) for the next reaction
? starts with the initial substrate and finished with the final end product; products of “in-between” stages are called “intermediates”
? can be anabolic, where larger molecules are synthesized from smaller monomer
? other pathways are catabolic because they break larger molecules into smaller ones
? can be linear, branched, or cyclic

question

Enzyme Inhibition by Environmental Factors

answer

? enzymes are sensitive to temperature changes (high temperature = denaturation of protein enzyme)
? increase or decrease in protons (H+) will interfere with reaction rate, extreme changes can lead to denaturation or enzyme and metabolic inhibition
? chemicals applied to the environment like alcohols and phenol inactivate enzymes and precipitate proteins, making them natural disinfectants; or other natural chemicals interfere w/enzyme action (penicillin) or w/a cell’s ability to carry out a critical enzyme reaction (sulfa drugs) making them effective antibiotics

question

Enzyme Inhibition by Metabolic Pathways

answer

- one of the most common ways of modulating enzyme activity is for the final end product of a metabolic pathway to inhibit an enzyme in that pathway
-if the first enzyme in the pathway is inhibited, then no product is available as input for the rest of the pathway

question

Feedback Inhibition

answer

The slowing down or prevention of a metabolic pathway when excess end product binds noncompetitively to an enzyme in the pathway

question

Noncompetitive Inhibition

answer

The prevention of a chemical reaction by a chemical that binds elsewhere than to active site of an enzyme
? when the final end product or any molecule binds to a non-active site on the enzyme, the shape of the active site changes and can no longer bind substrate

question

Noncompetitive Inhibition

answer

The prevention of a chemical reaction by a chemical that binds elsewhere than to active site of an enzyme
? when the final end product or any molecule binds to a non-active site on the enzyme, the shape of the active site changes and can no longer bind substrate

question

Competitive Inhibition

answer

the prevention of a chemical reaction by a chemical that competes with the normal substrate for an enzyme’s active site
? blocking its active site so the normal substrate cannot bind

question

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

answer

A molecule in cells that provides most of the energy for metabolism
? bacterial and archaeal cells it is formed on the cell membrane, while eukaryotes reactions primarily in the mitochondria
? provides energy for binary fission, flagellar motion, active transport, and spore formation
? chemical level, it fuels protein synthesis and carbohydrate breakdown
? cells need to have a continual supply of ATP and it cannot be stored
? relatively unstable because of the 3 phosphate groups packed tightly together

question

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

answer

A molecule in cells that is the product of ATP hydrolysis
? more stable

question

Phosphorylation

answer

the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

question

ATP/ADP Cycle

answer

the cellular processes of synthesis and hydrolysis of ATP
? continuous cycle

question

Mole

answer

the molecular weight of substance expressed in grams

question

Calories

answer

unites of energy defined in the amount of heat required to raise one gram of water 1OC

question

Cellular Respiration

answer

the process of converting chemical energy into cellular energy in the form of ATP

question

Aerobic Respiration

answer

the process for transforming energy to ATP in which the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is the oxygen gas (O2)

question

Anaerobic Respiration

answer

the production of ATP where the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than oxygen gas (O2) (e.g. nitrate and sulfate)

question

Fermentation

answer

A metabolic pathway in which carbohydrates serve as electron donors, the final electron acceptor is not oxygen gas (O2) and NADH is reoxidized to NAD+ for reuse in glyocolysis for generation of ATP
-the catabolism of glucose starts with a little energy being converted to ATP, which builds to a point where large amounts of energy are converted to ATP, and the original glucose molecule has been depleted of its useful energy
-3 stages of energy extraction 1.) glyocolysis 2.) citric acid cycle 3.) oxidative phosphorylation

question

Glycolysis

answer

A metabolic pathway in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate with a net gain of two ATP molecules
? occurs in cytosol of all microorganisms and involves metabolic pathway that converts an initial 6-carbon substrate into two 3-carbon molecules.
? first part is endergonic ATP is hydrolyzed (consumed) in reaction 1 (produces glucose-6-phosphate and 3 produces fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate) the phosphate group from ATP attaches to the product
? exergonic: during reactions 7 and 10 ATP is generated, enough energy is release to synthesize an ATP molecule from ADP and phosphate, resulting in a total of 4 ATP molecules
? 1 and 3 the net gain from glycolysis is 2 molecules of ATP
? rxn 6 releases 2 high energy electrons and two protons (H+) which are picked up by the coenzyme NAD+ reducing it to NADH

question

Glucose

answer

A six carbon sugar used as a major energy source for metabolism

question

Pyruvate

answer

the end product of the glycolysis metabolic pathway

question

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

answer

the formation of ATP resulting from the transfer of phosphate from a substrate to ADP

question

Reducing (Reduction)

answer

referring to the process of a substance gaining electron pairs

question

Citric Acid/Kreb's Cycle

answer

A metabolic pathway in which acetyl groups are completely oxidized to carbon dioxide gas and some ATP molecules are formed
? end product formed is used as one substrate to initiate the pathway
? all of the reactions are catalyzed by enzymes, and all take place along the cell membrane of bacterial and archaeal cells, including protozoa, algae, and fungi occur in mitochondria
? like a wheel constantly turning

question

Coenzyme A (CoA)

answer

A small, organic molecule of cellular respiration that functions in release of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) and the transfer of electrons and protons to another coenzyme

question

Acetyl CoA

answer

one of the starting compounds for the Krebs cycle

question

Oxidation

answer

the process of removing electron pairs from a substance

question

Oxidative Phosphorylation

answer

A series of sequential steps in which energy is released from electrons as they pass from coenzymes to cytochromes and ultimately to oxygen gas (O2) the energy is used to combine phosphate ions with ADP molecules to from ATP molecules
? responsible for producing 34 molecules of ATP per glucose; involves the NAD+ and FAD coenzymes that underwent reduction to NADH and FADH2 during glycosis and citric acid

question

Cytochromes

answer

A compound containing protein and iron that plays a role as an electron carrier in cellular respiration and photosynthesis

question

Electron Transport Chain

answer

A series of proteins that transfer electrons in cellular respiration to generate ATP

question

Chemiosmosis

answer

the use of a proton gradient across a membrane to generate cellular energy in the form of ATP

question

ATP Synthase

answer

the enzyme involved in forming ATP by using the energy in a proton gradient

question

Deanimation

answer

a biochemical process in which amino groups are enzymatically removed from amino acids or other organic compounds

question

Beta Oxidation

answer

The breakdown of fatty acids during cellular metabolism through the successive removal from one end of two carbon units

question

Anaerobic Respiration

answer

relies on terminal, usually inorganic electron acceptors other than oxygen for ATP production

question

anoxic

answer

without oxygen gas (O2)

question

Fermentation

answer

enzymatic process for producing ATP using endogenous organic compounds as both electron donors and acceptors-exogenous electron acceptors (O2, NO3-, SO42-, CO3) are absent
? makes few ATP molecules in the absence of cellular respiration, but the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation are shut down, so the products of glycolysis (pyruvate) are shuttled through a pathway that produces other final end products
? ensure a constant supply of NAD+ for glycolysis and the production of two ATP molecules per glucose

question

Lactic Acid Fermentation

answer

A catabolic process that produces lactic acid during the reoxidation of NADH to NAD+ for reuse in glycolysis to generate ATP
? by S. lactis, the acid will curdle milk products

question

Alcohol Fermentation

answer

A catabolic process that forms ethyl alcohol during the reoxidation of NADH to NAD+ for reuse in glycolysis to generate ATP
? C. albicans, controls carbohydrate to alcohol product

question

Photosynthesis

answer

A biochemical process in which light energy is converted to chemical energy, which is then used for carbohydrate synthesis
? in eukaryotes, takes place in chloroplasts of organisms like diatoms, dinoflagelates, and green algae/ chlorophyll in bacteria

question

Oxygenic Photosynthesis

answer

A form of photosynthesis in which molecular oxygen (O2) is produced

question

Energy Fixing Reaction

answer

A reaction in the first part of photosynthesis where light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP

question

Chlorophyll ?

answer

a magnesium-containing lipid soluble compound, a light energy is absorbed by the green pigment

question

Photosystems

answer

A group of pigments that act as a light trapping system for photosynthesis

question

Photophosphorylation

answer

the generation of ATP through the trapping of light

question

Carbon Fixing Reactions

answer

A chemical reaction in the second part of photosynthesis in which carbohydrates are formed
? carbon dioxide is trapped into carbohydrates and other organic compounds

question

Bacteriochlorophylls

answer

A pigment located in the membrane system of purple sulfur bacteria that upon excitement by light, loses electron and initiates photosynthetic reactions

question

Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

answer

A form of photosynthesis in which molecular oxygen (O2) is not produced

question

Autotrophs

answer

An organism that uses carbon dioxide (CO2) as a carbon source

question

Photoautotrophs

answer

An organism that uses light energy to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide gas (CO2)

question

Chemoautotroph

answer

An organism that derives energy from inorganic chemical and uses the energy to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide gas (CO2)

question

Nitrogen Cycle

answer

A biogeochemical cycle that cycle nitrogen gas into nitrogenous compounds and back again

question

Heterotrophs

answer

An organism that requires preformed organic matter for its energy and carbon needs

question

Photoheterotrophs

answer

An organism that uses light energy to synthesize nutrients from organic carbon compounds
? like fatty acids and alcohols, include certain green nonsulfur and purple nonsulfur

question

Chemohetertrophs

answer

An organism that derives energy from organic chemicals and uses the energy to synthesize nutrients from carbon compounds other than carbon dioxide gas (CO2)
? glucose

question

Saprobes

answer

A type of heterotrophic organism that feeds on dead organic matter, like rotting wood or compost

question

Pathogens

answer

A microorganism or virus that causes disease

question

Parasites

answer

A type of heterotrophic organism that feeds on live organic matter like another organism

question

Enzymes

answer

catalyze all cellular reactions, they are not changed by the reactions and can be reused, their activity is highly specific, and act on specific substrates, and are used in small quantities

question

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

answer

Through this complex, enzymes increase the probability of a chemical reaction, and bind to the substrate at the active site, which is specific to the substrate

question

Activation Energy

answer

Enzymes lower this so a reaction is more likely to occur, by weakening chemical bonds in the substrate

question

Enzymes

answer

can be made entirely of proteins or contain a metal ion (cofactor) or an organic molecule (coenzyme)

question

Metabolic Pathway

answer

a sequence of chemical reactions, each reaction is catalyzed by a different enzyme and the product of one reaction serves as the substrate for the next

question

Metabolism

answer

regulated and be inhibited by enzymes

question

Feedback inhibition

answer

hinders metabolic pathways by excess products inhibiting an enzyme in the pathway so no product is available to feed the next reaction

question

Noncompetitive Inhibition

answer

changing the shape of the active site

question

Competitive Inhibition

answer

blocking an active site

question

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

answer

Energy in this form is required for metabolism, because it is the cellular "energy currency" providing energy for movement, cell division, and protein synthesis

question

Adensonsine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate group

answer

What results when energy is released from ATP when the bond holding the last phosphate group on the molecule is broken?

question

Phosphorylation

answer

adding a phosphate gorup to a molecule

question

ATP cannot be stored because it is relatively unstable
Energy must be stored in more stable forms like glycogen and lipids

answer

What form of energy can be stored? what form of energy cannot be stored?

question

Adenine, Ribose, 3 phosphate groups

answer

What is ATP composed of?

question

Glucose

answer

contains stored energy that can be extracted, and released slowly by converting to ATP thorugh metabolic pathways

question

Cellular Respiration

answer

a series of catabolic pathways for the production of ATP, which cells make ATP by harvesting energy through this process.

question

Aerobic Respiration

answer

If oxygen is consumed while making ATP

question

Anaerobic Respiration

answer

if oxygen is not consumed while making ATP

question

oxygen

answer

required to create ATP during Aerobic Respiration

question

Glycolysis

answer

is the splitting of 1-6Carbon glucose molecule into 2-3Carbon molecules, which requires 2 ATP molecules to start, but releases 4 ATP with a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules

question

Citric Acid Cycle/Kreb's Cycle

answer

extracts more energy from pyruvate, constantly turning wheel that picks up pyruvate molecules from glycolysis and spitting out carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH, and FADH2

question

Transition from gylcolysis to Kreb's

answer

enzymes remove a carbon from each pyruvate molecule, combines the carbon with coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl CoA releasing 2 NADH and 2 CO2

question

2 ATP, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, 6 NADH

answer

For each two pyruvate molecules that enter the Kreb's cycle, what molecules are formed?

question

Oxidative Phosphorylation

answer

it makes the most ATP molecules, pairs of electrona re passed from one chemical to another, releasing energy, which is used to combine phosphate with ADP to form ATP, it is composed of electron carriers called cytochromes, and coenzyme carriers NADH, and FADH2 provide the electrons for this process

question

Cytochromes

answer

electron carriers

question

Chemiosmosis

answer

Electrons moves down the electron transport chain and pump protons out of the cell, the protons outside the membrane build up a concentration gradient

question

ATP synthase

answer

A channel opens and the protons flow in through, which harnesses the energy from the flowing protons to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

question

Oxygen

answer

Accepts the electron pair at the end of this process, acquires 2 protons, and becomes water

question

Fats

answer

Chemical bonds that make up this molecule store large amounts of enegy making it good energy sources

question

Saccharides

answer

What are other potential energy sources for prokaryotes?

question

proteins

answer

When fats and carbohydrates are lacking cells use this?

question

Deamination

answer

the replacement of the amino group in a protein with a carbonyl group in protein breakdown

question

Beta Oxidation

answer

Fatty acids are broken down through this process

question

Anaerobic Respiration

answer

produces ATP using other final electron acceptors (inorganic), anaerobes use moelcules rather than oxygen as the final electron receptor in the ETC, it produces less ATP than its alternative

question

Fermentation

answer

produces ATP using an organic final electron receptor, it is used when oxygen and other alternative electron acceptors are unavailable

question

Pyruvate

answer

can be converted to lactic acid to reform NAD+ coenzymes so glycolysis can produce ATP from glucose

question

Eukaryotic Fermentation

answer

yeast used in alcoholic fermentation to create alcoholic beverages

question

Photosynthesis

answer

a process to acquire chemical energy, light energy is converted to cehmical energy, which is stored as an organic compound

question

Chloroplasts

answer

In eukaryotes, photosynthesis is carried out in these organelles

question

Prokaryotic Photosynthesis

answer

photosynthesis is carried out in the cell membrane

question

Chlorphyll ?

answer

the green pigment that absorbs light energy

question

bacteriochlorophylls

answer

Some bacteria use this as other pigments

question

Bacteriorhodopsin

answer

Some archaea use this as a pigment

question

1.) Energy Fixing Reaction
2.) Carbon Fixing Reaction

answer

Photosynthesis is divided into two different sets of reactions

question

Autotroph

answer

synthesize their own food from simple carbon sources like carbon dioxide

question

Photoautotroph

answer

use light as their energy source

question

Chemoautotroph

answer

use inorganic compounds as their energy source

question

Heterotroph

answer

gain energy and carbon from outside sources

question

Photoheterotrophs

answer

use light as their energy source and organic compounds as their source of carbon

question

Chemoheterotrophs

answer

use organic compounds both for energy and carbon sources

question

Saprobes

answer

feed exclusively on dead organic matter

question

Parasite

answer

feed on living organic matter

Chapter 6 – Microbiology – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards