Chapter 5 – Microbiology Flashcard

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symbiosis
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theory of eukaryotic cell development; eukaryotes arose from prokaryotes that had engulfed smaller prokaryotes, which then developed into organelles
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tissue
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collection of cell that perform a specific function
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organ
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collection of tissue that function for a common purpose
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protozoa
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types of microorganisms that are always unicellular
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helminths
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types of microorganisms that are always multicellular
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fungi and algae
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types of microorganisms that are unicellular or multicellular
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make up of flagella
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9 and 2 arrangement of microtubules
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cilia
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only present in protozoa and animal cells; used for locomotion and feeding
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protozoa and some algae
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types of cells that have flagella
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glycocalx
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composed primarily of polysaccharides; function for protection, adhesion, and receiving signals from environment
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three arrangements of glycocalx
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fiber network, slime layer, capsule
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cell wall
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found in fungi and algae but not in protozoa
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cell wall of fungi
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thick inner layer of of polysaccharides (chitin or cellulose) and outer layer of of glycans
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crab shell
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common place chitin is found
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cell wall of algae
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varied but may contain polysaccharides such as cellulose, pectin, manans, and/or minerals such as silicon dioxide and calcium carbonate
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sterols
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rigid lipids that add stability to the cell membrane
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transitional vesicles
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packets of protein that bud off the RER and fuse with the golgi
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condensing vesicles
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packets of fully processed proteins that leave the golgi for transport to their final location
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components in cristae of mitochondria
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enzymes and electron carriers that are responsible for last steps of aerobic respiration in which large amounts of ATP are formed
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components of matrix in mitochondria
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metabolic enzymes, ribosomes (70s) and circular DNA
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grana
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stacks of discs in chloroplasts
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thykaloids
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disc-like sacs in chloroplasts
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stroma
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surround thykaloids in chloroplasts
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cytoskeleton
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anchors RNA; microfilaments and microtubules
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microfilaments
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thin, protein strands; move cytoplasmic components; mediate amoeboid movement
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microtubules
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long, hollow tubes; maintain shape of cells that lack cell walls; seperate chromosomes; movement of flagella and cilia
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components in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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chromosomes, ribosomes, flagella, cell membrane, cell wall, glycocalx
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components only present in eukaryotes
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nucleus, golgi, ER, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cilia
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yeasts
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round or oval fungi; asexual reproduction via buddin; may for pseudohyphae
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hyphae
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long, thread like fungi; common to filamentous fungi
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saprobes
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require nutrients from dead matter
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obligate parasites
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require host to live
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colonies of yeast
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appear soft and have a uniform texture
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colonies of filamentous fungi (mycelia)
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appear "hairy"
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budding
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way yeast reproduces
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fragmentation and spore formation
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ways mold reproduce
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sexual sporulation
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provide for gentic variation; always produced after meiosis, but all other aspects vary depending on the species
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sporangiospores
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asexual sporulation; sporangium is attached to the sporangiophore, and the spores form from mitotic divisions within the sporangium, and are released when the sporangium ruptures
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conidia
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asexual sporulation; free spores are released by the pinching off of the tip of the hypha
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fungi
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common cause of allergies; can produce poisonous toxins; important in decomposition; symbiotic relationships with plants to aide in nutrient absorbtion; important source of antibiotics and vitamins for human constipation; important for food production
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protists
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algae and protozoa; any unicellular or colonial organism that lacks true tissues
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algae
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photosynthetic; unicellular, colonial, or filamentous; pigment present in chloroplasts dictate color; rarely infectious; medical importance is primarily due to toxins in fish that feed on algae; inhabit fresh and marine waters, soil, rocks, and plants; large forms have tissues and simple organs
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protozoa
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unicellular; lack chloroplasts; cytoplasm divided into endo and ectoplasm; no cell wall; three groups
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ectoderm
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part of cytoplasm in protozoa that facilitate movement and feeding
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endoderm
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cytoplasm of protozoa that contain nucelus, mitochondria, vacuoles, etc.
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three groups of protozoa
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ciliates, flagellates, and amoebas
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ameboid motion
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movement when lacking cilia and flagella
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protozoa nutrition
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heterotrophic; oral grooves; need moist environment; may come from plant or animal debris, living bacteria or algae, or host fluids or tissues
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classes of protozoa
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mastigiophora, sarcodina, ciliophora, apicomplex
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mastigiophora
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flagellates; divide by longitudinal division; some lack mitochondria and golgi; most live as single cells; most can form cysts
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examples of mastigiophora
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trypanosoma, leishmania, giardia, trichomonas
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sarcodina
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amoebas; divide by fission; most can form cysts; ex. entamoeba
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ciliophora
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cilliates; can undergo conjugation; divide by fission; most have oral groove and a feeding organelle; most form cysts; most are harmless
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apicomplex
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motility is absent (except in male gametes); asexual and sexual stages; all are parasites; ex. plasmodium and taxoplasma
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helminths
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eggs and larvae require microscope but adults do not; all are multicellular; highly developed reproductive potential
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two major groups of helminths
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flatworms and roundworms
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flatworms
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helminths of thin, segmented body
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cestodes
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helminth; tapeworm; all hermaphodites
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roundworms
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helminth; elongated, cylindrical, unsegemnted bodies; males and females are distinct; nematodes
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major lifecycle stages of helminths
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embryo, larval, adult; can only be completed by transmitting an infective from the body of another host (larval development- intermediate host; adulthood and mating - definitve host)
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