Ch 15 Adaptive Immunity – Flashcards

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What are the two types of adaptive immunity?
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Humoral and cell-mediated
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Which type of immunity is known as blood immunity and is floating in the blood?
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humoral
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What must happen in cell-mediated immunity?
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antigen must be presented to the cell
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What does the lymphoid system include?
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primary lymphoid organs, secondary lymphoid organs, lymphatic vessels
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Bone marrow and the thymus are ..?
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Primary lymphoid organs
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Where is the site of B cell maturation?
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Bone Marrow
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What happens in the thymus?
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T cell maturation
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What happens once B and T cells mature
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They leave the primary lymphoid organs and migrate to the secondary lymphoid organs
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What are the secondary lymphoid organs and what occurs there?
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Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, appendix.
Site where lymphocytes gather to encounter antigens
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What carries lymph to body tissues?
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Lymphatic vessels
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What is an antigen/immunogen?
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Molecule that specifically interacts with an antibody or lymphocyte. (Ag) mostly protein
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What are the surface markers that are on an antigen that are recognized by the immune system called?
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Antigenic determinant/epitope
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What is the basic unit of an antibody?
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Monomer, made of four chains of amino acids held together by disulfides bonds
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Each heavy and light chain has a constant region. What is it known as and what does it determine?
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Fc region, determines class
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Each heavy and light chain has a variable region, what is it?
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Unique to each antibody, this region binds to a specific antigen and is known as the "Fab" region (F,antigen,binding)
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What antibody is the 1st to respond to an infection and is the only antibody that can be formed by the fetus?
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Ig M (10 days)
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What is the structure of the Ig M Ab?
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Pentamer (five monomer units joined together at the Fc). But found on the surface of B lymphocytes as a monomer
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Which type of Ab is 5-13% of serum in circulation?
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Ig M
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What is the Ab of memory and the only Ab that can cross the placenta?
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Ig G (21 days)
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What is the structure of Ig G and what % is in circulation?
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monomer, most dominant Ab- 80-85% in circulation
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Which Ab is found in secretions and what % is in circulation?
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Ig A, 10-13%
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What structure is Ig A?
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monomer in serum, dimer in secretions
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Which antibody is barely detectable in circulation and is a monomer? What is its role?
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Ig E, active in allergic reactions
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Describe the Ig D antibody
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less than 1% in circulation, monomer, maturation of antibody response
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Where can you find Ig E?
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lung, brain/neural tissue, and skin
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What is clonal selection?
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Specific response of mature B cells to an antigen's epitopes.
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What is clonal expansion?
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Repeated cycles of cell division generates population of copied antibodies
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List the stages of B cell development
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Immature -> naive -> activated -> effector/plasma cells -> memory
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Describe neutralization? One of the protective outcomes of Ab-Ag binding.
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It prevents toxins from interacting with the cell.
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How does immobilization and prevention of adherence protect Ab-Ag binding?
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The antibody bonds to the cellular structures (such as flagella) to interfere with the antigens function
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What is the terms for the clumping of bacterial cells by a specific antibody that causes the bacteria to be more easily phagocytized?
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agglutination and precipitation
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What is opsonization?
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The coating of bacteria with antibody to enhance phagocytosis.
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What type of protective outcome involves an antibody bonding and triggering classical pathway?
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Complement activation
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What is antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)?
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multiple antibodies bind a cell which becomes target for certain cells. (virus, cancer cells)
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How long does it take before antibodies detect an Ag in blood with primary response?
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Lag period of 10-12 days
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In primary response, once an Ag is detected what happens?
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Activated B cells proliferate and differentiate into increasing numbers of plasma cells as long as the antigen is present.
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What is the net result of primary response?
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Slow steady increase in antibody titer
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What is secondary response?
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Memory cells responsible for swift effective reaction that often eliminate invaders before noticeable harm is done
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Where do forms of natural selection occur during affinity maturation?
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Among proliferating B cells
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What does affinity maturation do?
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Fine tunes quality of response with respect to specificity, B cell receptors more and more specific to antigen, antibody binds antigen more tightly
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What are B cells initially programmed to do?
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Differentiate into plasma cells, plasma cells secrete IgM antibodies
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Helper T cells produce cytokines which cause ...
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Some B cells to switch programming and differentiate to plasma cells that secrete other classes of antibodies, commonly IgG
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T cells never produce antibodies. T or F
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True
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Since T cells cannot produce antibodies what must happen for the T cell to take effect?
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Antigen must be presented by an APC (macrophage) to the T cell receptor
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Name the T-lymphocytes.
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T cell receptors, helper T cells (CD4), Cytotoxic T cell (CD8), Delayed hypersensitivity T cells, Suppressor T cells
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There are multiple copies of T cell receptors that are made up of...
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two polypeptide chains:
alpha and beta
or gamma and delta
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What do all T cell receptors have?
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A variable and constant region
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What is an MHC?
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Major Histocompatibility complex: protein on the surface of body cells that can bind an Ag, holds the Ag for T cell analysis
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T cells never produce antibodies. T or F
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True
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Where are class I MHC proteins found?
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expressed on every nucleated cell in the body.
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What type of antigens do class I MHC proteins bind and what do they bind them to?
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endogenous antigen, bind to Tc Cells
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What class of MHC proteins are expressed only on specific antigen-presenting cells
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class II
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What type of antigens does Class II MHC have? what do they bind to?
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exogenous antigen, Th cells
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Which type of T cell is CD4?
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Helper T cells (Th)
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what are Th1 cells?
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Activate cells related to cell-mediated immunity...call Tc to kill
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which type of T cell activates B cells to produce eosinophils, IgM and IgE
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Th2
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Which type of T cells are CD8?
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cytotoxic T cells (Tc)
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Which type of T cell destroys target cells with perforin, to induce apoptosis?
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Cytotoxic T cells
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How are T cells activated?
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Dendritic cells, activated macrophages, and natural killer cells
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Where do natural killer cells descend from?
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Lymphoid stem cells
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What do natural killer cells lack and how do they recognize antigens?
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lack antigen specificity, no antigen receptor, recognize antigens by means of Fc portion of IgG antibodies
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What do natural killer cells recognize that is important in viral infections?
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Recognize destroyed host cells with no MHC class I surface molecules
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What type of immune response do NK cells augment and what does this enable?
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Adaptive immune response, enables killing of host cells with foreign protein in the membrane
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NK cells actions augment adaptive immune response which is important in the process of ..
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Antibody dependent cellular toxicity
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What does interleukin-1 do?
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Stimulates Th cells
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which type of interleukin activates Th, B, Tc, and NK cells?
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Interleukin-2
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What does interleukin-12 do?
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differentiation of CD4 cells
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What do gamma-interferons do?
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Increase activity of macrophages
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What causes leukocytes to move to an infection?
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Chemokines (histamine, heparin)
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The body cannot make lymphocytes against itself due to...
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Clonal deletion: process of destroying B and T cells that react to self antigens
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What happens when B and T cells undergo negative selection?
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Apoptosis of B and T cells that recognize self
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Describe positive selection of T cells.
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Differentiation of T cells will only occur if that cell recognizes MHC molecule
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