BIO 6 Denise lim Cabrillo college – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
| Coccus |
answer
| Spherical |
question
| Diplococci |
answer
| paired spheres |
question
| streptococci |
answer
| chain-links/strands of spheres |
question
| tetrads |
answer
| four spheres in one plane |
question
| sarcinae |
answer
| 8 spheres in cubic structure |
question
| staphylococci |
answer
| Clumps of spheres |
question
| Bacillus |
answer
| rod-shaped |
question
| diplobacilli |
answer
| pairs of rod shaped cells, end to end |
question
| streptobacilli |
answer
| chain-links/strands of rods |
question
| coccbacilli |
answer
| cells in between spherical and rod-shaped |
question
| vibrio |
answer
| curvy, like a comma |
question
| spirillum |
answer
| corkscrew shaped, NOT wormlike |
question
| spirochete |
answer
| corkscrew shaped, wormlike |
question
| cell wall (3 functions) |
answer
| -rigid -protective - prevents osmotic lysis -vulnerable to some antibiotics |
question
| primary structure of gram postive cell wall |
answer
| -thick layer peptidoglycan |
question
| peptidoglycan is made up of |
answer
| mainly carbohydrates with some proteins |
question
| structure of peptidoglycan |
answer
| carbohydrate rods cross linkes with short polypeptide (protein) chains; like woven fabric or chain link fence |
question
| Gram positive cell wall stains what color? |
answer
| purple |
question
| how do gram positive and gram negative cell structures get their name? |
answer
| staining technique |
question
| structure of gram negative cell wall (2) |
answer
| -outer membrane -thin layer of peptidoglycan |
question
| The outer membrane of a gram negative cell wall has these components (3) |
answer
| -lipoprotein |
question
| Gram negative cell wall stains what color? |
answer
| pink/orange |
question
| Types of cell walls (not gram positive or gram negative) (3) |
answer
| -Acid fast -archaea -wall-less |
question
| Name two types of glycocalyx |
answer
| -slime -capsule |
question
| 4 functions of gylcocalyx |
answer
| -attachment/stickiness -protection from phagocytosis and desiccation -emergency nutrient source -prevents loss of nutrients |
question
| Tail-like protuberance for motility |
answer
| flagella |
question
| monotrichous |
answer
| one polar flagella |
question
| lophotichous |
answer
| two or more flagella at one end |
question
| amphitrichous |
answer
| tuft of flagella at each end of the cell |
question
| peritrichous |
answer
| flagella all around the cell |
question
| atrichous |
answer
| without flagella |
question
| endoflagella |
answer
| flagella inside a sheath (like spirochetes' axial filaments) |
question
| 2 parts of the flagella (structure) |
answer
| -hook -filament |
question
| Bacterial movement is called |
answer
| bacterial taxis |
question
| bacterial taxis happens via |
answer
| run and tumble |
question
| aerotaxis |
answer
| bacterial movement triggered by oxygen sensing |
question
| chemotaxis |
answer
| bacterial movement triggered by chemical sensing |
question
| phototaxis |
answer
| bacterial movement triggered by light sensing |
question
| magnetotaxis |
answer
| bacterial movement triggered by electromagnetic sensing |
question
| axial filaments create which motion |
answer
| corkscrew |
question
| axial filaments are found on what kind of bacteria shape |
answer
| spirochetes |
question
| how do axial filaments differ from flagella? (2) |
answer
| -axial filaments are under an outer sheath -they are found on spirochetes |
question
| primary function of pili |
answer
| transfer DNA from one bacteria to another (sex pilus) |
question
| 2 secondary functions of pili |
answer
| -aids motility -attachment between two cells |
question
| f-plasmid |
answer
| -fertility = F -a non-chromosomal bit of genetic material that allows a bacterial cell to form a sex pilus and transfer genetic material to other bacterial cells |
question
| fimbriae function |
answer
| -attachment between cells and host (improves ability to colonize) |
question
| plasma membrane function (4) |
answer
| -selective permeability -site of respiratory enzymes -site of photosynthetic pigments and enzymes -some antibiotics act here |
question
| plasma membrance structure (2) |
answer
| -phospholipid bilayer -membrane proteins |
question
| phospholipid bilayer function |
answer
| barrier to water soluble molecules |
question
| what can pass through plasma membrane/phospholipid bilayer? (2) |
answer
| -fat soluble molecules -small molecules (water) |
question
| name the functions of proteins in the lipid bilayer (2) |
answer
| -transport proteins -receptors |
question
| 3 types of passive transport |
answer
| -simple diffusion -facilitated diffusion -osmosis |
question
| osmosis |
answer
| water moving from low solute to high solute |
question
| simple diffusion |
answer
| solute moves from high concentration to low concentration (in a cell only fat soluble molecules can cross lipid bilayer) |
question
| facilitated diffusion |
answer
| solute moves from high concentration to low concentration (but in a cell needs a transport protein to get across lipid bilayer) |
question
| hypotonic |
answer
| solution outside cell is lower concentration; fluid moves into the cell |
question
| hypertonic |
answer
| solution outside cell is higher concentration; fluid moves out of the cell |
question
| isotonic |
answer
| solution inside and outside the cell are at equal concentrations |
question
| plasmolysis |
answer
| -caused by hypertonicity -plasma membrane shrinks away from cell wall |
question
| active transport |
answer
| -moving from low concentration to high concentration -requires a protein pump -requires energy |
question
| nucleoid |
answer
| the area of the cell with genetic material; has no membrane |
question
| bacterial chromosome is part of what organelle |
answer
| nucleoid |
question
| Where is the DNA in bacteria stored |
answer
| on the chromosome in the nucleoid |
question
| plasmid |
answer
| contains non-essential genetic material |
question
| ribosomes function |
answer
| synthesizes protein |
question
| ribosome structure |
answer
| made up of two subunits |
question
| metachromatic granules |
answer
| inclusion storing phosphate |
question
| carboxysomes |
answer
| inclusion containing CO2 fixing enzyme |
question
| gas vacuoles |
answer
| inclusion providing bouyancy in water |
question
| magnetosomes |
answer
| inclusion creating electromagnetism |
question
| endospores |
answer
| protective dormant genetic spores that survive hostile environments for the survival of the species. |
question
| endospores are formed by: |
answer
| duplicate DNA segregates to one part of the cell, which gets surrounded by a separate plasma membrane and then peptidoglycan creates a protective coating for when cell dies |
question
| anabolic processes |
answer
| metabolism requiring energy input |
question
| catabolic processes |
answer
| metabolism creating energy output |
question
| examples of anabolic processes |
answer
| -synthesis of large molecules within the cell -active transport -movement |
question
| examples of catabolic processes |
answer
| -degradation of large molecules for fuel |
question
| metabolism requires |
answer
| energy (ATP) |
question
| endergonic |
answer
| reactions that store energy |
question
| exergonic |
answer
| reactions that release energy |
question
| substrate level phosphorylation |
answer
| transfer of phosphate from one molecule to another -endergonic |
question
| oxidative phosphorylation (ETC) |
answer
| transfer of electrons from higher to lower energy level |
question
| enzymes are integral to metabolism because |
answer
| they lower activation energy for reactions |
question
| prokaryote characteristics (2) |
answer
| -no internal membranes/organelles -single cell organisms |
question
| eukaryote characteristics (2) |
answer
| -has internal membranes/organelles -multi cell organisms |
question
| element (2) |
answer
| -pure chemical substance -# of atoms is # of protons |
question
| atom (2) |
answer
| -has nucleus with neutrons and protons -has electrons in shells |
question
| proton |
answer
| positively charged subatomic particle |
question
| electron |
answer
| negatively charged subatomic particle -has kinetic energy |
question
| neutron |
answer
| neutrally charged subatomic particle -change # of neutrons to create isotopes |
question
| which subatomic particle has kinetic energy? |
answer
| electron |
question
| ion |
answer
| charged particle |
question
| anion |
answer
| negatively charged ion |
question
| cation |
answer
| postively charged ion |
question
| covalent bonds (2) |
answer
| -atoms share electrons -each pair of electrons creates one bond |
question
| ionic bonds (3) |
answer
| -ions are attracted to each other because of opposite charges -form crystals -broken down by water because it is polar |
question
| which type of bonds are broken by water |
answer
| ionic |
question
| hydrogen bonds |
answer
| -happen between polar molecules -temporary/weak bonds |
question
| pH |
answer
| measurement of H+ concentration |
question
| How do acids preserve food? |
answer
| high H+ concentration disrupts hydrogen bonding and destroys protein shape |
question
| hydrophobic |
answer
| fat soluble |
question
| hydrophilic |
answer
| water soluble |
question
| amphipathic |
answer
| part of the molecule is hydrophobic, part of the molecule is hydrophilic |
question
| inorganic molecules |
answer
| no C-H bonds |
question
| organic molecules |
answer
| have C-H bonds |
question
| monomers |
answer
| single molecule |
question
| polymers |
answer
| multiple molecules joined together |
question
| breakdown of polymers into monomers |
answer
| hydrolysis; water splits apart and polymer splits apart, parts reassemble into several simpler molecules |
question
| formation of polymers |
answer
| dehydration synthesis; water released |
question
| carbohydrate formula |
answer
| n(CH2O) |
question
| carbohydrate function (2) |
answer
| -energy storage -structure |
question
| carbohydrate monomer |
answer
| monosaccharide |
question
| carbohydrate polymer |
answer
| polysaccharide |
question
| 3 simple monosaccharides |
answer
| -glucose -fructose -galactose |
question
| 3 disaccharides |
answer
| -sucrose -maltose -lactose |
question
| 3 polysaccharides |
answer
| -starch -glycogen -cellulose |
question
| starch |
answer
| -found in plants |
question
| glycogen |
answer
| found in animal tissues |
question
| peptidoglycan |
answer
| structural component of bacterial cell wall |
question
| lipids structure |
answer
| long chain hydrocarbons |
question
| lipid function (2) |
answer
| -energy storage -structure (cell membranes) |
question
| lipid monomer |
answer
| fatty acid |
question
| lipid polymers (2) |
answer
| -triglycerides -phospholipids |
question
| saturated fat (3) |
answer
| -all C-C bonds are single bonds -fatty acids are straight -form solids at room temperature bc they stack well |
question
| unsaturated fat (3) |
answer
| -C-C chain contains double bonds -fatty acids are bent from double bonds -form liquids are room temperature |
question
| triglyceride structure |
answer
| three fatty acids linked to glycerol |
question
| phospholipid structure (2) |
answer
| -2 fatty acid chains are hydrophobic -phosphate is hydrophilic |
question
| phospholipid function (3) |
answer
| -plasma membrane -lipid bilayer -outer membrane of gram negative cell walls |
question
| protein function (4) |
answer
| -structure -enzymes -functional proteins -energy |
question
| protein monomers |
answer
| amino acid |
question
| protein polymers |
answer
| peptides or proteins |
question
| amino acid structure (4) |
answer
| -Amine group (NH2) -carboxylic acid (COOH) -H atom -R group |
question
| protein structure (primary) |
answer
| polypeptide strand (amino acid sequence) |
question
| protein structure (secondary) |
answer
| -folding of peptide chain in a portion of a protein -involves H-bonding -helix (coil, has give) OR pleated sheet (tensile strength) |
question
| protein structure (tertiary) |
answer
| 3D folding of full protein -includes intramolecular bonds -disulfide bonds; ionic bonds; hydrophophic interactions |
question
| protein structure (quarternary) |
answer
| two or more complete proteins bonding to each other -includes intermolecular bonds like H bonds |
question
| Nucleic acid monomer |
answer
| nucleotide |
question
| Nucleic acids function (2) |
answer
| -information (DNA, RNA) -energy (ATP) |
question
| Nucleic acid polymer |
answer
| DNA, RNA |
question
| Nucleic acid structure (3) |
answer
| -sugar -phosphate -nitrogenous base |
question
| DNA nitrogenous bases |
answer
| A, T, C, G |
question
| RNA nitrogenous bases |
answer
| A, U, C, G |
question
| sugar-phosphate backbone |
answer
| the structure of DNA/RNA, with nitrogenous bases attached that give genetic information |
question
| DNA structure (3) |
answer
| -sugar-phosphate backbone -nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G) -double stranded helix |
question
| RNA structure (3) |
answer
| -sugar-phosphate backbone -nitrogenous bases (A, U, C, G) -single genes |
question
| RNA function |
answer
| -copy proteins |
question
| ATP |
answer
| adenosine triphosphate |
