Test Answers on Bact/Myc – Microbiology – Flashcards

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question
What organism causes Aspergillosis?
answer
Aspergillus fumigatus
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What can keratitis lead to?
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Blindness
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What condition does Aspergillosis cause in chicks?
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Brooder Pneumonia
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What condition does Aspergillosis cause in cattle?
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Mycotic Abortion
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What condition does Aspergillosis cause in horses?
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Guttural Pouch Mycosis; Keratomycosis; Keratitis
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What is keratitis? (Fungal keratitis)
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Inflammation of Cornea
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What enables Aspergillosis/Brooder Pneumonia in chicks?
answer
Poor hygienic conditions
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What is seen in guttural pouch mycosis?
answer
Plaques on arteries (internal carotid); Aspergillus hyphae in pouch wall
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What condition does Aspergillosis cause in dogs? Describe it.
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Nasal Aspergillosis; Destruction of turbinate bones, profuse blood-tinged exudate from nose
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What condition does Aspergillosis cause in humans?
answer
Farmers Lung
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What is a distinguishing morphological characteristic of Aspergillus?
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Fruiting Head (chains of pigmented conidia)
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What are some means of visualizing/diagnosing Aspergillus fumigatus?
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Wet mount from culture (Lactophenol Cotton Blue stain); Culture of Sabouraud Agar; KOH Wet Mount of deep scrapings (tissue or lung sample); Radiograph; Rhinoscopy; Serological Test (AGID) for dogs
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Is there a membrane covering the conidia of A. fumigatus?
answer
No
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Describe the pathogenesis of brooder pneumonia.
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Aspergillus produces elastases & proteases which destroy structural barriers of lung
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What is visualized in a wet mount of culture using lactophenol cotton blue stain for Aspergillus?
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Typical Conidial heads; Fruiting head of conidiophore
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What birds are susceptible to Aspergillosis?
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Chicks, Pigeons, Pet birds
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What is present on an aborted calf as a result of Aspergillosis?
answer
Raised cutaneous plaques resembling ring-worm lesions
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Describe the pathogenesis of A. fumigatus mycotic abortion.
answer
Aspergillus spores --> Blood --> Placental Invasion --> Impaired Circulation --> Fetal death
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What organism can cause fungal keratitis?
answer
A. fumigatus
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What is seen in a corneal section infected w/ A. fumigatus?
answer
Fungal hyphae
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What is the Tx for guttural pouch mycosis in horses?
answer
Antifungal Infusion; Surgical Occlusion of artery to prevent bleeding
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Describe the pathogenesis of nasal aspergillosis in dogs.
answer
Elastase, proteases, dermonecrotoxin --> Destruction of turbinate bones --> Epistaxis (bleeding from nose)
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Can Gram stain be used to diagnose Aspergillosis?
answer
No
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AGID
answer
Agarose Gel Immunodiffusion
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What is seen in necrotic material in the case of Aspergillosis?
answer
Mycelia
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How is Aspergillosis controlled in poultry? Cattle?
answer
Litter change; Avoid bad hay & silage
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What is the Tx for Aspergillosis in horses?
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Ketoconazole locally + Itraconozole systemically; Natamycin or Miconazole topical for keratitis
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What is the preferred Tx for nasal aspergillosis in dogs? What is a 2nd option?
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Clotrimazole nasal infusion; Fluconazole systemic
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Can Gram Stain be used for yeasts?
answer
Yes
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Are yeasts unicellular or multicellular?
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Unicellular
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What is the shape of yeasts? What may occur in yeast-infected tissues?
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Round/Oval; Hyphae
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Where are yeasts commonly found?
answer
Skin, mucus membranes
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Where is Malassezia a commensal in the body?
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Skin, Ears
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What can cause yeast dz?
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Immunosuppression; Antibacterial therapy
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Is Cryptococcus a commensal?
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No
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Where is Candida a commensal in the body?
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Intestinal mucosa, Genital tract, Mouth
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What are 3 important yeasts?
answer
Candida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia
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What do Candida form in tissue?
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Pseudohyphae
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What dz is caused by Candida?
answer
Candidiasis; Moniliasis; Thrush
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What is a commensal of the alimentary tract that causes endogenous infections?
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Candida albicans
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What dz does Candida cause in dogs & cats?
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Mycotic stomatitis; Genital Candidiasis
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What does Candida cause in young animals on prolonged antibacterial therapy?
answer
Enteritis
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What dz does Candida cause in poultry?
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Crop Mycosis/Thrush/Monoiliasis
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What does Candida cause in horses?
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Metritis; Vaginitis
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What is seen in the crop of a chicken w/ Monoiliasis/Thrush?
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Whitish plaques
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What is seen in the oral cavity & genital mucosa of dogs & cats w/ Candidiasis?
answer
Whitish plaques
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Candida often proliferates after _____.
answer
Prolonged antibacterial therapy
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Describe the morphology of Candida albicans.
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Dark purple oval bodies
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Can Gram stain be used for Candida?
answer
Yes
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How is Candida diagnosed in a calf w/ enteritis?
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Gram stain of Fecal smear
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What drug can be used to treat Candida-induced enteritis?
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Nystatin
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Is nystatin BS or NS?
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NS
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Candida albicans switches from ____ to ____ state in tissue.
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Yeast; Filamentous
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How is Candida albicans diagnosed?
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Sabouraud agar culture; KOH wet mount; Gram stain; Latex Agglutination
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What is the pathogenesis of Candidiasis?
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Candida adheres to mucus membrane; Pseudohyphae invade epithelium; Pseudomembranous ulcerative inflammation
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What is seen in a Gram stain of Candida?
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Budding yeasts
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What do Latex agglutination kits detect w/ Candida?
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Ag in body fluids
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What is the Tx for Candida? For GI overgrowth?
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Nystatin topical or Ketoconazole; Nystatin oral
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What is nystatin specific against?
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Yeasts
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What is the habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans?
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Soil & Pigeon droppings
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In what animals does Cryptococcus neoformans cause sporadic dz?
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Cats (more); Dogs
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Describe how Cryptococcus neoformans is acquired.
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Airborne infection --> Nasal Granulomas --> Paranasal Sinuses --> Hematogenous Dissemination
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What are some symptoms of Cryptococcus neoformans inf?
answer
Sneezing, Snuffing, Mucopurulent/Hemorrhagic Nasal Discharge
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How is Cryptococcus neoformans diagnosed?
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Wet mounts, culture, agglutination test
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Can Gram stain be used for Cryptococcus?
answer
No
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What is used for Tx & Control of Cryptococcus neoformans?
answer
Itraconazole; Fluconazole (Both better than Ketoconazole); Decontaminate affected premises
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In dogs, symptoms of Cryptococcus neoformans inf. are similar to those associated w/ ______.
answer
Aspergillosis
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Name an antivirulence factor of Cryptococcus
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Anti-phagocytic capsule
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What distinguishes Cryptococcus from Malassezia & Candida in a wet mount?
answer
Capsule
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Is Cryptococcus dimorphic?
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No
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Cryptococcus remains in ____ form in both environment (____C) & host (____C).
answer
Yeast; 25; 37
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What areas are affected by Cryptococcus? Where are lesions located?
answer
Skin & Eyelids
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In cats, Cryptococcus spreads from ____ to ____.
answer
Sinuses; Skin & Eyes
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What can be found in the brain of a cat infected w/ Cryptococcus? Why?
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Cryptococcal capsular mass; Enzymes (phospholipases) disrupt host cell membranes & cause granulomas
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What condition is cause by Cryptococcus in cats? What can be seen in tissue sections?
answer
Encephalitis; Capsulated Cryptococcus
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What is another name for Malassezia pachydermatis?
answer
Pityrosporum canis
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Is Malassezia pachydermatis systemic?
answer
No
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What is the shape of Malassezia pachydermatis?
answer
Bottle, peanut, or footprint-shaped yeast
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What does Malassezia cause in dogs?
answer
Otitis externa
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What condition is associated w/ Malassezia pachydermatis?
answer
Chronic Dermatitis (Pruritis, Alopecia, Erythema)
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Describe how Malassezia causes chronic dermatitis.
answer
Lipids help attachment to cell wall components --> Pruritis --> Skin thickens (elephant-like skin)
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How is Malassezia diagnosed?
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Gram stain; Wet Mounts; Culture on SAB (fungus) & BA (bacteria)
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Tx for Malassezia:
answer
Nystatin or Clotrimazole topical; Ketoconazole oral for dermatitis
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Among azole drugs, which has the best activity against Malassezia?
answer
Ketoconazole
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Malassezia in dogs can cause ____ in abdominal area.
answer
Alopecia & Crusts
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Malassezia infection can cause ____ on the paws.
answer
Interdigital Dermatitis
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What yeasts is Nystatin used to treat?
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Candida; Malassezia
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What is the main animal species affected by dimorphic fungi blastomycosis?
answer
Dog
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Where does dimorphic fungi blastomycosis occur?
answer
USA
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What is the primary target of dimorphic fungi blastomycosis in humans?
answer
Lungs
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What is the habitat of dimorphic fungi blastomyces?
answer
Soil-borne (mycelial phase w/ spores)
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Describe the pathogenesis of dimorphic fungi blastomycosis.
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Aerosol inhalation --> Granulomatous lesions in lungs --> Respiratory distress
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Dimorphic fungi display ____ phase in the environment, & ____ phase in the animal body.
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Mycelial; Yeast
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With dimorphic fungi blastomyces, ____ from ____ may cause inf via respiratory tract.
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Spores; Mycelia
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Dimorphic blastomyces fungi cause canine _____; Fungal cells are seen in epitheliod ____.
answer
Pulmonary Blastomycosis; Granuloma
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Does blastomyces have a capsule?
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No
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Is Blastomycosis common in USA? CAN?
answer
Yes; No
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How is blastomycosis diagnosed?
answer
Wet mount of transtracheal aspirate or skin lesion exudate; Culture
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What form of blastomyces is seen w/ wet mount of transtracheal aspirate or skin lesion exudate?
answer
Budding yeast cells
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What form of blastomyces is seen w/ culture @ 25C?
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Mycelial
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Tx for Blastomycosis:
answer
Itraconazole (oral) for ~60 days
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Describe the blastomyces fungus.
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Thick cell wall, no capsule; hematogenous spread to skin & organs may occur
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In pulmonary blastomycosis, what does the lung look like?
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Liver
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Is blastomycosis contagious?
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Only by biting
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What animals are most affected by Histoplasmosis?
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Dogs & Cats
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What dimorphic fungus causes Histoplasmosis?
answer
Histoplasma capsulatum
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What is the source of Histoplasma capsulatum?
answer
Soil enriched w/ bat or bird excreta
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Where does Histoplasmosis occur?
answer
USA
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Describe the pathogenesis of histoplasmosis.
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Infection via inhalation --> Granulomatous lesions/nodules in lungs; Intestine may be affected
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What are symptoms of histoplasmosis?
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Chronic cough, diarrhea, emaciation
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How is histoplasmosis diagnosed?
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Histopath; Buffy coat smear; Serology
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What is seen in a blood smear with histoplasmosis? What stain is used?
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Multiplication of yeast cells in macrophages; Wright stain
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What is seen in culture w/ Histoplasma capsulatum?
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Mycelia & typical tuberculate macroconidia
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Is Histoplasma infectious to humans?
answer
Highly
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What is the Tx for Histoplasma capsulatum?
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Itraconazole or Fluconazole (oral)
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Which dimorphic fungus is cartwheel-like?
answer
Histoplasma capsulatum
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What dimorphic fungus causes "Valley disease" in humans? Where?
answer
Coccidiodomycosis; Arizona & California
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What is the habitat of Coccidioides immitis?
answer
Soil or dust-borne; Southern USA; S Am
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What animal is most affected by coccidioidomycosis?
answer
Dog
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Describe the pathogenesis of Coccidioidomycosis. Is there horizontal transmission?
answer
Infection by inhaling infective arthrospores; No
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What is the shape of Coccidioides immitis?
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Barrel-shaped arthrospores
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What population of humans is especially susceptible to Coccidioidomycosis?
answer
Construction workers
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What organs are affected by Coccidioidomycosis?
answer
Lungs; Lymph nodes
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What is seen in a lung section w/ Coccidioidomycosis?
answer
Acute inflammation; Mature "spherule" w/ endospores surrounded by eosinophilic layer
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What are signs of Coccidioidomycosis in dogs?
answer
Dyspnea, Weight loss, Lymphadenopathy, Seizures
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How is Coccidioidomycosis diagnosed?
answer
Serology, DTH to coccidoidin, Skin Test, Histopath
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Atypical Mycobacteria is _____ & can cause ____ in cattle; ____ in turtles.
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Saprophytic; Skin nodules; Lesions
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What is Tx for Coccidioidomycosis?
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Ketoconazole or Itraconazole for up to 12 months
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How is Coccidioidomycosis controlled?
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Reduce exposure to dust in endemic areas
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How should suspect cases of Coccidioidomycosis be tested?
answer
Serologically
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Canine lnn. affected w/ Coccidioidomycosis: Wet mount of pus/exudate may show ______ characteristic of Coccidoides immitis.
answer
Spherules
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What is the habitat of the dimorphic fungus Sporotrichosis?
answer
Soil; World-wide
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What animals are infected with Sporotrichosis?
answer
Horses, Mules (rarely dogs, cats)
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What organism causes Sporotrichosis?
answer
Sporothrix schenckii
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Describe the pathogenesis of Sporotrichosis.
answer
Infection via skin wounds --> Lymphatic spread
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Name some dimorphic fungi.
answer
Blastomyces, Histoplasma, Sporothrix, Coccidioides
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Is Sporotrichosis zoonotic?
answer
Yes
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What does Sporotrichosis cause in cats?
answer
Head lesions
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What is the Tx for Sporotrichosis for horses? Cats?
answer
Potassium Iodide & Sodium Iodide; Itraconazole
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What organisms cause Zygomycosis?
answer
Rhizopus; Mucor; Absidia; Mortierella
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Organisms that cause Zygomycosis are _____.
answer
saprophytes
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Zygomycosis is caused after _____ or _____.
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Inhalation; Ingestion
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Pathogenesis of Zygomycosis is similar to _____.
answer
Aspergillosis
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Describe Rhizopus
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Closed sporangium (all spores enclosed); Aseptate hyphae in tissue
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What is the Tx for Rhizopus inf? What is the prognosis?
answer
Amphotericin B; Poor
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How is Rhizopus distinguished from Aspergillus?
answer
Wet mount
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What condition is caused by Zygomycosis?
answer
Mycotic Abortion
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What are Mycotoxins?
answer
Toxins produced by fungi
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What are mycotoxicoses produced by?
answer
Mycotoxins formed by mold growing in feed
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Give some characteristics of mycotoxicoses.
answer
Acute or chronic poisoning, immunosuppression, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity; Non-contagious, Sporadic
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How is mycotoxicosis diagnosed?
answer
Demonstration of toxin (in liver)
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What may indicate mycotoxicosis?
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Decreased feed consumption or feed refusal
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Does boiling kill mycotoxins? Autoclaving?
answer
No; No
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What are 4 examples of mycotoxicoses?
answer
Facial Eczema; Aflatoxicosis; Ochratoxicosis; Ergotism
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What is the Tx for mycotoxicoses?
answer
Antitoxin (neutralize toxin); Not Antibiotic; Not Antifungal
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What organism causes Aflatoxicosis?
answer
Aspergillus flavus (also Penicillium, Rhizopus, Mucor)
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What animals are affected by Aflatoxicosis?
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Mainly cattle; Poultry
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What are the 3 forms of Aflatoxicosis?
answer
Acute; Subacute; Chronic
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Describe Acute Aflatoxicosis.
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Bloody diarrhea; Death
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Describe subacute Aflatoxicosis.
answer
Icterus; Abortion
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Describe Chronic Aflatoxicosis.
answer
Decreased feed efficiency; Rough coat
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How is aflatoxicosis diagnosed?
answer
PM tissues, feed sample - HPLC, ELISA, chick embryo bioassay
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Describe prevention & control of Aflatoxicosis.
answer
Test Feed for toxins; Ammoniate Feed; Addition of toxin binders
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What organisms cause Ochratoxicosis?
answer
Aspergillus; Penicillium
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What organisms cause Ergotism?
answer
Claviceps purpurea
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What animals are affected by Ochratoxicosis?
answer
Pigs, Poultry, Horses
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What animals are affected by ergotism?
answer
Cattle, Sheep, Horses, Pigs, Poultry
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What are symptoms of Ochratoxicosis?
answer
Wt. loss, Kidney & Liver damage, Abortion
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What are symptoms of ergotism?
answer
Neurotoxicity; Convulsions; Gangrene of extremities
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How is Ochratoxicosis diagnosed?
answer
Demonstration of toxin in feed; kidney
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How is ochratoxicosis controlled?
answer
Test feed for toxin; Remove affected feed
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How is ergotism prevented?
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Ergots should be removed mechanically or by floatation methods
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Give an example of a feed that can have ergots.
answer
Rye grass
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What are some symptoms of cows w/ ergotism?
answer
Swollen leg w/ line of separation & terminal gangrene; tail gangrene
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Where is facial eczema an economically important dz?
answer
Australia, SA, US
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What organism causes facial eczema?
answer
Pithomyces chartarum
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How is facial eczema diagnosed?
answer
Jaundice, history, sporidesmin detection in blood by ELISA
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Describe the pathogenesis of facial eczema.
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Pithomyces chartarum --> Sporidesmin --> Liver damage --> buildup of phylloerithrin --> photodynamic activity --> necrosis, sloughing of skin
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How is facial eczema controlled?
answer
fungicide spray on pastures, zinc salts in feed to reduce liver toxicity
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What is the toxin produced by Pithomyces chartarum?
answer
sporidesmin
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Lesions are caused by _____ in sheep w/ facial eczema.
answer
Photosensitization
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What is seen on the udders of animals w/ facial eczema?
answer
Moist dermatitis & hyperemia
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Extensive ____ is seen in facial eczema.
answer
Skin slough
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What is seen in calves infected w/ facial eczema?
answer
Extensive photodermatitis on chest wall
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Is Staphylococcus Gr + or -?
answer
Gr +
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Describe the morphology of Staphylococcus.
answer
Grape-like clusters
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Is Staphylococcus Catalase + or -?
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+
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Is Streptococcus Catalase + or -?
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-
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How many species of Staphylococcus are there?
answer
>30
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What are most species of Staphylococcus?
answer
Commensals of skin, mucus membranes
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What does Staphylococcus inf cause?
answer
Purulent lesions
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Where do Staphylococcus multiply?
answer
Milk, Cheese, etc.
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Where does Staphylococcus survive?
answer
Hospital environment
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What is done to differentiate Staphylococcus from Streptococcus? Describe the procedure.
answer
Catalase test; Add drop of 3% H2O2; Bubbling = Staph
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What is the most important virulence factor of Staphylococcus? What does it do?
answer
Coagulase; clots plasma
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What type of pathogen is Staphylococcus?
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Opportunistic (injuries, lowered defense)
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What are 2 spp. of Staph w/ coagulase?
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auerus, intermedius
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What is a 2nd toxin of Staph? Which species have it?
answer
Hemolysins; aureus, intermedius
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What are some tissue-destroying enzymes/toxins of Staphylococcus?
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Lipase, Hyaluronidase, Exfoliative toxins, Leukocidin
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What does Staphylococcus enterotoxin cause?
answer
Diarrhea in humans
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What do Staphylococcus Beta-lactamases do?
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Destroy penicillins, cephalosporins
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What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in all animal spp?
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Skin inf; Suppurative wound inf; Abscesses; Jt. inf
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What are Staphylococcus dz conditions cattle, sheep, & goats?
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Mastitis; Tick pyemia in lambs
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What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in swine?
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Exudative dermatitis/Greasy pig dz (young pigs); Mastitis
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What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in dogs?
answer
Otitis externa; UTI; Skin; Vaginal inf
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What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in cats?
answer
Secondary skin inf
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What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in horses?
answer
Botryomycosis (spermatic cord)
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What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in poultry?
answer
Bumble foot; Arthritis
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What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in pet birds?
answer
Diarrhea
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What are dz conditions of Staphylococcus intermedius in dogs?
answer
Otitis externa
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What is responsible for Staphylococcus pathogenesis?
answer
Virulence factors (aureus, intermedius): Coagulase, Leukocidin, Hemolysin
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What is typical of Staphylococcal pyoderma in dogs?
answer
Erythematous papular rash
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What is associated w/ Staphylococcus intermedius inf in dogs?
answer
Deep bacterial pyoderma; Erythematous alopecia; interdigital sinus
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In horses w/ Staphylococcus inf, what may be seen in the saddle area?
answer
Folliculitis; Very painful lesions w/ exudate
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What can Staphylococcus cause in chinchillas?
answer
Septicemia
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Bovine mastitis due to S. aureus can be ____ & ____.
answer
Acute; Gangrenous
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What may be involved w/ human impetigo?
answer
Staph or Strep
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What is a characteristic of both S. aureus & intermedius?
answer
Double zone hemolysis
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What is S. aureus important in?
answer
Bovine mastitis
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What is S. intermedius associated w/?
answer
Dogs (skin commensal) Pyoderma, otitis, UTI, eye inf
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What are 2 spp of non-hemolytic Staph?
answer
epidermidis & hyicus
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S. aureus are mostly ____ strains.
answer
Virulent
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What are 2 other species of Staph?
answer
S. felis (cats); S. schlieferi (dogs)
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What is a non-pathogenic skin commensal Staph? In what animals does it occasionally cause inf?
answer
S. epidermidis; Cats
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What is S. hyicus associated w/?
answer
Pigs Exudative Dermatitis ("Greasy pig" dz)
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What does S. epidermidis form on BA?
answer
Non-hemolytic colonies
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How is Staphylococcus diagnosed?
answer
Smear (grape-like clusters); Culture for antibiotic sensitivity; Catalase; Coagulase; ID (AGI-Staph ID)
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What has limited use in chronic Staph inf?
answer
Bacterins
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How is Staph inf prevented?
answer
Hygiene; Aseptic Sx (Chlorhexidine); Iodine based teat dips
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question
What drugs are used to treat Staph?
answer
Penicillin; Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; Cephalosporins; For mastitis: Cloxacillin, Methicillin, Vancomycin
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question
Describe Peracute bovine mastitis.
answer
(gangrenous) fever, depression, anorexia, recumbency, rapid heart rate
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question
What are the forms of bovine mastitis?
answer
Peracute; Acute; Subacute; Chronic; Subclinical
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question
How is S. aureus diagnosed?
answer
Culture; Somatic Cell Count; California Mastitis Test
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question
Treatment & Prevention of S. aureus:
answer
Antimicro suscept test req'd; Intra mamm infusion (& IM or IV for acute); hygienic precautions; Dry cow therapy; SCC monitoring program; Culling
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question
What is the predominant type of coagulase + Staph on normal canine skin?
answer
S. intermedius
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question
What does S. intermedius show on BA?
answer
Double zone hemolysis
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question
What is the causative agent of pyoderma & otitis externa in dogs?
answer
S. intermedius
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question
What is req'd for effective Tx of S. intermedius?
answer
Antibiotic sensitivity testing
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question
What drugs can be used to treat S. intermedius?
answer
Clavamox; Cephalosporins; Enrofloxacin; Penicillin (R common)
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question
Greasy Pig Dz
answer
Exudative Epidermitis caused by S. hyicus
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question
What is S. hyicus a commensal of?
answer
Skin, Vagina, Prepuce
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question
In what age pigs does S. hyicus cause dz?
answer
1-6 wk
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question
S. hyicus enters via ____.
answer
Abrasions; Bite wounds
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question
Describe greasy pig dz.
answer
Excessive sebacious secretion; Exfoliation; Greasy exudation on skin surface --> Non-pruritic dermatitis --> Anorexia, Dehydration --> Death of severely affected
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question
Tx & Prevention of S. hyicus:
answer
TMS systemic + topical antiseptics (cetrimide); Fluid replacement; Autogenous bacterins (exfoliative toxin+) in sows
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question
Bacterin
answer
Vacc made from bact. from lesion
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question
Describe Streptococcus.
answer
Gr + cocci in pairs or chains
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question
Describe BA hemolysis of Strep.
answer
Variable; alpha, beta, gamma; complete, partial, none
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question
How is Strep serologically classified?
answer
Latex aggln. kit into Lancefield groups
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question
What are Lancefield groups of Strep?
answer
A, B, C, D, F, G
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question
What group are S. equi & S. canis?
answer
C
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question
What type of Strep is S. equi? (BA)
answer
Beta hemolytic
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question
What type of Strep are S. uberis & pneumoniae? (BA)
answer
alpha hemolytic; greening/incomplete hemolysis
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question
What is the habitat of Strep?
answer
Commensal or obligate pathogen of skin, mucus membranes
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question
Describe long-term survival of Strep off host.
answer
Poor
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question
What type of inf does Strep cause?
answer
Endogenous or Exogenous; Pyogenic, often localized
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question
What does Strep cause in young animals?
answer
Septicemia, meningitis
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question
What are some virulence factors of Strep?
answer
Anti-phagocytic capsule; Hemolysins; Hyaluronidase; Streptokinase (fibrinolysin)
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question
What is an important virulence factor of Strep?
answer
M protein
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question
What does hemolysin do?
answer
Lyses RBCs
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question
What does streptokinase do?
answer
Indirectly digests fibrin clots
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question
What does hyaluronidase do?
answer
Digests ground substance of CT
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question
S. canis: spp _____; type ____
answer
Dogs, Cats; Pyogenic Septicemic
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question
S. equi subsp. equi: spp _____; type ____
answer
Horse; Strangles
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question
S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus: spp _____; type ____
answer
Horse; Endometritis, pneumonia
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question
S. Suis: spp _____; type ____
answer
Pig (commensal); Septicemia in young
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question
S. porcinus: spp _____; type ____
answer
Pigs; Jowl abscesses
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question
S. agalactiae: spp _____; type ____
answer
Cattle; Mastitis (Chronic)
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question
S. dysgalactiae: spp _____; type ____
answer
Cattle; Mastitis (Acute)
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question
S. uberis: spp _____; type ____
answer
Cattle; Mastitis (Acute)
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question
Is S. equi zooepidemicus commensal or exogenous? S. equi equi?
answer
Commensal; Exogenous
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question
What is S. canis a commensal of?
answer
Anal & Vaginal mucosa
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question
What does S. canis cause?
answer
Suppurative conditions; puppy strangles; Juvenile pyoderma/lymphadenitis; TSS; Neonatal septicemia in kittens; Necrotizing fasciitis/Myositis
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question
What type of pathogen is S. equi equi?
answer
Obligate Pathogen
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question
What type of colonies does S. equi equi form on BA?
answer
Mucoid beta hemolytic
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question
What are symptoms of equine strangles?
answer
Purulent pharyngitis; Lymphadenitis; occasionally Inhalation Pneumonia
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question
What is characteristic of S. equi equi?
answer
Long chain in pus; Mucoid hemolytic colonies on BA
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question
How is S. equi equi transmitted?
answer
Horse to Horse, via fomites
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question
Describe S. equi equi pathogenesis.
answer
Entry oral, nasal --> Attachment to tonsillar crypt mucosa --> lnn. (mandibular, retropharyngeal, cervical) --> Swelling, pus --> Occlusion of respiratory p'way ("strangles")
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question
What happens in equine strangles if the submandibular ln ruptures?
answer
Discharge of highly infectious material
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question
How long is S. equi equi shed?
answer
Up to 6 wk
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question
What are the symptoms of equine strangles?
answer
Fever, nasal discharge, mild cough, swallowing difficulty, swollen lnn of head & neck
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question
What rare, chronic form of equine strangles may occur? What does it cause?
answer
Bastard Strangles; Abscesses in many organs, Weight loss, Dyspnea
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question
How is S. equi equi diagnosed?
answer
CS; Culture discharges/pus --> mucoid Beta hemolytic colonies, Gr C; Sugar fermentation tests
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question
What is the Tx for equine strangles?
answer
Penicillin to infected & in contact horses
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question
How is equine strangles controlled?
answer
Isolation, quarantine of new horses
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question
What are Vaccines for equine strangles?
answer
Bacterin, M protein extract, modified live intranasal vacc (all partially effective)
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question
How is S. equi zooepidemicus differentiated?
answer
Sugar Fermentation rxns; Smear from cervical exudate
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question
Is S. suis zoonotic? What does it cause in humans?
answer
Yes; Meningitis, purpura & gangrene
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question
How are Strep classified?
answer
b/o capsular Ag's
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question
What group is S. suis?
answer
D
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question
Where does S. suis infect?
answer
Tonsils, Nasal secretion, Feces, Reproductive tracts
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question
What type of S. suis is virulent?
answer
2
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question
What predisposes S. suis inf?
answer
Stress
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question
What are CS of S. suis inf?
answer
Meningitis, arthritis, septicemia in young pigs, pneumonia, endocarditis, abortion
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question
How is S. suis diagnosed?
answer
Smear; Culture; Typing
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question
Tx for S. suis:
answer
Penicillin, Ampicillin, Tiamulin
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question
Prevention & Control of S. suis:
answer
Reduce Stress factors, repeated vacc. w/ bacterins
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question
What Strep causes chronic bovine mastitis?
answer
S. agalactiae
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question
What does S. agalactiae show on BA?
answer
beta Hemolyisis (mostly)
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question
Is S. agalactiae CAMP + or -?
answer
+
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question
S. agalactiae is exclusively associated w/ ____.
answer
Mammary gland
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question
CAMP + bacteria show ______.
answer
Arrow-head pattern hemolysis
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question
What Strep causes acute bovine mastitis?
answer
S. dysgalactiae & uberis
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question
What is S. dysgalactiae a commensal of?
answer
Buccal cavity, Genitalia, Skin of udder
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question
Is S. dysgalactiae CAMP + or -?
answer
-
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question
What does S. dysgalactiae show on BA?
answer
alpha hemolysis
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question
Is S. uberis CAMP + or -?
answer
-
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question
What does S. uberis show on BA?
answer
alpha hemolysis
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question
Where is S. uberis found?
answer
Skin, Tonsils, Vagina, Feces
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question
What does S. uberis cause?
answer
Acute environmental bovine mastitis, associated w/ bedding/straw
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question
What is the Tx for bovine mastitis?
answer
Penicillin or cloxacillin intramammary
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question
What is the multipoint mastitis control program?
answer
Maintain dry clean environment, Establish regular sanitizing & maintenance for milking equip, Individual wash/dry towels, teat dip, Dry-cow therapy, Somatic cell count monitoring, culling
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question
What is Hog Strangles?
answer
Streptococcal lymphadenitis; abscesses in mandibular, pharyngeal, other lnn.
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question
Is hog strangles a common dz?
answer
No
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question
Where do S. porcinus carriers have the bact?
answer
Tonsils, Intestine
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question
How is S. porcinus diagnosed?
answer
Clin findings, Exudate culture, Typing
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question
How is S. porcinus controlled?
answer
Tetracyclines in feed @ weaning time, Early weaning reduces clin cases; Tx vacc not effective
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question
Tx for S. suis:
answer
Penicillin, Ampicillin
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question
What is seen w/ dermatophilosis in dogs?
answer
Crusty lesions
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question
What Corynebacterium causes human diphtheria?
answer
C. diphtheriae
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question
What Corynebacterium causes UTI in cattle?
answer
C. renale
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question
What Corynebacterium causes caseous lymphadenitis in sheep & goats?
answer
C. pseudotuberculosis
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question
What Corynebacterium causes human pharyngitis, & rarely bovine mastitis?
answer
C. ulcerans
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question
What Corynebacterium causes abscesses in mice & rats? Is it common or rare?
answer
C. kutscheri; Rare
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question
Describe the morphology of Corynebacterium.
answer
Pleiomorphic Gr+ rods
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question
What type of inf do Corynebacterium cause?
answer
Pyogenic
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question
What is the present name of C. pyogenes?
answer
Arcanobacterium pyogenes
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question
What is the present name of C. equi?
answer
Rhodococcus equi
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question
What is the present name of C. suis?
answer
Eubacterium/Actinobacterium suis
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question
What are the members of Corynebacterium renale group?
answer
C. renale, C. pilosum, C. cystitidis
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question
What does C. renale cause in cattle? What are the carriers?
answer
Pyelonephritis; Healthy bulls
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question
How is C. renale transmitted?
answer
Venereal or via urine splash
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question
Describe C. renale pathogenesis.
answer
Adhere w/ pili --> ascending inf --> bladder --> ureters --> kidneys (pyelonephritis) (urease --> ammonia --> inflammation) --> purulent blood-stained urine w/ mucus
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question
What is the pigmentation of a C. renale smear?
answer
Yellow
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question
Does Corynebacterium grow on MacConkey agar?
answer
No
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question
How is C. renale diagnosed?
answer
Examine urine sediment (Gram's, culture)
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question
C. renale Tx:
answer
Penicillin 10 days; isolate cow; destroy contaminated bedding
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question
Is antibiotic sensitivity testing necessary for Corynebacterium?
answer
No
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question
What does C. renale cause in sheep & goats?
answer
Posthitis (pizzle rot, sheath rot)/Ulcerative balanoposthitis
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question
How is Posthitis controlled?
answer
Reduce protein in diet (switch from legume hay to grassy or mixed hay); Sx; Antiseptic infusion
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question
What does C. pseudotuberculosis cause?
answer
Caseous lymphadenitis in sheep & goats; Thin Ewe Syndrome; Rarely, ulcerative lymphagitis in horse (chest abscesses)
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question
Describe C. pseudotuberculosis pathogenesis.
answer
Skin commensal - Injury --> Inf & Abscessation of lnn --> spread via lymphatics --> greenish caseous pus (later, onion-like concentric layers)
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question
Where does caseous lymphadenitis cause abscesses?
answer
lnn. & lungs
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question
How is caseous lymphadenitis diagnosed?
answer
Smear, culture, ELISA
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question
How is caseous lymphadenitis controlled?
answer
Improve management (culling, improve shearing, clean dip; Pre-importation ELISA (detects Ab's in serum)
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question
What is the morphology of R. equi?
answer
Gr+ coccoid or short/pleiomorphic rods
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question
What does R. equi look like on BA?
answer
Mucoid pale pink (salmon-pink) colonies
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question
What is the habitat of R. equi?
answer
Intestine of horses, Soil, stables contaminated w/ horse manure
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question
Does R. equi grow on MacConkey agar?
answer
No
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question
How is R. equi diagnosed?
answer
Radiography, culture (transtracheal aspirate)
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question
What animals are most susceptible to R. equi?
answer
Foals ~6 wks old
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question
What does R. equi cause in foals?
answer
Suppurative bronchopneumonia
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question
In what animals does R. equi cause dz?
answer
Young horses, rarely pigs, humans, cats
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question
What does R. equi inf cause in cats?
answer
Lesions on leg
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question
What do cats w/ R. equi respond well to?
answer
Lincomycin
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question
Describe R. equi pathogenesis.
answer
Org. inhaled via contaminated dust; Facultative intracellular parasite; Destruction of mac's; Destruction of lung parenchyma, suppurative bronchopneumonia, abscesses in lung & lnn
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question
What are the symptoms of R. equi?
answer
Dyspnea, Fever, Later Emaciation
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question
How is R. equi controlled?
answer
Hygiene to reduce environmental load; Remove foal manure from pasture frequently; Dust control in holding pens; Admin of hyperimmune serum (from dam or other source) to foal 2-3 wks old
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question
R equi Tx:
answer
Clin cases w/ Erythromycin + Rifampin >/= 4 wks; During outbreak, prophylactic Tx Penicillin G inj into newborn foals
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question
Are there vacc's for R. equi?
answer
No
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question
What organism causes Actinomycetes?
answer
Arcanobacterium pyogenes
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question
What animals are susceptible to Arcanobacterium pyogenes?
answer
Cattle, Sheep, Pigs
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question
What is the morphology of Arcanobacterium pyogenes?
answer
Gr+ pleomorphic rods (no filaments)
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question
What is the habitat of Arcanobacterium pyogenes?
answer
Mucus membranes; Skin (of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; rarely rabbits)
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question
What does Arcanobacterium pyogenes look like on BA?
answer
Tiny colonies w/ narrow zone hemolysis
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question
What does Arcanobacterium pyogenes cause in cows?
answer
Endometritis; purulent discharge w/ blood; Infertility
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question
What type of pathogen is Arcanobacterium pyogenes?
answer
Opportunistic (wound, injury, parturition, navel inf)
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question
Is Fusobacterium aerobic or anaerobic?
answer
Anaerobic
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question
What does Arcanobacterium pyogenes cause in goats?
answer
Neck abscesses
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What does Arcanobacterium pyogenes cause in pigs?
answer
Tail biting; Paravertebral abscesses; Lung abscesses
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question
Describe the dz conditions associated w/ Arcanobacterium pyogenes.
answer
Abscesses, Pneumonic inf (secondary), Mastitis, Pyometritis, Arthritis, Liver abscesses (w/ Fusobacterium), Role in foot-rot lesions in sheep, SC abscesses
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question
What is evident in smears from milk w/ Arcanobacterium pyogenes?
answer
Pleomorphism
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question
How is Arcanobacterium pyogenes diagnosed?
answer
Gr stain of pus, jt. fluid; Culture on BA
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question
Arcanobacterium pyogenes Tx:
answer
Penicillin effective; Poor response when abscess encapsulated, Sx drainage req'd
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question
Actinomycetes are ______, _____-like bacteria.
answer
Higher, Fungus-like
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question
What are some Actinomycetes?
answer
Actinomyces, Arcanobacterium, Actinobaculum, Nocardia, Dermatophilus
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question
Are Actinomycetes Gr + or -?
answer
Gr + showing tenacious colonies
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question
Some actinomycetes have ______.
answer
branching filaments
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question
What type of lesions do actinomycetes cause?
answer
Pyogranulomatous
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question
Dz prevalence from Actinomycetes is ______.
answer
Low/sporadic
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question
Is Actinomyces bovis aerobic or anaerobic?
answer
Anaerobic
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question
What does Actinomyces bovis require?
answer
Anaerobic atmosphere + CO2
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question
What is Actinomyces bovis a commensal of?
answer
Oral cavity of cattle
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question
Describe pathogenesis of Actinomyces bovis
answer
Trauma of oral mucosa --> Localized osteomyelitis (Lumpy Jaw), pyogranuloma w/ fistulous tracts & swelling
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question
What organism causes "Lumpy Jaw" in cattle?
answer
Actinomyces bovis
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question
How is Actinomyces bovis diagnosed?
answer
Smear
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question
Morphology of Actinomyces bovis:
answer
Gr + branching filaments; Crushed granules + for clubs/rosettes
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question
Actinomyces bovis Tx:
answer
early cases: Penicillin; advanced cases: Sx + iodine dressing, Sodium iodide IV
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question
What does Actinomycetes viscosus cause?
answer
Granulomatous abscesses of skin/SQ in dogs & cats
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question
How is Actinomycetes viscosus treated?
answer
Surgical drainage, Penicillin, Tetracycline
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question
What does Actinomycetes hordeovulneris cause?
answer
Localized abscesses or rarely pleuritis, peritonitis, arthritis; associated w/ grass (Hordeum) awns in dogs
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question
What do unclassified Actinomycetes spp cause?
answer
Pyogranulomatous mastitis (pig); Poll evil/fistulous withers (horse)
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question
What is a morphological characteristic of Actinomycetes hordeovulneris?
answer
Branching
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question
What is the current name of Eubacterium suis?
answer
Actinobaculum suis
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question
What is the environment of Actinobaculum suis?
answer
Anaerobic; Healthy boars are carriers
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question
What does Actinobaculum suis cause?
answer
Cystitis & pyelonephritis in pigs
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question
What are symptoms of Actinobaculum suis?
answer
Anorexia, arching of back, dysuria, hematuria
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question
Drug of choice for Actinobaculum suis:
answer
Penicillin
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question
What is the morphology of Nocardia?
answer
Gr+ branching
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question
What is the most common Nocardia sp?
answer
N. asteroides
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question
What is the environment of Nocardia?
answer
Saprophytic
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question
What does Nocardia grow on?
answer
BA (yellow adherent colonies), SAB
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question
Describe Nocardia asteroides on BA after 5 days incubation.
answer
Vivid white, adherent colonies
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question
What is seen in a Nocardia abscess smear?
answer
Branching filaments
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question
What is used to treat Canine nocardiosis?
answer
TMS (Trimethoprimsulfa) or Tetracycline; (Penicillin-Resistant)
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question
What does Nocardia cause in cattle?
answer
Bovine mastitis
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question
Describe Nocardia bovine mastitis pathogenesis.
answer
Entry via contaminated infusion equipment; Nocardia multiplies in devitalized tissue; fibrosis; discrete hard nodules
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question
How is Nocardia controlled?
answer
Prevention; Culling
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What is used to treat Nocardia mastitis in cattle?
answer
No Tx; Cull
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question
What does Nocardia cause in dogs?
answer
Canine Nocardiosis
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question
Describe the cutaneous form of canine nocardiosis.
answer
Indolent ulcer or granulomatous swelling w/ discharging fistulous tracts
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question
What is seen in pus w/ canine nocardiosis?
answer
Granules; branching filaments
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How is respiratory canine nocardiosis acquired? What does it lead to?
answer
Inhalation; Fluid accumulation in thoracic cavity; fever, respiratory distress
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question
What occurs in the disseminated form of canine nocardiosis?
answer
Abscesses in various organs, brain
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question
Is Dermatophilus congolensis systemic?
answer
no
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question
Describe the morphology of Dermatophilus congolensis.
answer
Gr + branching; RR track; Zoospores
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question
What does Dermatophilus congolensis cause?
answer
Dermatophilosis/Streptothricosis: skin inf of cattle, horses, sheep, goats (occasionally dogs, cats, humans); Rain scald/Rain Rot; Lumpy wool dz; Strawberry foot rot
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question
What animals are most affected by Dermatophilus congolensis?
answer
Horses in N Am
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question
Why does Dermatophilus congolensis have RR-like appearance?
answer
development cycle
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question
What does Dermatophilus congolensis cause in sheep & goats?
answer
Lumpy Wool Dz; face lesions
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question
Describe the pathogenesis of Dermatophilus congolensis.
answer
Motile zoospore (ineffective form) released in wet conditions from infected skin --> transmission by flies, contact --> Germination --> Hyphal branches penetrate epidermis (injury) --> Exudation --> Neutrophils collect beneath epidermis --> Epidermal cells die --> Scab
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question
What can predispose an animal to Dermatophilus congolensis?
answer
Skin trauma, Tick infestation
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question
What is used to stain Dermatophilus congolensis? What is seen?
answer
Giemsa; Branching filaments
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question
What is seen in Strawberry foot rot?
answer
Leg lesions; Reddish discoloration
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question
How is Dermatophilus congolensis diagnosed?
answer
Make smear from scab undersurface; stain w/ Gr or Giemsa (+ if RR-track hyphae); Culture only if smear inconclusive
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question
What is Tx for Dermatophilus congolensis?
answer
Penicillin + Streptomycin or long acting Tetracyclines; Mild cases: remove scabs w/ mild soap, apply iodine comds or chlorhexidine
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question
How is Dermatophilus congolensis controlled?
answer
Reduce skin trauma, control ticks
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question
What is the drug of choice for Dermatophilus congolensis?
answer
Penicillin
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question
What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in pigs?
answer
Swine erysipelas/Diamond dz
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question
What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in turkeys?
answer
Septicemia; Erysipelas
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question
What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in sheep?
answer
Arthritis
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question
What is swine erysipelas?
answer
Septicemia/Skin form/Arthritis/Endocarditis
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question
What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in humans?
answer
Erysipeloid (localized cellulitis)
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question
What is the current name of E. rhusiopathiae in dogs?
answer
E. tonsillarum
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question
What does E. tonsillarum cause in dogs?
answer
Endocarditis
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question
What does culture of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae look like?
answer
Chronic=Rough/Acute=Smooth colonies, & accompanying forms (Chronic=Long; Acute=Short)
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question
What is the morphology of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
answer
Nonmotile, Gr+ rods (filamentous in chronic inf, & when smooth colonies change to rough form)
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question
What is the habitat of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
answer
Tonsils, Mucus membranes of carrier pigs, Soil inhabited by pigs, Fish body slime layer
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question
What is the pathogenesis of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
answer
Inf of non-immune pigs orally via fish meal, contaminated feed, water; Skin wounds, insect bites
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question
How many serotypes of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae are there? How virulent are they?
answer
Many; varies
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question
What are the symptoms of septicemic form of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
answer
acute in young pigs: fever, red/purple skin patches, death if untreated
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What are symptoms of the skin form of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
answer
less acute, diamond shaped red, raised areas --> necrosis --> scabs (thrombi --> lesions)
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question
What is seen in arthritis caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
answer
Chronic changes
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question
What are symptoms of the cardiac form of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
answer
Valvular endocarditis; dyspnea; sudden death may occur (strains adhere to valves)
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question
What is the #1 cause of jt inf/arthritis in pigs in N Am?
answer
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
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What % of arthritis in hogs is caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? S. suis?
answer
45%; 16%
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question
What is the Tx for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
answer
Penicillin or Ampicillin; Cull chronic cases; good vacc's - single market for pigs, annual for breeding pigs
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What is the Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae vaccine for pigs?
answer
Modified Live; Multivalent (Sowvac)
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How is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae diagnosed?
answer
CS; Quick response to Penicillin; Culture blood, organs (septicemic cases); Colony, Gr morphology: smooth colonies: short rods, Rough colonies: filaments; Motility (-)
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question
What does Listeria monocytogenes cause?
answer
Listeriosis in sheep, cattle, goats, humans; Head tilt, Facial paralysis in sheep
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Is Listeriosis contagious?
answer
No
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What is the morphology of Listeria monocytogenes?
answer
small Gr + coccobacilli/rods
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At what temperature does Listeria monocytogenes grow?
answer
5-45C
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At what temperature does Listeria monocytogenes display tumbling motility?
answer
25-30C
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question
What stain is used for Listeria monocytogenes?
answer
Giemsa
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What does Listeria monocytogenes look like on BA?
answer
Hemolytic colonies & cocco-bacilli & small rods
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question
What is the habitat of Listeria monocytogenes?
answer
Saprophyte, found in poor quality silage (pH >4.5), decomposing vegetation, sewage, wild rodent feces
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question
What is another name for Listeriosis?
answer
Silage dz
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question
What are the virulence factors of Listeria monocytogenes? Pathogenesis?
answer
Enzymes, mainly Listeriolysin O (hemolysin/cytolysin) disrupt phagosomal membrane --> invasion of cytoplasm --> intracellular growth; A glyceride factor --> monocytosis in non-rum monocytes
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question
To avoid Listeriosis, silage should be _____.
answer
Acidic (pH <4.5)
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question
Describe the pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes.
answer
Oral entry --> epithelial invasion --> migrate via trigeminal n. --> microabscesses of BS --> meningoencephalitis --> circling dz; Intestinal mucosa --> Blood --> Placental damage --> Fetal inf --> Abortion, stillbirth
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question
What organism causes circling dz?
answer
Listeria monocytogenes
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question
What is seen w/ listeriosis in chinchillas?
answer
Multi-focal liver abscesses
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question
What are some dz manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes?
answer
Neural form; Abortion; Septicemic form; Iritis, keratoconjunctivitis, mastitis (bovine)
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question
What is implicated in iritis, keratoconjunctivitis, mastitis (bovine) from Listeria monocytogenes?
answer
Silage
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What is the neural form of Listeria monocytogenes?
answer
Meningoencephalitis/Circling dz (rum), Complete paralysis, Death in 2-3 days in sheep
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question
In what animals does Listeria monocytogenes cause abortion?
answer
Sheep, cattle
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What is the septicemic form of Listeria monocytogenes?
answer
Chinchillas, Poultry (feed contamination from rodents); Young rum: multifocal necrosis of liver & spleen
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question
What does routine culture of Listeria monocytogenes include?
answer
BA
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question
What are some ways to diagnose Listeria monocytogenes?
answer
Culture on BA; Cold enrichment in liquid media --> Plate on BA or selective media; FAT on tissues, exudates; Serological: many false +'s; PCR
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question
What is seen in BA of Listeria monocytogenes?
answer
Colonies w/ Complete hemolysis
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question
Control of Listeriosis:
answer
Eliminate bad silage, keep animals off pasture identified for silage; Prevent abrasions in eyes from silage
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question
Is there a vacc for Listeriosis?
answer
No
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question
Human listeriosis is a ______ dz that causes ___ & ___.
answer
Food-borne; Meningitis, Abortion
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question
What humans are more susceptible to listeriosis?
answer
Pregnant women
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question
What is Tx for Listeriosis?
answer
Penicillin, Ampicillin, Tetracycline in early stages - high doses
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question
Bacillus is mostly ____, except ____.
answer
Nonpathogenic; B. anthracis
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question
Where is Bacillus found?
answer
Environment; Soil
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question
What is the morphology of Bacillus?
answer
Gr+ large spore-forming rods
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question
Bacillus rods may be arranged as _____
answer
Chains or Threads
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question
What does Bacillus colonize?
answer
Ground glass surface & irregular edges
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Is Bacillus anthracis contagious?
answer
Yes
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Is Bacillus cereus pathogenic?
answer
No
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What is the morphology of Bacillus cereus?
answer
Hemolytic large flat colonies w/ irregular edges
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What is the morphology of Bacillus subtilis?
answer
rough, irregular colonies on BA
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Is Bacillus subtilis pathogenic?
answer
No
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Is B. anthracis capsulated? Are other Bacillus spp?
answer
Yes; No
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What does B. anthracis cause?
answer
Septicemia, death esp in cattle
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question
What does B. anthracis cause in calves?
answer
Exudation of tarry blood from rectum
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What does B. anthracis cause in horses?
answer
Edematous swelling of neck, throat; dyspnea; high fever
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How S are rum's to B. anthracis?
answer
++++
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question
How S are pigs to B. anthracis?
answer
++
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How S are horses to B. anthracis?
answer
++/+++
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How S are humans to B. anthracis?
answer
+++
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How S are birds to B. anthracis?
answer
Not S
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What animals are most S to B. anthracis?
answer
Rum's
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question
Why are birds not S to B. anthracis?
answer
High body temp
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What are virulence factors of B. anthracis?
answer
Antiphagocytic capsule; Tripartite toxin (edema factor, protective Ag, Lethal factor)
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question
What is required for full activity of tripartite toxin of B. anthracis?
answer
All 3 components
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question
What does tripartite toxin cause?
answer
Edema, extensive necrosis, damage of blood clotting
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question
What is the pathogenesis of anthrax?
answer
Germination in enterocytes, local edema, necrosis --> Spores formed --> Phagocytosis, germination of spores --> regional ln --> hemorrhagic lymphadenitis
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question
What is the pathogenesis of B. anthracis after invasion of the spleen?
answer
Bacteremia --> Toxemia --> Tripartite toxin increases capillary permeability --> fluid leak --> fall in BP; blood clotting damaged --> Hemorrhages, Death
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question
What condition does B. anthracis cause in the spleen?
answer
Splenomegaly
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question
______ may be contaminated w/ B. anthracis spores.
answer
Meat & Bone meal
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question
Where do outbreaks of anthrax occasionally occur in wild animals?
answer
Africa
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question
What is seen in wild animals who have died from Anthrax?
answer
Exudation of tarry blood from rectum; Bleeding from nose; Lack of rigor mortis
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question
What happened in Zambia in 1987?
answer
>500 hippos died of anthrax in Luangua Valley River
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question
Describe Anthrax pathogenesis in Africa.
answer
Spores survive in soil; germinate in organic matter after flooding; Vultures in anthrax endemic area (birds don't get anthrax)
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question
Anthrax in wildlife: What can spread inf?
answer
Flies & Carnivorous animals
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question
What is an abiotic source of anthrax?
answer
Waterhole
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question
How can humans contract anthrax from animals?
answer
Skin form from abrasions while handling infected animals
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question
What is seen in cutaneous anthrax in humans?
answer
Facial lesions
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question
Describe the pathogenesis of B. anthracis in ruminants.
answer
Entry via ingestion --> Multiplication in throat/local lnn. --> Invasion of blood, spleen; Tripartite toxin --> fall in BP, shock; Damaged blood clotting --> Hemorrhages --> Exudation of tarry blood from body orifices --> Death
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question
How is anthrax diagnosed?
answer
Blood smears from ear (cattle): heat fix, methylene blue stain; *No PM
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question
What is done w/ carcasses of anthrax victims?
answer
Incineration; Premises disinfection
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question
What is done in cases of anthrax?
answer
Report to authorities; Incinerate carcass or bury deep in calcium oxide; 10% formalin for 10 min for disinfection; vacc animals at risk w/ spore vacc
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question
What is used in humans infected w/ anthrax?
answer
Penicillin or ciprofloxacin
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question
How is anthrax controlled in wildlife?
answer
Burn contaminated fecal matter, vegetation; Close infected waterholes; Dispose all carcasses properly; Keep vultures & coyotes away; Remove healthy animals from affected area
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question
Should Penicillin be given w/ anthrax spore vacc?
answer
No (No antibiotics w/ live vacc)
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question
What is the morphology of Clostridium?
answer
Large Gr + spore-forming rods; Older cells often Gr -
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question
What is the habitat of Clostridium?
answer
Anaerobic/Saprophytic; Soil, digestive tracts
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question
Clostridium causes dz via ______
answer
Toxins, Enzymes
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question
What are toxin forming (neurotoxic) non-invasive Clostridia?
answer
C. tetani & botulinum
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question
What are histotoxic Clostridia?
answer
C. chauvoei, septicum, & novyi; C. hemolyticum, C. perfringens
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question
What are enterotoxemic Clostridia?
answer
C. perfringens
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question
What does C. perfringens cause?
answer
Hemorrhagic diarrhea
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question
What is the morphology of C. tetani? What is its habitat?
answer
Terminal spores/drumstick-like; Soil
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question
What does C. tetani cause in animals & humans?
answer
Tetanus/Lockjaw
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question
What is the pathogenesis of C. tetani?
answer
Entry via wound - incubation (days-months) --> spore germination --> multiplication in necrotic tissue (tetanolysin, a hemolysin helps further tissue necrosis); neurotoxin (tetanospasmin) --> CNS --> spastic paralysis (prevents m. relaxation) (glycine, GABA inhibited) --> resp impairment/death
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question
In what animal is tetanus common?
answer
Horses (subsequent to deep wound inf)
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question
What is the hemolysin of C. tetani? What is the neurotoxin?
answer
Tetanolysin; Tetanospasmin
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question
How is tetanus diagnosed? [What should not be examined?]
answer
CS: Lock jaw, stiff ears, limb, back, tail, 3rd eyelid paralysis (horse); Hx, wound smear; Culture necrotic tissue(if smear -) [Blood]
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question
What animals are more S to tetanus?
answer
Farm animals
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question
How is tetanus prevented?
answer
Vacc. w/ tetanus toxoid
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question
How is tetanus treated?
answer
Antitoxin, Penicillin; Protect affected animal from light & noise
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question
Should wounds be bandaged in cases of tetanus?
answer
No; aerate
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question
1 cause of SIDS is _____.
answer
Botulism
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question
Is C. botulinum aerobic or anaerobic?
answer
Anaerobic
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question
What can cause botulism?
answer
Bad hay w/ decomposing rat; fly maggots (hghly toxigenic) on decomposing duck carcass
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question
What are the toxigenic types of botulism?
answer
A-G
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question
What is the source of C. botulinum?
answer
Feed, Abattoir offal; Dead fish; Maggots; Honey w/ spores --> infant botulism
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question
What is C. botulinum toxin encoded by?
answer
Bacteriophages
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question
What does botulism cause in mice?
answer
Respiratory paralysis (diaphragm paralyzed)
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question
What is the pathogenesis of botulism?
answer
Toxin --> Intestine --> Blood --> Binding to peripheral nn. (neuromuscular junction) --> interferes w/ release of ACh --> Flaccid paralysis of mm. (inability to contract) --> Resp paralysis --> Death
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question
What does recovery from botulism d/o?
answer
Dose
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question
What are CS of botulism?
answer
Straddled posture; Profuse Salivation (cattle); Paralyzed tongue; Wing paralysis & neck paralysis in birds
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question
What is seen in birds w/ botulism?
answer
Limberneck; wing & leg paralysis, paralysis of eyelids; Death by drowning
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question
Is there a botulism/tetanus vacc?
answer
Yes; For horses in US (BotVax B) (Tetanus toxoid)
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question
Should m. relaxants be given to animals w/ botulism?
answer
No
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question
How is botulism confirmed?
answer
Toxin demonstration using ELISA or mice inoc
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question
Dx of botulism:
answer
CS; Hx; Examine food, crop contents (birds), serum/blood for toxin (mice inoc, ELISA)
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question
Prevention/Control of Botulism
answer
Vacc for mink, pheasants, cattle; Admin of antitoxin; Remove birds from H2O; Oral fluids, activated charcoal to bind toxin; Prevent exposure to potential toxin sources
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question
Should antibiotics be given for botulism?
answer
No
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question
Where is avian botulism endemic?
answer
Utah
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question
What is the pathogenesis of histotoxic clostridia?
answer
Toxigenic clostridia in wound/traumatized tissue --> local lesions (cellulitis, gas gangrene) --> toxin absorbed systemically --> Toxemia
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question
Cellulitis
answer
Inflam. of SQ tissue
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question
What dz is caused by C. chauvoei?
answer
Black Leg in rum's, esp young, thriving cattle
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question
Describe Black Leg.
answer
Sudden onset; acute; Lesions usually in PL m. mass
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question
What organism causes Black Leg?
answer
C. chauvoei
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question
What does m. look like in black leg?
answer
Dark, crepitus
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question
C. chauvoei pathogenesis:
answer
Spores in damaged m --> germinate, multiply --> toxin (hemolytic, necrotizing, DNAse, etc) --> necrotizing myositis, emphysematous gangrene --> dark crepitant mm. (lysis of RBCs, gas, rancid odor from butyric acid) --> systemic toxemia, death
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question
Myositis
answer
Muscle Inflam
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question
What are symptoms of black leg?
answer
Fever, lameness, crepitus m.; Mostly fatal
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question
How is black leg diagnosed?
answer
CS; m. smears - Gram stain, FAT
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question
How is Black Leg prevented?
answer
Vaccinate cattle in endemic areas (Covexin 8)
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question
Does Covexin 8 vacc against C. botulinum?
answer
No
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question
How is Black Leg treated?
answer
Penicillin
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question
What animals are infected by C. septicum?
answer
Dogs; Humans
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question
What is caused by C. septicum?
answer
Malignant Wound edema; Abpmasitis (braxy) in sheep; Gas Gangrene
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question
Is wound exudate from C. septicum FA + or -?
answer
FA +
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question
What is req'd to confirm C. novyi?
answer
FAT
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question
C. septicum is a common ___ invader.
answer
pm
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question
____ wounds can be infected w/ C. septicum.
answer
Deep, Dirty
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question
How do sheep get braxy?
answer
Acute abomastitis after eating frozen grass
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question
What does C. novyi cause in rams?
answer
Big head (following fighting)
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question
What does C. novyi cause in sheep? What predisposes?
answer
Black Dz (generalized blood stained sc edema --> black color); Liver Fluke inf
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question
What predisposes C. septicum?
answer
Trauma, Sx, Parturition
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question
What is caused by type D C. novyi?
answer
Bacillary hemoglobinuria
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question
Do Clostridial vacc contain C. novyi? C. septicum?
answer
Yes (both)
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question
What common dz's are caused by C. perfringens?
answer
Necrotic enteritis in piglets, chickens; Classical enterotoxemia in sheep (fatal, wound inf); Diarrhea/Hemorrhagic enteritis in dogs
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question
What less common dz's are caused by C. perfringens?
answer
Yellow lamb dz; Gangrenous mastitis in cows; Struck in sheep; Hemorrhagic diarrhea in foals
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question
What is "Struck" in sheep? (Org responsible)
answer
Sudden death, fluid internally (C. perfringens)
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question
What predisposes dogs to C. perfringens?
answer
Stay in hospital/shelter/kennel; ingestion of spoiled meat
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question
What is seen in C. perfringens inf. in dogs?
answer
Soft to watery feces w/wo blood, mucus
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question
How is C. perfringens diagnosed?
answer
Wound inf: smear, cluture; Lg # of clostridia, spores in fecal smear
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question
How is C. perfringens confirmed?
answer
Enterotoxin test on feces (ELISA or latex aggln test)
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question
How is C. perfringens treated?
answer
Tylosin or Metronidazole; High fiber diet
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question
What is usually needed for horses w/ clostridial myositis?
answer
Hospitalization & supportive therapy
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question
What is seen w/ C. perfringens on BA?
answer
Double zone hemolysis
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question
What is the only anaerobic bact to cause double zone hemolysis?
answer
C. perfringens
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question
What does C. perfringens cause in sheep? How is it tested?
answer
Enterotoxemia; ligated intestine in ice to lab - toxin tests
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question
What does C. perfringens cause in pigs in N Am? How is in tested?
answer
Necrotic enteritis; Gr smear of mucosal scraping
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question
What animals can be vaccinated for C. perfringens?
answer
Pigs; Sheep
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question
What is used for necrotic enteritis from C. perfringens?
answer
Penicillin or Bacitracin in feed; Prev/Treat parasitic inf
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question
What is used to treat dogs w/ C. perfringens?
answer
Tylosin or Metronidazole
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question
What is used to treat clostridial myositis in horses?
answer
Penicillin or Metronidazole
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question
What does C. difficile cause in humans?
answer
Pseudomembranous colitis
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question
What does C. difficile cause in dogs?
answer
Chronic diarrhea
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question
What does C. difficile cause in piglets?
answer
Diarrhea, Mesocolonic edema
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question
How is C. difficile diagnosed?
answer
Toxin detection; Kits for humans
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question
How is C. difficile in dogs treated? Horses?
answer
Tylosin; Metronidazole (not if pregnant)
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question
What is the morphology of Mycobacteria?
answer
Gr + rods, but classic species don't stain w/ Gr - Acid Fast +
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question
What are Classic Mycobacterium spp?
answer
M. tb & M. bovis
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question
Is mycobacterium aerobic or anaerobic?
answer
Strictly aerobic
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question
What is the isolation time for M. tb & bovis?
answer
4-8 wks
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question
What is used to culture M. tb & bovis?
answer
Tubes rather than petri dishes
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question
M. tb & bovis grow in _____ media
answer
Egg-based
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question
In what spp. does M. bovis cause Tb?
answer
Cattle, humans, monkeys
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question
In what spp. does M. tb cause Tb?
answer
Humans, parrots (psittacine birds), monkeys, elephants
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question
In what spp. does M. avium cause Tb?
answer
Birds (poultry), Pigs
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question
What does M. avium paratuberculosis cause? In what animals?
answer
Johne's dz; Cattle
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question
What is the pathogenesis of Tuberculosis?
answer
Entry (oral, resp) --> mac's --> local lnn. --> lymphatic vessels --> blood --> lungs, liver, spleen --> nodules (tubercles) (granulomatous response) --> necrosis, caseation --> calcification
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question
What are virulence factors of TB?
answer
Glycolipids; Wax D
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question
Wax D + Mycobacterial proteins --> ____
answer
DTH
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question
Is CAN M. bovis free? USA?
answer
Yes; Mostly
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What does M. bovis cause in cattle?
answer
TB; nodules in lung, intercostal space, lnn.
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question
Where are lesions from M tb?
answer
d/o route of inf; any organ can be affected
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What is the habitat of M. avium?
answer
Saprophytic; Soil
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question
How is TB diagnosed?
answer
TB Test (DTH); Aggln test; ELISA (detects Abs); PM @ slaughterhouse, lesions, histo; Gamma interferon test (detects sensitization to mycobacterial Ags); Culture of aspirates, trunk washing
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question
Are Ab's protective against TB?
answer
No
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question
What is another name for the TB test?
answer
Mantou Test
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Mycobacteria stain ____ w/ acid fast stain; other/host cells stain ____.
answer
Red; Blue
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question
Where do Mycobacteria multiply?
answer
Intracellularly
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question
What is an anti-TB drug?
answer
Rifampin; Isoniazid (Use together 3-6 mo)
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question
What is the TB vacc? What is the Dx agent?
answer
BCG; Tuberculin
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question
How is TB controlled?
answer
TB testing & elimination of +'s; Aggln test in case of birds w/o wattle; Quarantine new additions 60-90 days; Disinfect contaminated premises w/ cresylic compounds (not alcohol); Food animals not treated (destroyed)
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question
What is used to treat elephants & exotic birds w/ TB?
answer
Rifampin + Isoniazid
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question
What animals is BCG vacc used in?
answer
Calves; Children (not in US & CAN)
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question
What animals are infected w/ Johne's dz?
answer
Cattle, Goats, Sheep
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question
What organism causes Johne's dz?
answer
M. avium paratuberculosis
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question
Where is Johne's dz prevalent?
answer
Throughout world (incl US, CAN)
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What does Johne's dz cause?
answer
Chronic, Debilitating diarrhea; Emaciation, Decreased milk production; submandibular swelling
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Does Johne's dz cause lung tubercles?
answer
No
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What is the incubation period of Johne's dz?
answer
2 yrs
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What is the analog of Johne's dz in humans?
answer
Chron's dz
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question
What is the epidemiology of Johne's dz?
answer
Calves ingest infective fecal matter --> CS appear after 2 yrs
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question
What are the cattle in herds infected w/ Johne's dz?
answer
Clinically ill; Asymptomatic shedders; Infected, but neither ill nor shedding
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question
What is the pathogenesis of Johne's dz?
answer
Ingestion --> organism penetrates mucosa of ileum, colon --> phagocytosed --> multiply in intrepithelial mac's --> granulomatous rxn --> chronic inflammatory response --> thickening, corrugation of intestinal mucosa --> impaired intestinal function, leakage of PP --> wasting, diarrhea
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question
How is Johne's dz diagnosed?
answer
Microscopy of rectal sample from microspatula (acid fast stain) --> Clumps of pink bacilli indicate intracellular growth; Fecal smear & culture followed by PCR; Immunological tests (detect Abs, eg ELISA); [Culture + ELISA]
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question
In Johne's dz, Ab's, although not ____ are ____.
answer
Protective; Diagnostic
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question
Johne's dz is endemic to _____
answer
N Am
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question
How is Johne's dz controlled?
answer
Remove all clinical cases; regularly test herds (6-12 mo) by fecal culture + ELISA; Cull + animals; Prevent inf via feces (app of calcium oxide/lime to pasture may help); Separate newborn calves; Thoroughly test replacement animals
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question
What is the Tx for Johne's dz?
answer
No Tx; Antibiotics NOT used
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question
Is there a vacc for Johne's dz? Why/why not?
answer
No; Interference w/ testing
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question
Is M. lepramurium zoonotic? Does it cause dz in humans?
answer
No
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question
What organism causes human leprosy?
answer
M. leprae
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question
What is another name for leprosy?
answer
Hansen's dz
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question
Describe leprosy.
answer
Chronic, affects skin & peripheral nn.
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question
What animals are S to M. leprae? Is it zoonotic?
answer
Armadillos in S US; Yes
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Are domestic animals affected by M. leprae?
answer
No; Monkeys rarely
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question
How is M. leprae diagnosed?
answer
Not cultured; grown in mouse foot pads; Lepromin test (for DTH); ELISA
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question
What drug is used for M. leprae?
answer
Dapsone (sulfonamide-like compound)
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question
What organism causes feline leprosy?
answer
M. lepraemurium
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question
Feline leprosy is a _____.
answer
syndrome
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question
What is the transmission of M lepraemurium?
answer
Infected rats --> Cats --> Cutaneous nodules
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What is M lepraemurium Tx?
answer
Sx removal of nodules; antitubercular drug used in combo w/ 2nd antibiotic
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question
Isolated, sporadic cases of M lepraemurium occur in _____
answer
US & CAN
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question
What drug can be used to treat M lepraemurium?
answer
Clarythromycin
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