History Chapter 15 Test Questions – Flashcards
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What were the five major causes of the war?
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The war was caused by the vast economic and social differences in the South versus the North,an industrial economy of the North versus the cotton economy of the South. There was large conflict over state versus federal rights. The South supported strong state and local rights, whilst the North supported a strong federal government. There were also large conflicts between slavery and non-slavery advocates and the decision of slavery in the new territories from the Louisiana Purchase and Mexican Cession. The growth of the abolitionist movement also caused major conflict (John Brown's raid), and the election of Abraham Lincoln angered the South because southerners believed that he only supported northern interest and was antislavery.
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Which were the "border states"? Did they stay with the Union?
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The border states were Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware. Delaware supported the Union, and had few enslaved people. Kentucky remained neutral, but after the Confederate invasion in September 1861, they joined the Union. Lincoln had to forcibly hold Missouri and Maryland. He suspends Habius Corpus in Maryland. Habius Corpus in Maryland, a law that may be applied before a court in cases where the unlawful detention or imprisonment of a person is suspected. If Lincoln lost Maryland, DC would be surrounded by the Confederates. Kentucky and Missouri were important for controlling the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.
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Why was West Virginia formed and in what year?
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Lincoln called the nation's governors to raise 75,000 troops across the North to fight the Confederates. Many men were eager to joint, but others were not so enthusiastic. On April 17 1861, Virginia left the Union, and in May 1861, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined the Confederacy. The western counties of Virginia refused to secede, so the 50 counties were admitted into the Union as West Virginia in 1863.
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Name three major advantages that the North had at the beginning of the war?
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The North had 2/3rds of the nation's population, 85% of 130,000 factories in the United States were in the North, and the North had twice as much railroad track and farmland then the South.
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Name two major advantages the South had at the beginning of the War?
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The south had strong military leadership, like Robert E Lee. They also only had to defend their own territory, not attack others.
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What was the North's strategy (three specific actions)?
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The North wanted to blockade the South to deny access to manufactured goods coming in and going out. They also wanted to gain control of the Mississippi River to deny the South a shipping and supply channel and splitting the Confederacy in half, and they wanted to invade Virginia and seize the Confederate capitol, Richmond as well.
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What was the South's strategy (two specific things)?
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The South's strategy was much simpler, all they needed to do was defend their territory and enlist the aide of Britain, who needed southern cotton.
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What was the result of the 1st battle at Bull Run?
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Pressured by the public opinion, Union General Irvin McDowell marches 30,000 unready Union troops south of Washington to Manassas,Virginia on July 21st 1861. Sightseers also came along to watch what they expected to be an easy victory. The Confederate army, led by General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson defend his territory and won the battle.
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What is hardtack?
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A hardtack is a simple dry cracker-like product that soldiers ate in camp.
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Name two Civil War POW camps (one in the North, one in the South)?
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The two worst POW camps in the Civil War were Elmira in New York and Andersonville in Georgia.
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What new technology was introduced during the Civil War (cite two specific examples)?
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More accurate and deadly rifles and cannons were developed by both sides. Ironclads, warships with protective iron plates were also introduced.
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Who was General McClellan and how did his character differ from that of General Grant?
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General George McClellan was the one of the first generals Lincoln nominated to lead his troops. He was very cautious and even called back for more troops in the Battle of Atietam Creek. General Ulysses S. Grant was incautious and willing to take risks, unlike McClellan. He also believed in total war.
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Why did General McClellan delay pressing forward to capture Richmond during the peninsular campaign in May of 1862?
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General George McClellan trained his troops for 9 months, and when he reached Chesapeake Bay, he called back for more troops during his peninsular campaign because he was very cautious and didn't believe he had enough. He waited a month, and the Confederates take advantage of the time and re-enforce Richmond, so Richmond remains in Confederate hands. It lasted from March-May 1862. General Johnston
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Why did General Lee decide to invade the North at Sharpsburg in the fall of 1862?
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Lee decided to invade the North at Sharpsburg, Maryland (Antietam) because he believed that a victory on Union soil would help win support for the South in Europe and turn the northern public opinion against the war.
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Which Union General commanded the North's troops?
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General George McClellan commanded the North's troops.
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What was the casualty count at Sharpsburg (Antietam)?
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The Battle of Antietam in Sharpsburg, MD on September 17, 1862 included the single bloodiest day in the Civil War. The Union lost 12,000 men, the Confederates lost 14,000 1/3rd of their army. There were 26,000 casualties in all.
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Which side claimed victory after Sharpsburg (Antietam)?
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Because General Robert E. Lee ordered a retreat in the Battle of Antietam in Sharpsburg, MD, the Union and General George McClellan won the battle.
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What major opportunity was squandered by General McClellan after Sharpsburg (Antietam)?
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General George McClellan decided not to pursue Lee after Lee had to retreat his battered army back into Virginia.
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Who led the Union campaign in the West?
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General Ulysses S. Grant led the Union campaign in the West.
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What was the outcome of the Battle of Shiloh?
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In the Battle of Shiloh, Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston surprised General Ulysses S. Grant's troops on April 6, 1862. The battle of Shiloh was costly for both sides, with 11,000 Confederate casualties and the North with more than 13,000, but the Union forced the Confederate army to withdraw from the railroad center in Corinth, Mississippi.
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Which Union General led his fleet up the Mississippi and captured New Orleans?
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Union General David Farragut entered the Mississippi River from the Gulf of Mexico, and captured New Orleans on April 26, 1862.
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Was Lincoln's initial goal to free slaves or to restore the union?
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Lincoln's first initial goal was to restore the Union.
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When was the final Emancipation Proclamation issued?
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The final Emancipation Proclamation was issued on January 1, 1863.
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Exactly who was freed by the Emancipation Proclamation?
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The Emancipation Proclamation only freed enslaved people only in areas fighting the Union, it did very little because it didn't ban slavery in any places under Union control or any border states. January 1, 1863
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Name three effects of the Emancipation Proclamation?
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The Emancipation Proclamation turned the war into a struggle for freedom and a fight to end slavery, it also made sure Britain wouldn't recognize the South's independence because the South was fighting to keep people enslaved, and it united African Americans in the war.
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About how many African American soldiers served in the Northern ranks?
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In the entire Civil War, about 189,000 African Americans served in the Union army, more than half were former slaves.
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How did slaves in the south resist the confederate cause?
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Southern slaves did everything they could to harm the southern war effort. They provided information to the Union and some even refused to work because their slaveowners were off fighting the war.
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Name two divisions over the war within the South.
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Some southern states, especially North Carolina and Georgia, were opposed to the war and secession because they were poor back-country regions with fewer slaves. Strong support for state's rights also created divisions in the South. Georgia and North Carolina governments didn't want the Confederate government to force men from their states to join the military. The South Carolina governor also didn't want generals from other states controlling South Carolinian troops.
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Name two divisions over the war within the North.
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Many northerners opposed the Emancipation Proclamation and some believed the South had the right to secede. Democrats blamed Lincoln for starting the war with the South. Copperheads, prevalent in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois were Northern Democrats who criticized the war and wanted peace with the South.
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Why did both the North and South institute drafts?
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Both sides created draft laws because desertion was a large problem on both sides.
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Why was the war referred to as a poor man's fight"?
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The drafts made the war be referred to as a "poor man's fight" because the rich could find a way out of it. A man could pay $300 to hire a substitution to go in his place to avoid the draft. In the South, any man with at least 20 slaves was exempt from the draft.
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Give and example of fiscal policy and one of monetary policy that were implemented to help fund the war effort.
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To pay for the war, an income taxed was levied to pay for it (fiscal policy) and paper money was printed (monetary policy).
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What is inflation? Give examples of inflation in the North and in the South.
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Inflation is a general rise in the prices of goods. In the North, the prices of goods increased an average of 80%. In the South, inflation was worse, and a pound of beef soured from 12 cents in 1862 to $8 in 1865.
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What role did women play in the Civil War?
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In the war, women played a multitude of different roles. At least 400 women disguised themselves as men and joined either armies, others became spies. They took over businesses, farms, plantations, factory jobs, teaching, and did work in fields. About 10,000 women became war nurses. Clara Barton was an influential women in the war.
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Why did Lincoln replace McClellan?
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Lincoln replaced General McClellan because he failed to pursue Lee's beaten army at the Battle of Antietam.
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With whom did Lincoln replace McClellan?
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Lincoln chose Ambrose Burnside to replace General McClellan.
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Who led the Union troops in the battle of Fredericksburg and what was the outcome?
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In December 1862, General Ambrose Burnside marched 120,000 men to Richmond. Lee had 75,000 men at Fredericksburg, VA. The Union suffered 13,000 casualties and the South only lost 5,000. This was a Confederate victory.
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Who led the Union troops in the battle of Chancellorsville and what was the outcome?
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In May 1863, Union General Joseph Hooker marched his army toward Richmond. He was crushed by a Confederate army in Chancellorsville, half his size, led by Lee, but Stonewall Jackson was shot, and later died.
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What was the result of the Battle at Gettysburg - who won? At what cost?
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The Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on July 1-3 1863, was a Union victory. The Union General at the time was George Meade and the Confederate general was Robert E Lee. The Confederates suffered 28,000 casualties, the Union's exceeded 23,000. Lee lost 1/3rd of his troops. It was the bloodiest battle of the war.
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What major victory in the South - at about the same time as Gettysburg - gave the Union strategic control of the Mississippi? Who was the Union general?
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On July 4, 1863, Vicksburg was surrendered to General Ulysses S Grant after 6 weeks of being under siege. It was one of the last cities on the Mississippi to remain in Confederate hands.
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What Union General led the "March to the Sea", employing "total war" as a tactic to break the will of the Confederate Army?
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On September 2, 1864, General William Tecumseh Sherman began to advance towards Atlanta and led the March to the Sea.
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Where and when (what year) did the South surrender?
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The South surrounded on April 9, 1865 in Appomattox, Virginia.
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What was the cost, in lives lost, of the Civil War?
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In the Civil War, 260,000 Confederate soldiers died and 360,000 Union soldiers died.
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Monetary
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A form of government regulation in which the nation's money supply and interest rates are controlled.
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Fiscal
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Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling taxing and spending.
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Total War
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The belief that destroying the nation's resources will damage their war effort. Meaning all parts and resources of the nation contribute to the war effort.
