Organizational Behavior Chp 12 – Flashcards
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1. John Kotter's view argues that management focuses on coping with complexity, whereas leadership focuses on coping with _____.
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change
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2. Which of the following roles focuses on bringing about order and consistency by drawing up formal plans?
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management
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3. Leadership is best defined as _____.
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the ability to influence a group in goal achievement
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4. Which of the following statements regarding leadership is true?
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nonsanctioned leadership is as important as or more important than formal influence
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5. Which theory differentiates leaders from nonleaders by focusing on personal qualities and characteristics?
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trait theory
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6. According to a comprehensive review of the leadership literature, what is the most important trait of effective leaders?
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extraversion
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7. Recent studies indicate that ________ may indicate effective leadership.
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emotional intelligence
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8. Emotional intelligence is so critical to effective leadership because one of its core components is ________.
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empathy
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9. There is fairly strong evidence that traits can predict _____ more accurately than leadership effectiveness.
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leadership emergence
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10. Trait research suggests that we focus on _____, whereas behavioral studies imply that we can effectively _____.
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selecting the right person for the job; train leaders
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11. If trait theories of leadership are valid, then leaders are _____.
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born
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12. If behavioral leadership theories are correct, then _____.
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leaders are born with leadership behaviors
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13. Which of the following is not a behavioral theory of leadership?
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Fiedler model
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14. The two dimensions of leadership behavior explained in the Ohio State studies are _____.
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initiating structure and consideration
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15. According to the Ohio State studies, the extent to which a leader's behavior is directed toward getting the job done is called _____.
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initiating structure
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16. A leader high in initiating structure would do which of the following?
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assign group members to particular tasks
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17. According to the Ohio State studies, the extent to which a leader is likely to have job relationships characterized by mutual trust and respect for his/her employees is _____.
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consideration
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18. The two dimensions of leadership behavior identified in the University of Michigan studies are _____.
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employee-oriented and production-oriented
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19. The University of Michigan studies define a(n) _____ leader as one who takes personal interest in the needs of his/her subordinates.
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employee oriented
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20. If a leader's main concern is accomplishing his/her group's tasks, the University of Michigan studies label this leader _____.
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production oriented
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21. According to University of Michigan researchers, which type of leaders is associated with higher group productivity and higher job satisfaction?
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employee oriented
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22. The graphic portrayal of a two-dimensional view of leadership style by Blake and Mouton is known as the _____.
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managerial grid
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23. According to the Managerial Grid, managers perform best using which of the following styles?
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9.9
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24. According to Blake and Mouton, a leader with a 9,1 style can best be described as a(n) ____ type of leader.
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authority
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25. All contingency theories are based on the idea that effective leadership performance depends on _____.
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using a leadership style that is appropriate to the situational conditions
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26. Who proposed a contingency theory?
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Fiedler
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27. The first comprehensive contingency model for leadership was developed by _____.
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Fred Fiedler
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28. Which model represents the theory that effective group performance depends on the proper match between a leader's style and the degree to which the situation gives control to the leader?
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Fiedler's contingency model
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29. Who developed the LPC (least preferred co-worker) questionnaire?
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Fiedler
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30. In Fiedler's model, if a respondent describes his or her least preferred co-worker in relatively positive terms, then the respondent is considered to be _____.
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relationship oriented
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31. If a survey respondent sees his or her least preferred co-worker in unfavorable terms, Fiedler would categorize the respondent as _____.
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task oriented
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32. Fiedler's contingency model assumes that an individual's leadership style is _____.
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fixed
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33. Three situational criteria identified in the Fiedler model are _____.
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leader-member relations, task structure, position power
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34. Fiedler labels the degree of confidence, trust, and respect that subordinates have in their leader as _____.
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leader-member relations
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35. The degree to which job assignments are procedurized is classified in the Fiedler model as _____.
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task structure
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36. Fiedler's theory predicts that an individual who is considered task oriented will be most effective when the situation is _____.
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very favorable or very unfavorable
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37. Based on the contingency theory, if the leadership style does not match the situation, you should _____.
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either A or B
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38. The reconceptualization of the contingency model by Garcia and Fiedler is called _____ theory.
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cognitive resource
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39. Cognitive resource theory focuses on the role of ____ as a form of situational unfavorableness and how a leader's intelligence and experience influence his or her reaction.
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stress
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40. All of the following are findings of the cognitive resource theory except _____.
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low stress situations show a positive relationship between job experience and performance
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41. Hersey and Blanchard developed which of the following?
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situational leadership theory
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42. Hersey and Blanchard's leadership theory differs from other leadership theories primarily because it _____.
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focuses on the followers
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43. According to Hersey and Blanchard, readiness encompasses the _____.
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ability and willingness of the followers to accomplish a task
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44. Hersey and Blanchard say that the laissez-faire leadership style should be used when employees are ____ to accomplish a task.
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able and willing
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45. What theory was developed by Robert House?
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path-goal theory
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46. The leadership model that integrates the expectancy theory of motivation with the Ohio State leadership research is _____.
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path-goal
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47. What is the essence of the path-goal theory?
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the leader is responsible for providing followers with the information, support, or other resources necessary for them to do their jobs
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48. The leadership behaviors identified by the path-goal theory are _____.
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participative, achievement-oriented, directive, supportive
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49. Which path-goal leadership style leads to greater satisfaction when tasks are ambiguous or stressful?
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directive
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50. According to House, what leader is friendly and shows concern for the needs of followers?
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the supportive leader
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51. Which of the following is not an example of a prediction based on path-goal theory?
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subordinates with an internal locus of control will be more satisfied with a directive style
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52. Which of the following theories argues that because of time pressures, leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their subordinates?
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leader-member exchange
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53. According to LMX theory, which of the following is not true of those individuals who fall into the out-group?
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they receive a disproportionate amount of the leaders attention
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54. According to LMX theory, a leader implicitly categorizes followers as "in" or "out" _____.
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early n the interaction
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55. The leader-participation model was developed by _____.
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vroom and yetton
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56. Vroom and Yetton's leadership theory could also be described as a _____ theory.
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decision
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57. Criticism of Vroom and Yetton's leader-participation model focus on ________.
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the models overall complexity
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114. When selecting individuals for leadership positions, trait theory suggests that which of the following is least helpful for identifying leaders?
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agreeableness
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115. You advise the director to prioritize which of the following when looking for appropriate candidates for the president's replacement?
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emotional intelligence
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116. The director believes that because of these innate characteristics, Lawrence will be highly effective at helping the company achieve its production goals. You advise the director against this decision because ________.
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studies have shown that traits are poor predictions of leadership effectiveness
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117. As you look at the difference between the department directors, you notice that some are more charismatic and enthusiastic than others. In identifying this difference, you are looking at the directors' _____.
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traits
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118. Some of the departmental directors spend more time training and helping their employees, while other spend more time on the technical issues that arise in the development process. According to the categories used in the University of Michigan studies, the directors can be described as ________.
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employee-oriented vs. production-oriented
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119. Based on the results of the University of Michigan studies, which directors most likely have departments with higher productivity and job satisfaction?
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employee-oriented leaders
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120. Of all the departments, Gerard's department has the greatest production output. His employees seem most satisfied with his leadership as well. You categorize the behavioral styles of each department director using the managerial grid. According to the work of Blake and Mouton, who developed the grid, which of the following is most likely to reflect Gerard's score on the grid?
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8.8
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121. It can be inferred that the poorest performing director is most likely to receive which of the following scores on the managerial grid?
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1.1
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124. In utilizing Fiedler's contingency model, which of the following contingency dimensions should your employees pay attention to?
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all of the above
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125. The Fiedler model proposes ________.
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matching leaders and situations
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126. Suddenly your boss begins sending people to training to help them develop more effective leadership styles. It is clear that he is reading an author who supports _____.
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behavioral theories
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127. You have noticed that your boss is often asking you what types of peers you least like to work with. You suspect that he is trying to covertly determine your leadership style according to _____.
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Fiedler
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128. This month your boss seems less concerned about his leaders than he is about the people who work for them and whether these employees are willing and able to perform particular tasks. Your boss is most likely reading _____.
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Hersey and Blanchard
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129. Now your boss seems to be trying to analyze each leader according to which employees they interact with most and least, and which employees they rate highest and lowest. You suspect that he is reading about which of the following models?
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LMX
