question

Location of story

answer

Soho London; a metropolis of more than 2 million people one of the 1st modern cities in the world lacked infrastructure necessary to support its dense population

question

What was the disease that seized london in the ghost map?

answer

Vibrio cholerae

question

What infrastructure problems are identified in the story?

answer

lack of garbage removal, clean water, sewers--the city was the perfect breeding ground for a terrifying disease that no knew during this time how to cure.

question

Who are the main protagonists in the story?

answer

Reverend Henry Whitehead and Dr. John Snow, cholera, and a vast city

question

Who is Henry Whitehead

answer

--had faith in the benevolent God but is shaken by the random nature of the victims. --affable (friend, good-nature) clergyman at St. Luke Church on Berwick Street -- attended school at Chatham House (father headmaster) -- top student; attended Lincoln College at Oxford

question

More on Whitehead

answer

-- like to drink (stay a local tavern) -- ordained in London -- liberal in political views but conservative in morals -- knew many people by name

question

Who is Dr. John Snow?

answer

had ideas about contagion but was dismissed by the scientific community that cholera outbreaks was from the contaminated water. apothecary ( a person who prepared and sold medicines and drugs)

question

Facts about Dr. John Snow

answer

1. leading pioneer in the development of anesthesia in Britain using ether and chloroform to reduce pain created for anesthesia and arsenic to preserve dead bodies. 2. father of epidemiology 3. was a vegetarian and a teetotaler (person who never drink)

question

epidemiology

answer

-- the study of the incidence, prevalence, and source of disease in large populations. -- investigates both epidemic (i.e. episodic) and endemic (i.e. always present) diseases. -- focuses on groups rather than individuals and often takes a historical perspective. -- John Snow was an early practitioner.

question

Empirical mind

answer

-- relation to the natural sciences, is the practice of relying on observation, data collection, and experimentation like John Snow and Henry Whitehead

question

What is cholera?

answer

an intestinal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae a waterborne disease -- a microscopic organism that consists of single cell harboring strands of DNA -- doesn't have organelles or cell nuclei (prokaryotic) -- have 100,000 separate bacterial cells that use naked strands of genetic code that need host to replicate and survive

question

How important is cholera as a disease during these time in the ghost map?

answer

10,000 people would died in a 48 hr. period. Outbreaks occurred heavy rainfalls came and over ran cesspools into the well water of Broad Street. Feces entered the drinking water supply.

question

How did the people get it?

answer

People became infected by swallowing water or food contaminated with the cholera bacteria or by coming into contact with the stool or vomit of a person infected with cholera. Cholera spread due to inadequate water treatment, poor sanitation, and inadequate hygiene.

question

What are the symptoms of cholera?

answer

diarrhea(rice watery stool), abdominal cramps, vomiting, leg cramps. The rapid loss of fluid may cause dehydration and shock. Without treatment available people died within hours up to 48 hrs.

question

When and where did Dr. Snow encounter cholera

answer

Newcastle in 1831/2 during his apprenticeship at the age of 14. He treated the survivors of the Killingworth Colliery

question

What did he observe while treating local miners of Killingworth Colliery?

answer

He observed bad sanitary conditions in the mines saw that the workers ate and defecated in the same locate of the caverns. witness that cholera came from an outbreak of social conditions of impoverished workers

question

When did Snow write his first paper?

answer

1841 entitled "Asphyxia and the Resuscitation of New-born Children"

question

When did Snow write about Cholera?

answer

1849: On the Mode of Communication of Cholera: Journals dismissed book saying that the book fail to proof that the occurence of any one case could be clearly and unambiguously assigned to the contaminated water.

question

How did Snow use anesthesia is the UK?

answer

On April 1853, Snow administered obstetric anesthesia to Queen Victoria on the birth of Prince Leopold.

question

What did Soho sound like during the outbreak of Cholera?

answer

The book states that the air was cold, solitary desolation about the noiseless streets but normally the streets were busy, crowded, full of live. One could hear sound of voices coming near, cars and foot traffic, open the door of shops but during the outbreak no cars, no voices

question

The sights of London

answer

would see drunken men, the homeless individuals but during the outbreak people stayed in their homes

question

Charles Dickens

answer

--1833 publish his observation about London in Our Mutual Friend. He walked the streets of Soho, listening and mimicking people --believed that civilization produced barbarity as an unavoidable waste product. He said that "barbarians weren't storming the gates; they were being bred from within." -- wrote Hard Times and published in Household Words talking against the industrial coketowns

question

Henry Mayhew

answer

1844 pioneering work, London Labour and the London Poor. He characterize the bone-picker, rag- gathers, sewer hunters, Tosher, night soil men, dustman, mud-larks and Shoremen

question

Richard the Raker

answer

1326; fell into a cesspool and drowned in human shit

question

Who was Earl of Craven

answer

--during the Great Plague of 1665 he purchased a block of land in a semirural area in near Central London called Soho Field. --built 36 small houses for people with the plague -- rest of land used for mass grave -- dozens died nightly -- people thought the dead was infecting them and causing death

question

Karl Marx

answer

--Prussian immigrant -- lived in Soho --"radical" philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and socialist

question

What type of environment is Soho in the Ghost Map?

answer

share of industry: slaughterhouses, manufacturing plants, tripe boilers. had a mixture of working poor and the entrepreneurial middle class.

question

John Nash and Regent Street

answer

-- dividers between the rich and the poor -- had few conduits (channel thru) that open directly onto Regent Street -- Nash designed street -- street designed as a barricade fro the Marylebone Park where Prince Regent's's Carlton House was located

question

Benjamin Hall

answer

-- continued the sanitation campaign started by Edwin Chadwick

question

Timeline of the Ghost Map

answer

1780's - Industrial Revolution begins in England 1798 - Publication of "An Essay on the Principle of Population" by Thomas Malthus, which fueled the debate about the size of the population in Britain 1813 - Birth of John Snow 1831-32 - Cholera outbreak in London kills over 6500 people 1837 - Queen Victoria took the throne at age 18 Charles Dickens publishes Oliver Twist, drawing attention to Britain's poor

question

1845 - Beginning of Irish Potato Famine 1848 - Public Health Act in England creates Board of Health and local boards of health, largely due to the efforts of Edwin Chadwick Publication of The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

answer

1848-1849 - Cholera outbreak in London kills over 14000 people 1853-1856 - Crimean War (Russia vs. Ottoman Empire, Great Britain and France) 1854 - Cholera outbreak near Broad Street pump Little baby girl Lewis dies on August 28 after bout with vomiting and watery green stool. 1858 - Death of John Snow

question

Thomas and Sara Lewis

answer

1. lived in an eleven roomhouse with 18 other inhabitants on 40 broad street 2. had a little boy who died at ten month old 3. had a little girl Sara was unable to breast feed due to her health problems 4. baby girl ate ground rice and milk from the bottle; sick in 2 months 5. Sara put soiled cloth diapers in tepid water and the tossed foul water in cesspool.

question

Quagmire p.2

answer

a soft boggy area of land that gives way underfoot (swamp)

question

Excrement

answer

people of London were eating on a regular waste matter discharged from the bowel (feces) p.2 and 40-42

question

Fulminate

answer

p. 4 protest against the system that allowed people to live in waste

question

Perpendadores

answer

p. 3 waste pickers that operate in landfills while living there with their families. they pick solid waste that can be recycled

question

Itinerant

answer

p. 4 a person that travel from place to place looking for somewhere to stay, hobo, homeless, underclass

question

Fecundity

answer

p. 5 based on the demography (population) and biology around that area of land. It is the actual reproductive rate of the population

question

zooxanthellae

answer

p.6 a yellowish brown symbiotic dinoflagellate present in large numbers in the cytoplasm of many marine invertebrates

question

Pestiferous

answer

p. 14 harboring infection and disease

question

Taylorite

answer

a form of Calvinism that maintains that every person has a free will, and that makes a distinction between depravity, as the tendency to commit sins as a voluntary choice of evil actions (felt this is why the poor was dying)

question

The Lancet

answer

a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal

question

Inexorable

answer

p. 16 impossibe to stop or prevent the need for shelter so people moved in the "pesthouse field" of Cavern in the Golder square area.

question

Burgeoning

answer

p. 16 a new neighborhood (Mayfair) that begins to grow or increase rapidly -- 20 residents in 1740 --1757 William Blake born on 28 Broad Street; a famous poet and artist

question

Trope

answer

p. 18 a figure of speech that artist, poets and writing would known.

question

Opulent

answer

p. 19 luxurious and lavish area and people in Mayfair and Kensington surrounded by the working poverty and foul-smelling industry

question

Tony Enclave

answer

p.20 very expensive and fashionable which was west of Regent street in Mayfair

question

Cordon sanitaire

answer

p. 20 a guarded measure to prevent anyone from leaving an area infected by a disease and thus spreading it.. Also prevent communication from undesirable people

question

Veritable

answer

p. 21 use as an intensifier, oftern to qualify a metaphor to increase prices and commerce

question

Index Case

answer

-- first case of a disease in a group or population. -- serves to call attention to the presence of the disease. --Finding the index case for the Soho outbreak of 1854 was very important to John Snow as it helped him support his theory of waterborne transmission of cholera. -- The location of the index case was in a house whose residents fouled (contaminated) a popular well from which Soho residents drew water.

question

Maverick

answer

-- a person who thinks independently. -- refer to an intellectual, artist, scientist, politician or anyone who takes a stand that is apart or different from his or her associates. --applied to John Snow who regularly did not let the popular scientific ideas or the mindset of his time deter him from making scientific inquiries based on different assumptions. Whitehead like people with maverick ideas

question

Miasma

answer

-- describe foul smelling air, or an oppressive or unpleasant atmosphere also known as "night air."

question

The miasma theory ( miasmatic theory)

answer

-- argued that diseases such as cholera, chlamydia or the Black Death were caused by a miasma. -- The theory held that the origin of epidemics was due to a miasma, emanating from rotting organic matter.

question

Tumult

answer

p. 26 a loud, confused noise, especially one caused by a large mass of people like in Soho

question

Eddies

answer

p. 29 certain patterns moving in a circular way in a chaotic area.

question

Queue

answer

p.30 a small line of people waiting their turn around the vendors on 40th Broad st.

question

Symbiosis

answer

-- two dissimilar organisms living together. The relationship may be mutually beneficial or one organism may gain a benefit while the other does not. The concept describes a bacteria which needs a human host to provide a food source (think Vibrio cholerae) as well as the human body which utilizes bacteria (e.g. some strains of e. coli) as part of its digestive processes.

question

What did Soho look and smell like in late August?

answer

--unavoidable smells of cesspools and sewers from factories and furnaces --had livestock like horses, cows, sheep, oxen and the animal feces in city center -- one vendor sold 30,000 sheep in 2 days -- blood from the slaughter of livestock drained in to gulley holes of the street.

question

Pets in Soho

answer

-- man lived with 27 dogs in single room and left feces on roof of building --charwoman (clean houses or businesses) had 17 dogs, cats and rabbits in single room

question

Broad Street Pump

answer

-- known as a reliable source of clean well water -- extended 24 ft. below surface; goes to Hyde Park -- people from Rupert St. and Little Marlborough drink the water -- taste colder than rival pumps (hint of carbonation)

question

Eley Brothers

answer

-- owned a factory with 150 employees that manufactured percussion cap for firearm-- father started company -- sent a bottle of broad street water to mother on Monday and she shared it with niece

question

People who drank the water

answer

1. Chemist son had a glass with pudding 2. Mr. G (tailor) wife got several pitcher for him 3. coffeehouse brewed coffee with pump water 4. 10 yr. old girl

question

People who did not drink water

answer

1. John Gould - noted ornithologist ( zoologist who focuses on birds) 2. Thomas Lewis

question

How did Mr. G die?

answer

--had food poisoning symptoms but this was not the case --had a foreboding ( feeling that something bad will happen) sense -- on Thursday had muscle spasms, vomiting and sharp abdominal pains and thirsty -- had rice water stool -- had blue skin and lips, eyes sunk and shrunk -- dead in 48 hrs. Sick Wed. died Friday

question

Diet and Sanitary conditions

answer

-- no refrigeration -- impure water supplies -- excessive consumption of beer, spirits and coffee

question

Quotidian

answer

p. 31 binge drinking of Goldern square neighorhood on oppressive days

question

harbinger

answer

p. 33 annoucing or signaling the approach of death which would be the stomach pain or watery stool

question

cholera origin

answer

for 2 thousand yrs. confined to India and Asian subcontinent came from British soldier stationed in Ganjam, India

question

William Sproat

answer

1st to perish from cholera in England

question

John James

answer

died a yr. after Sproat in 1838 --20,000 dead in Wales -- 1848-49 50,000 died

question

Cholera Bacterium

answer

view in electron microscope -- looks like a swimming peanut -- a curved rod with a thin, rotating tail called the flagellum that propels the organism -- need 10 million per mL of water to be detectable by human eye -- 200 million in glass of water

question

Dehydration

answer

-- reduction in volume of blood circulation ----Blood thickens -- hard to pump faster to maintain blood pressure and keep vital organs going -- shut down gallbladder and spleen -- vessels in extremities constrict (tingling sensation) with the cholera bacteria the brain is the last to go so victims are aware of the attack.

question

Uremia

answer

Waste products accumulate in the blood; person become unconscious (coma) and vital organs shut down

question

Purgative

answer

p. 50 laxative; in the story they used castor oil, brandy and rhubarb to cure cholera

question

Exacerbate

answer

p. 51 the many remedies that made the problem of cholera worse; needed rehydration

question

Orthodoxy

answer

p. 53 Whitehead wanted to challenge accepted theory about the deaths of the people. wanted to submit to a empirical view (data, statistics)

question

Platitude

answer

normal way of thinking; moral content that's used too often

question

John Rogers

answer

--Medical officer who had practice on Dean Street -- heard about entire household with the disease -- people went from healthy to death in 12 hours -- Dr. Harrison a friend died from the disease -- there when baby Lewis died

question

Whitehead visit family of six

answer

--Waterstone's which consistent two grown sons, two adolescent daughters and parents -- girl dying but surrounded my brother and neighbor -- mother and sister dead -- neighbors suffered in isolation also Cholera

question

bildungsroman

answer

p. 60 John Snow used novel education during the temperance mvmt. which is a social mvmt against the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

question

eschewed

answer

meaning John Snow Deliberately avoided horse and carriage and walked for miles instead

question

garrulous

answer

John Snow was not talkative and friendly. He was reserved and uncommunicative in speech (taciturn) p. 60

question

Surgeon in chief G. B. Childs disagree with smells findings. And told doctors to prescribe opium to treat the bacterial disease

answer

In 1839 in the Lancet

question

William Morton

answer

October 1846 at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston gave the first demonstration of using ether an anesthetic

question

James Robinson

answer

Use ether on his patients to perform a successful extraction

question

John Snow and ether gas

answer

--Problem with ether was the dosage -- a gas concentration and temperature -- created a table of calculation for the strength of ether vapors -- collaborated with Daniel Ferguson (made inhaler to control dosage) -- use Julius Jeffrey to method to deliver gas

question

Consilient thinker

answer

linked together principles from different disciplines, especially when forming a comprehensive theory. John Snow exhibited consilient thinking. Hedrew upon his broad background and used insights from many different disciplines to form his ideas and hypotheses. (p.67)

question

Consilience of Inductions

answer

Test of the truth of a theory in which it occurs.

question

Contagion theory

answer

Believe that the agent was passed from person to person

question

William Farr

answer

Public official (demographer)tracked trends births, deaths, marriages in England and Wales Snow used Farr's weekly records of birth and death and they developed a symbiotic relationship wife died of tb -- tabulated cholera deaths by elevation looking for correlation --find people living in high elevation safer because they had cleaner water

question

John Harnold

answer

Seaman from Hamburg true cause of Blenkinsopp malady because the slept in same room

question

John Snow theory

answer

Londoners that lived below the Thames river more prone to the cholera disease because of the water supplier

question

Experimentum crucis

answer

crucial experiment that is capable of decisively determining whether or not a particular hypothesis or theory is superior to all other hypotheses or theories whose acceptance is currently widespread in the scientific community

question

children with cholera

answer

62 % of recorded deaths of kids under the age of five

question

Arthur Iberall

answer

proposed that pattern of human organization could be understood as social equivalent of patterns formed by molecules in response to changing energy states

question

phase transitions or bifurcation

answer

dramatic shifts from one state to another p. 93

question

Tea Trade

answer

became national beverage of the time; stable in working class diet (p. 95) -- brewed tea possesses antibacterial properities that help ward off waterborne diseases because the tannic acid released in steeping process kills off bacteria (other part leaves during boiling of water)

question

Nascent

answer

p. 95 new taste for tea; something that is just coming into existence

question

Latinate phrase

answer

having the character of latin used against Snow before. Farr added age, sex, elevation levers to cholera victims stats. also tracked where people got their water

The Ghost Map Chapters 1-4 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards