Ap Bio Chapter 5 Reading Guide Answers Answers – Flashcards
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The large molecules of all living things fall into just four main categories:
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Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids
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Circle the three classes that are called macromolecules:
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Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids
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What is a polymer?
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Chain-like molecules consisting of many similar building blocks linked by covalent bonds.
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What is a monomer?
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The repeating units that serve as building blocks for polymers.
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Monomers are connected in what type of reaction?
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Dehydration synthesis--a bond forms between two monomers, each contributes part of a water molecule to be released.
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Large molecules are converted to monomers in what type of reaction?
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Hydrolysis--bond broken between monomers by addition of water.
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Hydro-
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water
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-lysis
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break
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Is C6H12O6 (Glucose) a monomer, or a polymer?
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Monomer
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How are two monomers joined?
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H2O released
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What are the monomers of all carbohydrates?
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Monosaccharides
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What is the formula for a hexose sugar?
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C6H12O6
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C=O
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Carbonyl
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-OH
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Hydroxyl
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What two things do all sugars have?
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Two functional groups (carbonyl and hydroxyl)
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What is the difference between an aldehyde sugar and a ketone sugar?
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The location of the carbonyl group is different.
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What is the term for compounds that have the same molecular formulas but different structural formulas?
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Isomers
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Where are all the carbons in the ring structure?
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Each unlabeled corner represents a carbon.
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Maltose
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Disaccharide -- Glucose + Glucose
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Sucrose
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Disaccharide -- Glucose + Fructose
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Lactose
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Disaccharide -- Glucose + Galactose
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What is a glycosidic linkage?
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A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis.
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What is a 1-4 glycosidic linkage?
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The 1-carbon of a monosaccharide is joined to the 4-carbon on another monosaccharide.
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What are the two types of polysaccharides? Give examples
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Storage: Starch, Glycogen....Structural: Cellulose
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Why can you not digest cellulose? What organisms can?
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Enzymes are unable to hydrolyze the beta linkages due to its different shape. Some microorganisms can.
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Has 1-4 Beta linkages
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Cellulose
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Is a storage polysaccharide produced by vertebrates, stored in your liver.
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Glycogen
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Two monomers of this form maltose.
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Glucose
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Glucose + Fructose = ?
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Sucrose
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Monosaccharide commonly called "fruit sugar"
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Fructose
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"Milk sugar"
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Lactose
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Structural polysaccharide that gives cockroaches their crunch
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Chitin
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Malt sugar; used to brew beer
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Maltose
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Structural polysaccharide that comprises plant cell walls
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Cellulose
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What characteristic do all lipids share?
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Hydrophobia
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What are the building blocks of fats?
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Glycerol and fatty acids
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If a fat is composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule, how many water molecules will be removed to form it? What is this process called?
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3--dehydration reaction
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What does unsaturated mean?
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A carbon is double bonded to another carbon and therefore the fatty acid has fewer hydrogens.
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Name two saturated fats.
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Lard, Butter
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Name two unsaturated fats.
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Olive Oil, Vegetable Oil
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Why are many unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?
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The kinks where cis-double bonds are located prevent the molecules from packing tightly together.
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List four important functions of fats.
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Energy storage, heat, cushions vital organs, more efficient energy.
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Why is the "tail" hydrophobic?
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Hydrocarbons
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What are other examples of steroids?
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Sex hormones
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Structural Protein
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Function: Support, Ex.: Collagen
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Storage Protein
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Function: Amino Acid Storage, Ex.: Casein
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Transport Protein
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Function: Transportation, Ex.: Hemoglobin
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Contractile Protein
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Function: Movement, Ex. Actin
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Enzymatic
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Function: Acceleration of reactions, Ex.: Digestive enzymes
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What is represented by an R-group? How many are there?
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Side chains; there are 20.
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Define dipeptide
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A peptide of two amino acids and residues
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Define polypeptide
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Polymers of amino acids
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Define Peptide bond
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Covalent bond between two amino acids
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Primary Protein Structure
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Unique sequence of amino acids. Determined by DNA. Transthyretin is an example.
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Secondary Protein Structure
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Polypeptide chains repeatedly coiled that contribute to the protein's overall shape. Alpha helix is an example.
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Tertiary Protein Structure
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Overall shape of a polypeptide. Hydrophobic interaction is an example.
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Quaternary Protein Structure
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Overall protein structure resulting from the oxygenation of the polypeptide. Collagen is an example.
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Explain sickle-cell disease.
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Caused by the substitution of one amino acid for the normal one. This changes the three-dimensional shape.
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Define denaturation, and give three ways a protein may become denaturated.
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The changing of a protein during which the protein loses its native shape because weak bonds have been destroyed. Alteration of pH, salt concentration, temperature.
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Explain the flow of genetic information.
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mRNA molecule interacts with the cell's protein-synthesizing machinery to direct production of polypeptide, which folds into all or part of a protein. The sites of protein synthesis are tiny structures called ribosomes. Messenger RNA conveys genetic instructions for building proteins from nucleus to cytoplasm.
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What are the components of a nucleic acid?
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Sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
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Which four nitrogen bases are found in DNA?
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Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
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Which four are found in RNA?
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Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
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How do ribose and deoxyribose sugars differ?
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Deoxyribose sugar lacks an oxygen atom on the second carbon in the ring.
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What is the shape of DNA called?
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Double helix
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Why are the strands of DNA said to be antiparallel?
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They run in opposite 5'-3' directions from each other.
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What two molecules make up the "uprights"?
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Sugar and phosphate
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What molecules make up the rungs?
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Base pairs joined by hydrogen bonds
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How are the bases paired?
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A-T, C-G
