Question 1

QUESTION Which of the following is a dependent variable in Dr. Lonsbary\'s study?  _____________________________________

Accepted Answer

Number of Words Remembered

Question 2

QUESTION What is the independent variable in Dr. Lonsbary\'s study?  ________________________

Accepted Answer

listening to the CD

Question 3

QUESTION How many conditions/levels of the independent variable were in Dr. Lonsbary\'s study?  _______

Accepted Answer

3

Question 4

QUESTION Which of the following is a control variable in Dr. Lonsbary\'s study, YES or NO?  ___The number of words on the word list  ___ The amount of time allowed for remembering/writing the words  ___ The amount of time allowed for memorizing the words

Accepted Answer

yes yes yes

Question 5

QUESTION Which of the following allows Dr. Lonsbary to conclude that she met the covariance rule for causality? YES or NO ___Noting that there is a difference between the number of words recalled by the happy and neutral people  ___Having people listen to music or silence before they wrote down the list of words they remembered  ___Making sure that all participants were asked to remember the same list of words

Accepted Answer

no yes no

Question 6

QUESTION Which of the following allows Dr. Lonsbary to conclude that she met the temporal precedence rule for causality? YES OR NO  ___Noting that there is a difference between the number of words recalled by the happy and neutral people  ___ Having people listen to music or silence before they wrote down the list of words they remembered  ___Making sure that all participants were asked to remember the same list of words

Accepted Answer

no yes no

Question 7

QUESTION  In Dr. Lonsbary\'s study, which of the following types of groups exists? TRUE OR FALSE ___ Control group  ___ Treatment group  ___ Placebo group

Accepted Answer

true true false

Question 8

QUESTION  What type of design did Dr. Lonsbary use in her study?  ____________________________

Accepted Answer

independent groups design

Question 9

QUESTION  Dr. Lonsbary\'s study contains which of the following techniques designed to address a threat to construct validity? TRUE OR FALSE  ___Counterbalancing  ___A placebo group  ___A demand characteristic  ___Random sampling  ___A manipulation check

Accepted Answer

false false false true true

Question 10

QUESTION Dr. Lonsbary\'s decision to randomly assign participants to the three groups was done to avoid which of the following? TRUE OR FALSE ___An order effect  ___A selection effect  ___A practice effect  ___A carryover effect

Accepted Answer

false true false false

Question 11

QUESTION  Dr. Lonsbary\'s study asked participants to report on their mood before completing the memory test. Dr. Lonsbary\'s decision to include this step was done to address the study\'s ___________ validity:

Accepted Answer

construct

Question 12

QUESTION Which of the following should Dr. Lonsbary conclude from her study? YES or NO ___Being in a mood other than neutral causes people to have a better memory.  ___Listening to music can cause changes in mood.  ___Being in a happy mood does not cause more of a change in memory than being in a sad mood.

Accepted Answer

yes yes yes

Question 13

QUESTION Prior to conducting the current study, Dr. Lonsbary asked her research assistant to use the same mood manipulation with a sample of 30 college students to determine if people\'s moods really did change after listening to the music. This preliminary study is known as a:

Accepted Answer

pilot study

Question 14

QUESTION Prior to conducting the current study, Dr. Lonsbary asked her research assistant to use the same mood manipulation with a sample of 30 college students to determine if people\'s moods-really did change after listening to the music. Running this preliminary study helps establish which of the forms of validity?

Accepted Answer

construct

Question 15

15.  When conducting an experiment what is provided by the independent variable? YES OR NO ___ A comparison group  ___ Evidence of covariance  ___Proof of temporal precedence  ___Confirmation of internal validity

Accepted Answer

yes yes yes yes

Question 16

16. Dr. Kline (an environmental psychologist) conducts a study to examine whether visiting zoos causes people to have more positive attitudes toward environmental conservation. He asks a group of 45 people attending the zoo on a Saturday morning about their attitudes. He finds that 69% of the people report having a positive attitude after their visit. Which of the following is true for Dr. Kline\'s study? TRUE OR FALSE ___He is lacking a control group.  ___ He did not manipulate an independent variable.  ___ He cannot make a causal statement.  ___ He is unable to determine covariance.

Accepted Answer

true true false

Question 17

20.A threat to internal validity occurs only if a potential design confound varies ________________with the independent variable. TRUE OR FALSE ___ Haphazardly  ___ Systematically  ___ Selectively  ___ Spontaneously  ___ Cyclically

Accepted Answer

Systematically

Question 18

18. Which of the following is true of selection effects? TRUE OR FALSE ___ They are a type of confound.  ___They can occur when experimenters allow participants to choose their own treatment group.  ___They can occur when researchers assign one type of person to one treatment group and another type of person to another treatment group.

Accepted Answer

true true true

Question 19

19.  Experiments use random assignment to avoid which of the following? TRUE OR FALSE ___Random selection  ___Selection effects  ___Carryover effects  ___Large effect sizes  ___Demand characteristics

Accepted Answer

Selection effects

Question 20

20.  Which of the following research designs is used to address possible selection effects? YES OR NO ___Posttest-only designs  ___ Matched-groups designs  ___Pretest/posttest designs

Accepted Answer

all

Question 21

21.  Using a matched-group design is especially important in which of the following cases? TRUE OR FALSE ___ When you have only a few people in your study  ___ When you have at least three levels/conditions of the independent variable  ___ When you do not have a control group

Accepted Answer

true false .

Question 22

22. An independent-groups design is also known as a _____________ design.

Accepted Answer

between-subject design

Question 23

23. For which of the following reasons might a researcher choose a pretest/ posttest design? TRUE OR FALSE ___To ensure that random assignment made the treatment/comparison groups equal  ___To determine how groups change over the course of the experiment  ___To avoid selection threats

Accepted Answer

To ensure that random assignment made the treatment/comparison groups equal

Question 24

24. Dr. Alfonse, a developmental psychologist, conducts a study to determine whether children prefer books with drawn illustrations or with photographs. A group of 45 first graders are given two copies of a book (Little Red Riding Hood) at the same time. Although the story is the same, one book is illustrated with drawings and the other is illustrated with photos. Students are then asked to indicate which book they prefer. This is an example of which of the following designs? TRUE OR FALSE ___Longitudinal design  ___Repeated-measures design  ___Concurrent-measures design  ___Posttest-only design

Accepted Answer

Concurrent-measures design

Question 25

25.  Which of the following are advantages of within-groups designs: TRUE OR FALSE ___Participants in the treatment/control groups will be equivalent  ___It is less time-consuming for the participants  ___It gives researchers more power to find differences between conditions  ___They require fewer participants

Accepted Answer

true true true true

Question 26

26.  Which of the following is a threat to internal validity found in within- groups designs but not in independent-groups designs?   FIRST - Define internal validity ___ Then answer T or F ___Selection effects  ___Design confounds  ___Counterbalancing  ___Demand characteristics  ___Practice effects

Accepted Answer

alternative explanations,  T T F T T

Question 27

27.  Order effects can be controlled by using which of the following techniques? TRUE OR FALSE  ___ Random assignment  ___ Design confounds  ___ Increasing demand characteristics  ___ Counterbalancing

Accepted Answer

Counterbalancing

Question 28

28.  Which of the following is a disadvantage of within-groups designs? YES OR NO  ___ There is a potential for order effects.  ___ There is a potential for demand characteristics.  ___ Depending on the independent variable, these designs are not always possible.

Accepted Answer

yes yes yes

Question 29

30. Which of the following study designs is Dr. Acitelli using? YES OR NO ___ Pretest/posttest design  ___ Concurrent-measures design  ___ Repeated-measures design  ___ Posttest-only design

Accepted Answer

Posttest-only design

Question 30

31. Dr. Acitelli was concerned that asking participants how long it took them to fall asleep would lead them to suspect that was the purpose of the study. Her decision to measure how long it took participants to go to sleep using the EEG instead of self-report was meant to decrease which of the following? TRUE OR FALSE ___ Order effects  ___ Selection effects  ___ Demand characteristics  ___ Counterbalancing effects

Accepted Answer

Demand characteristics

Question 31

External validity

Accepted Answer

concerned with extending the results to other situations.

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