question

system

answer

a collection of pieces working together to achieve a common goal

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information system includes

answer

data, people, procedures, hardware, software

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system development life cycle (SDLC)

answer

set of steps to ensure that development proceeds in an orderly fashion

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what are the steps of SDLC

answer

1. Problem/Opportunity Identification 2. Analysis 3. Design 4.Development and Documentation 5. Testing and Installation 6. Maintenance and Evaluation

question

SDLC is sometimes referred to as a ___ system

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"waterfall" because each step is dependent on the previous step

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Flowcharts

answer

visual diagrams of a process, including the decisions that need to be made along the way

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Data-flow diagrams

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trace all data in an information system from the point at which data enters the system to its final resting place (storage or output)

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programming

answer

the process of translating a task into a series of commands a computer will use to perform the task

question

What does programming involve?

answer

1. identifying which parts of a task the computer can perform 2. describing those tasks in a highly specific and complete manner 3. translating this description into the language spoken by the CPU

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Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)

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programming projects follow several stages from conception to final deployment

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Steps of PDLC

answer

1. Describing the problem 2. Making a plan 3. Coding 4. Debugging 5. Finishing the project

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algorithm

answer

The problem statement translated into specific, sequential steps that describe exactly what the computer program must do to complete the work. Written in natural, ordinary language

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problem statement

answer

the starting point of programming work. A clear description of what tasks the computer program must accomplish and how the program will execute these tasks and respond to unusual situations. Developed so that they can better understand the goals of their programming efforts.

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Three things relevant to creating a useful program

answer

data, information, and method

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Data

answer

is the raw input that users have at the start of the job. It will be fed into the program

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Information

answer

is the result, or output, that the users require at the end of the job. The program produces this information from data

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Method

answer

described precisely, is the process of how the program converts the inputs into the correct outputs

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Data (input)

answer

the data you have at the beginning of the problem, which is the number of hours you worked and the pay rate

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Information (output)

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the information you need to have at the end of the problem, which is your total pay for the day

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Method (process)

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the set of steps that will take you from your input to an output

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error handling

answer

in the problem statement, programmers also must describe what the program should do if the input data is invalid or just gibberish

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testing plan

answer

problem statement also includes this, lists specific input numbers the program would typically expect the user to enter. Then lists the precise output values that a perfect program would return for those input values.

question

Pseudocode

answer

a text-based approach to documenting an algorithm. Words describe the actions that the algorithm would will take. is organized in an outline, with different levels of indentation to indicate the flow of actions within a program. no standard set of vocabulary for pseudocode

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decision points

answer

used when there were complex problems; places where the program must choose from an array of different actions based on the value of its current inputs

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binary decisions

answer

yes or no; they can either be answered in one of two ways: yes (true) or no (false)

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Three important features to look for in a loop

answer

1. An initial value 2. A set of actions that will be performed 3. A check to see whether the loop is completed, or a test condition

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control structures

answer

the general term used for keywords in a programming language that allow the programmer to control (redirect) the flow of the program based on a decision.

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object-oriented analysis

answer

programmers first identify all of the categories of inputs that are part of the problem the program is trying to solve. these categories are called CLASSES

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reusability

answer

dsign leads to it

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inheritance

answer

means that new class can automatically pick up all of the data and methods of an existing class, and then extend and customize those to fit its own specific needs

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base class

answer

the original class

question

derived class

answer

the new, modified class

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First-generation language (1GL)

answer

the actual MACHINE LANGUAGE of a CPU, the sequence of bits that the CPU understands

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Second-generation language (2GL)

answer

also known as ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE which allow programmers to write their programs using a set of short, English-like commands that speak directly to the CPU and give the programmer direct control of hardware resources

question

Third-generation (3GL)

answer

uses symbols and commands to help programmers tell the computer what to do (Java, C/C++)

question

Structured Query Language (SQL)

answer

a database programming language that is an example of a FOURTH-GENERATION LANGUAGE

question

Fifth-generated language (5GL)

answer

considered the most "natural" of languages. a problem is presented as a series of facts or constraints instead of as a specific algorithm

question

PROLOG

answer

an example of 5GL could be a list of family relationships and rules

question

variable

answer

each input and output item that the program manipulates

question

variable declaration

answer

tells the operating system that the program need to allocate storage space in RAM

question

compiler

answer

a program that understands both the syntax of the programming language and the exact structure of the CPU and its machine language

question

source code

answer

comprises the instructions programmers have written in the higher-level language and translate the source code directly into machine language--binary patterns that will execute commands on the CPU

question

integrated development environment (IDE)

answer

a developmental tool that helps programmers write, compile, and test their programs

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code editing

answer

the step in which a programmer physically types the code into the computer

question

editor

answer

a special tool that helps programmers as they enter the code, highlighting keywords and alerting them as typos

question

syntax error

answer

a violation of the strict, precise set of rules that define the language. Programmers create them when they misspell keywords or use an operator incorrectly

question

logical errors

answer

in the problem are caught only when the program executes

question

runtime error

answer

another kind of error caught when the program executes

question

beta version

answer

when software is often provided free or at a reduced cost

question

release to manufacturers (RTM)

answer

point in the release cycle

question

general availability (GA)

answer

can be purchased by the public

question

software updates/ service packs

answer

users download to repair errors identified in the program code

question

documentation

answer

...

question

Langpop.com

answer

...

question

visual programming

answer

...

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prototype

answer

...

question

rapid application development (RAD)

answer

...

question

visual basic (VB)

answer

...

question

web service

answer

...

question

Java

answer

...

question

Java applet

answer

...

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HyperText Markup Language (HTML) or eXtensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML)

answer

...

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scripting language

answer

...

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JavaScript

answer

...

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VBScript

answer

...

question

Dynamic decision making

answer

...

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Active Server Pages (ASP), Java Server Pages (JSP) or the scripting language PHP (hypertext pre-processor)

answer

...

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Adobe Flash

answer

...

question

ActionScript

answer

...

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AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript And XML)

answer

...

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eXtensible Markup Language (XML)

answer

...

question

database

answer

a collection of related data that can be easily stored, sorted, organized, and queried

question

data redundancy

answer

duplicated data

question

data inconsistency

answer

one or more lists or even one or more rows in the same list

question

data integrity

answer

means that the data contained in the database is accurate and reliable

question

data centralization

answer

goes a long way toward ensuring data integrity

question

database administrator (database designer)

answer

an individual trained in the design and building of databases, to assist with the construction of large databases.

question

field

answer

fields are displayed as columns. a database stores each category of information in a field

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data type

answer

when fields are created in a database, the user assigns those fields a data type or field type; indicates what type of data can be stored in the field

question

text field

answer

can hold any combination of alphanumeric data (letters or numbers) but is most often used to hold words...even though text fields contain numbers they are stored as text and therefore cannot be used in calculations

question

numeric field

answer

stores numbers. values in numeric fields can be used to perform calculations

question

computational field (computed field)

answer

a numeric field that stores the contents of a calculation, which is generated with a formula in the numeric field

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date field

answer

holds data such as birthdays and due dates

question

memo field

answer

like a text field but can hold long pieces of text

question

object field

answer

holds items such as pictures, video clips, or documents

question

hyperlink field

answer

stores hyperlinks to Web pages

question

field size

answer

defines the maximum number of characters or numbers that a field can hold

question

record

answer

a group of related fields

question

table or file

answer

a group of relatable records

question

primary key or a key field

answer

each record has a value unique to that record

question

relational database

answer

organizes data into a table format by logically grouping similar data into a RELATION

question

relation

answer

a table that contains related data

question

object-oriented database

answer

stores date in objects rather than tables

question

structured (analytical) data

answer

relational databases excel in this storge

question

unstructured data

answer

included nontraditional data such as audio clips, video clips, pictures, and extremely large documents

question

Binary large object (BLOB)

answer

it is encoded in binary form

question

object query language (OQL)

answer

similar in many respects to SQL, a standard language used to construct queries to extract data from databases

question

multidimensional database

answer

stores data in more than two dimensions. distinguishes it from a relational database which stores data in two-dimensional tables; organized in a cube format

question

measure attribute

answer

main type of data that the cube is tracking

question

feature attributes

answer

all describe the measure attribute in some meaningful way

question

database management system (DBMS)

answer

is specially designed application software that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database to capture and analyze data

question

Four main operations of a DBMS

answer

1. creating databases and entering data 2. viewing or browsing and sorting data 3. querying (extracting) data 4. outputting data

question

data dictionary or database schema

answer

description of the data is contained in the database's files; defines the name, date, type, and length of each field in the database. Describing the data helps to categorize and analyze it and sets parameters for entering valid data into the database

question

default value

answer

value the database uses for the field unless the user enters another value

question

metadata

answer

data that describes other data

question

input form

answer

provides a view of the data fields to be filled with appropriate labels to assist database users in populating the database

question

validation

answer

the process of ensuring that data entered into the database is correct and complete

question

validation rule

answer

set up in the student database to alert the user if a clearly wrong entry is entered in the phone number field instead of a valid 10-digit phone number

question

field constraint

answer

a property that must be satisfied for an entry to be accepted into the field, restricts pay rates to a range you define

question

completeness check

answer

ensures that all fields defined as "required" have data entered into them

question

consistency check

answer

compares the values of data in two or more fields to see if these values are reasonable

question

alphabetic check

answer

confirms that only textual characters are entered in a field

question

numeric check

answer

confirms that only numbers are within the field

question

browsing

answer

viewing records

question

query

answer

a question or inquiry

question

database query

answer

a question you ask the database so that it provides you with the records you wish to view

question

query language

answer

consists of its own vocabulary and sentence structure

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