question

Piaget's theory is based on a ______ approach to development.

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Stage

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How many stages does Piaget propose are in a fixed order from birth through adolescence? What are they?

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four. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational.

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According to Piaget, Action = __________

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Knowledge. Knowledge is product of direct motor behavior.

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Characteristics of Stages

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Universal and fixed sequence. Qualitative different understanding of world. Both quantity and quality.

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Process in changing schemes

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Assimilation and Accomodation

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Assimilation

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Adjust with routine. Puts new things into knowledge. The process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking.

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Accomodation

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Alter or adjust to make new information fit. Changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events.

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Sensorimotor Stage of Cognitive Development

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Piaget's initial major stage of cognitive development. Birth - 2 years. Six substages.

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Substage 2 of Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage

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1-4 months. First habits and primary circular reactions.

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Substage 3 of Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage

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4-8 months. Secondary circular reactions. Begin to act on outside world. May shake a rattle to hear sound it makes.

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Substage 5 of Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage

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12-18 months. Tertiary circular reactions. Miniature experiments to find out consequences. Dropping a toy to see where it falls.

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Goal-directed behavior

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Several schemes are combined and coordinated to generate a single act to solve a problem.

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Scheme

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Organized mental structure and patterns

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Object Permanence

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The realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot see them. If you park your car and go shopping...is your car still there even though you don't see it?

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Mental Representation

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An internal image of a past event of object.

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Deferred Imitation

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An act in which a person is no longer present is imitated by children who have witnessed a similar act. Pretend play. Proof of Mental Representation. Waving bye.

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According to Piaget, ___________ is the process by which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking.

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assimilation

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The first stage of development, according to Piaget, is the ___________stage.

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sensorimotor

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Cognitive skills among children in ________ cultures appear to emerge on a different timetable from children living in the United States and Europe

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non-Western

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Double Displacement

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Hide object 2xs to make sure the grasp concept is mastered.

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Memory

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The process by which information is initially recorded, stored and retrieved.

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Critique of Piaget's Cognitive Stage Theory

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Most agree with process and stages of theory. Some believe development is more continuous. Some milestones may occur earlier than Piaget's theory and fixed patterns may develop differently in other cultures.

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Information Processing

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The process by which information is encoded, stored and retrieved.

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Information processing: Encoding

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Initial recording of information

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Information processing: Storage

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Information saved for future use. Three finite capacity mental stores.

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Information processing: Retrieval

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Recovery of stored information

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Automatization

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The level of ease in processing. Example, walking becomes automized after it is learned, but required a lot of focus when learning.

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Habituation

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The decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

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Dishabituation

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Differentiate. Noticing differences after memorizing. Tastebuds habituate when a familiar taste enters mouth. Knowing the differences of taste are ways you dishabituate.

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Visual-recognition memory measurement

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Measures of visual-recognition memory (memory of what has previously been seen) also relate to intelligence. The quicker visual stimuli is retrieved, the higher the IQ of the child.

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Sensorimotor development is complete by age of three years old. T or F

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False. By age of 2 years old.

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Infantile Amnesia

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The lack of memory for experiences that occurred prior to 3 years old.

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Developmental quotient

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An overall developmental score that relates to performance in four domains: motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, and personal-social

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Bayley Scales of Infant Development

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A measure that evaluates can infant's development from 2-42 months.

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_____________ approaches to cognitive development seek to identify the way taht individuals take in, use, and store information.

answer

Information processing

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The duration of infants' ____________, the process in which information is recorded, stored, and retrieved, is controversial.

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memory

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_____________ is the process by which material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and used.

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retrieval

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The __________ ________ is an overall developmental score that relates to performance in motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, and personal-social domains.

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developmental quotient

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"Storage" Input process

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Input to Sensory Register.

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Time span for information storage or dumping is a. 1 minute b. 1/2 second c. 1/4 second

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c. 1/4 second

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Control Process: Short Term Storage stays in place for a. 10-30 seconds b. 30-60 seconds c. 1 minute

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b. 30-60 seconds

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Control Process: What is the maximum "chunks" of memory stored in Short Term Storage? a. 10 b. 20 c. 30

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b. 20

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Control Process: What is limitation on Long Term Memory? a. 10 years b. forever c. 2 years

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b. forever

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Language Development: Learning theory follows basic laws of reinforcement T or F

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True

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Morphemes

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Smallest language unit that has meaning.

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Semantics

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Rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences.

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Phonology

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Basic sounds of language.

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How many phonemes does the English language have a. 20 b. 85 c. 40

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c. 40

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Holophrases

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One word utterances that stand for a whole phrase, whose meaning depends on the particular context in which they are used.

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Language: Native Approach

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Genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development.

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L. A. D.

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Language Acquisition Device. Patterns and sounds that carry meaning.

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Interaction Approach

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Need social context to acquire and fine tune language.

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Limitation of Preoperational Thinking

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Not capable of operations; centration; and do not understand transformation.

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Irreversibility

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Don't grasp that process can be undone.

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Lack Conservation

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Unable to understand quantity of liquid in a different size and can only relate amount with visual cues like the same liquid put into a taller thin glass.

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Telegraphic Speech

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Speech which words that are not critical are left out. Abbreviated speech like "Me draw dog."

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Underextensionism

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The overly restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language.

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Overextensionism

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The overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing their meaning. Saying "cars" to generalize trucks, bikes and other vehicles.

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Referential Style

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A style of language use in which language is used primarily to label objects.

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Hippocampus

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Builds neurons through life rapidly in preschool.

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Babbling

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Making speechlike but meaningful sounds

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First words are spoken at a. 6-8 months b. 10-14 months c. 1 year

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b. 10-14 months

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First sentences are spoken around a. 1 year b. 6 months after they speak first words c. 8-12 months after first words are spoken

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c. 8-12 months after first words are spoken

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Expressive Style

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A style of language use in which language is used primarily to express feelings and needs about oneself and others.

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Learning Theory Approach

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The theory that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning

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The fMRI of a 3 month old infant shows speech processing activity similar to an adult, suggesting that there may be an _____________ basis to language.

answer

evolutionary

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Nativist Approach

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The theory that a genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development

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Universal Grammar

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Noam Chomsky's theory that all the world's languages share a similar underlying structure

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Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

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A neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language

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Infant-directed speech

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A type of speech directed toward infants, characterized by short, simple sentences.

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Interactionist Approach

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Language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language.

question

The most common features of Infant Directed speech in English and Spanish

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Exaggerated Intonation

question

Language comprehension precedes language ________.

answer

Production

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_______________ communication begins with babbling, making speechlike but meaning sounds around the age of 2 or 3 months.

answer

Prelinguistic

question

__________ follow a set of sophisticated rules that are similar to the rules of verbal language.

answer

Gestures

question

_______________ speech is the style of speech directed towards infants that is characterized by short, simple sentences.

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Infant directed

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Piaget's Preoperational Stage

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According to Piaget, the stage that lasts from ages 2-7 during which children's use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges and the use of concepts increases.

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Operations

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Organized, formal, logical mental processes

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symbolic function

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According to Piaget, the ability to use a mental symbol, a word, or an object to represent something that is not physically present

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What age is Piaget's Preoperational stage? a. 1-3 years old b. 6-8 months c. 2-7 years old

answer

c. 2-7 years old

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Centration

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The process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects.

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Conservation

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The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects.

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Preschoolers' focus on appearance might be related to another aspect of preoperational thought of conservation. T or F

answer

False. Aspect of preoperational thought "lack" of conservation.

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Preschool Transformation

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The process whereby one state is changed into another. Example is pencil from upright position to lying down. Children in preoperational stage do not understand that it is a series of positions involved instead of just up or down.

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Preschool Egocentric thought

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Thinking that does not take the viewpoints of others into account

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Preschool Intuitive thought

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Thinking that reflects preschoolers' use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world.

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Preschool Primary critique of Piaget's views on children.

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He underestimated children's capabilities, and the new research views of continuous rather than stages of development.

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Preschool Autobiographical Memory

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Memory of particular events from one's own life.

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Preschool Scripts

answer

Broad representations in memory of events and the order in which they occur.

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Preschool Vgotsky's View of Cognitive Development

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Taking culture into account

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Preschool Zone of Proximal development (ZPD)

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According to Vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task without assistance

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Preschool Scaffolding

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The support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth.

question

Preschool During the _____________ period children's use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases.

answer

preoperational

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Preschool Vygotsky argues that the focus of cognitive development should be on a child's _____________ and cultural world.

answer

social

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Preschool The __________ _____________ ____________ __________ is the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent.

answer

zone of proximal development

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Preschool language Syntax

answer

The combining of words and phrases to form meaningful sentences

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Preschool language Fast mapping

answer

The process in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter.

question

Preschool language By the age of 6, the average child has a vocabulary of around ___________ words. a. 14,000 b. 1,400 c. 1000

answer

a. 14,000

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Preschool language Grammar

answer

The system of rules that determine how thoughts can be expressed.

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Preschool language Private speech

answer

Spoken language that is not intended for others and is commonly used by children during the preschool years.

question

Preschool language Pragmatics

answer

The aspect of language relating to communicating effectively and appropriately with others.

question

Preschool language Social Speech

answer

Speech directed toward another person and mean to be understood by that person.

question

Preschool language The way in which words and phrases are combined to form sentences, known as _________, increases at a steady pace during the preschool years.

answer

syntax

question

Preschool language _____________ _______________ is speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves

answer

Private Speech

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Preschool language _____________ is the aspect of language relating to communicating effectively and appropriately with others.

answer

pragmatics

question

Preschool Almost _________ of children in the United States are enrolled in some form of care outside of the home. a. 1/2 b. 1/4 c. 3/4

answer

c. 3/4

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Which country has their children in preschool to assimilate their children for being member of a group? a. U.S.A. b. China c. Japan

answer

c. Japan

question

Which country has their children in preschool to give their children a good start academically? a. U.S.A. b. China c. Japan

answer

b. China

question

Which country has their children in preschool to make their children more independent and self-reliant? a. U.S.A b. China c. Japan

answer

a. U.S.A.

question

Preschool Developmentally appropriate educational practice

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Education base on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child

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____________ preschools, developed in Italy, employ a carefully designed set of materials to create an environment that fosters sensory, motor, and language development through play.

answer

Montessori

question

A key factor in the effects of preschools are their level of _______________.

answer

quality

question

Preschool David Elkind argues children require _____________ practices, which are based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.

answer

developmentally appropriate educational

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Middle Childhood Concrete Operational Stage

answer

The period of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age, characterized by the active and appropriate use of logic.

question

By the age of five, children raised in poverty tend to have lower IQ scores and perform less well on other measures of cognitive development than children of affluent families. T or F

answer

True. Poverty has a direct effect on children's IQs and cognitive abilities.

question

Middle Childhood Decentering

answer

The ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account

question

Metamemory

answer

An understanding about the processes that underlie memory that emerges and improves during middle childhood

question

Control strategies of memory in middle childhood

answer

Conscious, intentionally used tactics to improve cognitive processing.

question

Memory Tool "keyword strategy"

answer

keying a word that connects to another word. In class we were told a word like window and then told pig. We visualized the two connected and it helped us later when quizzed on each word.

question

phonemes

answer

Units of sound. The ability to pronounce j, v, th, and zh develop later than ability to pronounce other phonemes.

question

Metalinguistic awareness

answer

An understanding of one's own use of language.

question

Piaget assumed that school-aged children are in the ____________ period.

answer

concrete operational

question

__________, an understanding about the processes that underlie memory, emerges and improves during middle childhood.

answer

Metamemory

question

Children who are ___________ often have a greater metalinguistic awareness and can understand the rules of language more explicitly.

answer

bilingual

question

multi-cultural education

answer

Education in which the goal is to help students from minority cultures develop competence in the culture of the majority group while maintaining positive group identities that build on their original cultures.

question

Cultural Assimilation Model

answer

The view of American society as a "melting pot" in which all cultures are amalgamated into a unique, United American culture

question

Pluralistic Society Model

answer

The concept that American Society is made up of diverse, coequal cultures that should preserve their individual features

question

Bicultural Identity

answer

The maintenance of one's original cultural identity while becoming integrated into the majority culture

question

Emotional Intelligence

answer

The set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions

question

In Stage ___________ reading, which typically occurs around second and third grades, children learn to read aloud with fluency.

answer

Two

question

In ___________ - _____________ approaches to reading, reading is taught by presenting the basic skills that underlie reading.

answer

code-based

question

___________ ____________ is a form of education in which the goal is to help minority students develop competence in the culture of the majority group while maintaining positive group identities that build on their original cultures.

answer

multi-cultural education

question

Mental age

answer

The typical intelligence level found for people of a given chronological age

question

Chronological (physical) age

answer

A person's age according to the calendar

question

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

answer

A score that expresses the ratio between a person's mental and chronological ages

question

Fluid intelligence

answer

Intelligence that reflects information-processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory. Peaks around 27 and 28 and begins to decline

question

Crystallized Intelligence

answer

The accumulation of information, skills and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations. Increases with age.

question

Triarchic theory of intelligence

answer

The belief that intelligence consists of three aspects of information processing: the componential element, the experiential element, and the contextual element

question

Gardner's Eight Intelligences

answer

Musical, bodily kinesthetic, Logical Mathematical, Linguistic, Spatial (artists :) Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Naturalist

question

________ is the capacity to understand the world, think with rationality, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges.

answer

Intelligence

question

_____________ _____________ is characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior involving conceptual, social, and practical skills.

answer

Intellectual disability (formally called mental retardation)

question

________ ________ _________ children usually have high intellectual capabilities but also usually excel in other domains outside the academic realm.

answer

Gifted and Talented

question

Adolescence - Formal Operational Stage

answer

The stage at which people develop the ability to think abstractly.

question

Adolescence - Information Processing approach

answer

The perspective that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use, and store information

question

Adolescence - Metacognition

answer

The knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes and their ability to monitor their cognition.

question

According to Piaget, the _________ __________ stage is the stage at which people develop the ability to think abstractly

answer

formal operational

question

According to the _____-______ perspective, general intelligence remains stable during adolescence, but dramatic improvements evolve in the specific mental abilities that underlie intelligence

answer

information-processing

question

Adolescent ____________ is a state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed from one's own point of view

answer

egocentricism

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