AP Human Geography Final Exam Review – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
What do LDC and MDC stand for?
answer
Less developed countries and more developed countries
question
GIS
answer
Geographic Information System, a computer system that can capture, store, and analyze and display geographic data....
question
Remote sensing
answer
A acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from another long distance
question
GPS
answer
Global Positioning System...
question
toponym
answer
name given to a place on Earth, may indicate the origin of whoever settled that place
question
site
answer
physical characters of a place. Have always been essential for selecting a location for settlements.
question
situation
answer
location of a place relative to other places
question
International dateline
answer
follows 180 degrees longitude, its the point where days are literally separated, if you traveling to China you will set your clocks back 24 hours.
question
latitude
answer
equator of latitude, horizontal bands around the earth measured in degrees...
question
longitude
answer
vertical strips that separate the earth in degrees
question
prime meridian
answer
0 degrees longitude, goes through London
question
scale
answer
the relationship of a feature size on a map to the actual size
question
projection
answer
the scientific method of transforming locations from the surface to a flat map
question
cartography
answer
science of mapmaking
question
regions
answer
cultural landscapes and combination of cultural features such as language and religion
question
cultural ecology
answer
the study of the interactions between societies and the natural environments they live in
question
culture
answer
made up of behavior patters (what people do), understandings (what people believe in), adaptation (how people live efficiently), social systems (school, churches, religion, government)
question
distribution
answer
an arrangement of a feature in space...
question
density
answer
How many people live in a given land scape (# of people divided by land area)
question
agricultural density
answer
# of farmers per unit area of farmland
question
arithmetic density
answer
total # of objects in an area
question
Diffusion
answer
a characteristic that spreads across space from one place to another over time
question
hearth
answer
place from which innovation originates
question
relocation diffusion
answer
the spread of an idea through the movement of people from one place to another
question
expansion diffusion
answer
the spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing effect
question
contagious diffusion
answer
the rapid widespread diffusion of a feature or trend through a population
question
connections
answer
relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space
question
distance decay
answer
the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of phenomenon from its origin
question
environmental determination
answer
a 19th and early 20th approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers be found in the physical sciences (physics/biology/chemistry). Geography was then the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.
question
equator
answer
the horizontal band that separates the northern hemisphere from the southern hemisphere-0 degrees latitude
question
formal region
answer
an area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics
question
functional region
answer
an area organized around a focal point....
question
hierarchical diffusion
answer
the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or known authority or power to others persons or places
question
mercator projection
answer
a map projection of the earth onto a cylinder
question
possibilism
answer
the theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but humans can adapt and can choose a course of action from many alternatives.
question
robinson projection
answer
A map in which the lines of latitude and longitude almost intersect a right angles except near the edges; shows areas and distances with a high degree of accuracy
question
space
answer
the physical gap or interval between two objects
question
space-time compression
answer
the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distance place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems.
question
spacial analysis
answer
arrangements of points, lines, areas or surfaces on a map
question
stimulus diffusion
answer
a spread of an underlying principal even though a specific characteristic is rejected
question
time zones
answer
24 global that divide time into one hour blocks
question
uneven development
answer
the increasing gap in an economic condition between poor and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy
question
vernacular region
answer
an area that people believe exists as a part of their cultural identity
question
geography
answer
the study of the earth's surface, climate, continents, countries, peoples, industries, and products.
question
human geography
answer
focuses on how people make places, organize space and society, interact with each other in places and across space, and how we make sense of others and ourselves in our locality, region and world
question
spatial perspective
answer
Outlook through which geographers identify, explain, and predict the human and physical patterns in space and the interconnectedness of different spaces.
question
The five geographical themes are?
answer
location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, and region
question
What are the differences between globalization and neolocalization?
answer
globalization are actions and processes that involve the entire world in their production, neolocalization is the return of the emphasis of the production of goods in a specific location...globalization-Coca Cola or Walmart or McDonalds, or even buying a diamond ring...Neolocation would be a small local business, buying fruits and vegetables produced in a local garden, or anything involving something local
question
How do geographers classify distributions?
answer
based on 3 main properties - density, concentration, and pattern.
question
How do geographers classify locations?
answer
Longitude and Latitude, physical features....
question
How do geographers classify regions?
answer
physical characteristics (physical geography), human impact characteristics (human geography), and the interaction of Humanity and the environment (environmental geography).
question
How does induction play a role in mapmaking?
answer
the mapcontains more information than was in the original data. Such maps are only approximations of reality.
question
How does symbolization play a role in mapmaking?
answer
legend or key that explains the meaning of each type of symbol used on a map. denote spatial and quantitative variation on a map
question
How does simplication play a role in mapmaking?
answer
reduce details. What is emphasized and what is omitted is another dimension of the simplification process. In this process a map can be manipulated to create a false impression. Mapmakers can show only the information they want to convey and omit the things they want to obscure.
question
How does categorization play a role in mapmaking?
answer
Grouping of related maps together a common theme...
question
Types of scales and projections used in mapmaking...
answer
Types of scale would be fractional scale (shows the numeric ration of distances on map), written scale (describes the relationship of distance in words), and graphic scale (consists of a bar line marked to show distance on Earth's surface) types of projection are mercator projection, robinson projection. Mercator projection would be used when when you want to preserve the angles and shapes of the map, but not size, very little distortion and is rectangular. Robinson projection shows space across oceans but makes land forms seem smaller
question
List different types of diffusion and provide examples and an illustration of each in the real world....
answer
relocation diffusion-That South America primarily speaks Spanish because colonizers brought their language from Spain. hierarchical diffusion-hip hop rap music. contagious diffusion-disease such as influenza/AIDS, ideas on the internet. Stimulus diffusion-Apple and IBM would be examples, use of the internet, use of cellphones
question
dot distribution
answer
Type of map that uses dots to represent a given value of a characteristic in order to show its distribution and concentration
question
chloropleth
answer
a thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map
question
isoline thematic
answer
use line symbols to portray a continous distribution such as temperature or elevation. Isolines are lines that connect points of equal numeric value.
question
cartogram
answer
areas on the cartogram are intentionally drawn larger or smaller in proportion to the phenomenon being shown. A cartogram of world population, for example, might show countries as being either larger or smaller in proportion to their populations.
question
What is the difference between "Demography" and "Population Geography"
answer
Demography is the scientific study of population characteristics while population geography is concerned with the study of demographic processes which affect the environment, but differs from demography in that it is concerned with the spatial expression of such processes
question
Why do geographers study population?
answer
To describe the distribution of people in comparison to resources...to figure out how and why people act the way they do and how they use the Earth to sustain themselves....
question
What are the four regions where 2/3 of the world's population live?
answer
Southeast Asia, East Asia, Western Europe, South Asia
question
What are the similarities of these four regions?
answer
Most of these people live near an ocean or river, fertile soil, and temperate climate, all in the northern hemisphere....
question
Name 4 countries in each of the four major population regions...
answer
South East-India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan/ East Asia-China, Japan, Taiwan, North and South Korea/ Southeast Asia-The Phillipines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand/Western Europe-United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium, and France
question
What is an "Ecumene?"
answer
The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement
question
Name reasons why few people live in other regions of the world?
answer
Harsher climate, lack of natural resources, no access to a major waterway, infertile land....
question
What is the difference between arithmetic density and physiological density?
answer
The number of people supported by a unit area of arable land is physiological density while arithmetic density is just total people in total area, so the difference is in regard to land that can be farmed...
question
Why wold Germany have a higher crude death rate than that of Mexico?
answer
Germany doesn't have anywhere near as high of a birth rate as Mexico, so per 1000 people alive, they have relatively more deaths...
question
How do you get the Natural Increase rate of a country?
answer
Computed by subtracting Crude Birth Rate from Crude Death
question
What does "Doubling Time" mean?
answer
The number of years needed to double a population
question
What regions are experiencing a natural increase rate of 2.0 today?
answer
Africa, Some parts of South America, Saudi Peninsula (Middle East), Some parts of Southeast Asia,
question
How do you determine the total fertility rate?
answer
Number of children a woman will have in her child bearing years...
question
How do you determine infant mortality rate?
answer
Annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age compared with total live births...
question
What does the Infant Mortality rate reflect as far as countries go?
answer
Reflect a country's healthcare system...
question
What is the demographic transitional model and why is it so important?
answer
It is a process of change in a society's population. 5 stage diagram you have a drawing of....Important because it shows how a country's population is growing...reflect their cultures beliefs and technology...
question
What was the agricultural revolution? Why was it so important?
answer
The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals. Did not have to totally rely on hunting and gathering, coincided with a burst in population...
question
The two most important stages of the Demographic transition model are...
answer
Stage 2 and 3 because they are reflective of huge changes in total population while also showing how growth shifts first a high birth rate and lowering death rate, and then in stage 3 a decreasing birth rate with a more constant death rate..
question
Zero population growth means what?
answer
Where the natural increase rate approaches zero, or where death rate equals the birth rate...
question
Why should you worry about the "Dependency Ratio?"
answer
If the dependency ratio gets too high, there are not enough people to work or learn because all of the most productive parts of the population are dying off...
question
Why is the sex ratio a concern in certain countries like China?
answer
The sex ratio can become a concern where are more women than men in society...when there are more women than men, more children are born, in China, this is a problem because there are already way too many children...
question
How does immigration affect the dependency ratio? Immigration affect the sex ratio?
answer
If there are a lot of younger people or older people relocating then the dependency ratio will increase, but if working age people are immigrating, then it will decrease...Generally speaking, it will bring more men, because men are more likely to immigrate...
question
Why are there more women than men in the more developed countries?
answer
Because people live long and men generally die sooner than women in MDCs
question
Why is Cape Verde in stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model?
answer
Because the Crude Birth Rate far exceeds the crude death rate and birth rate was continuing to increase while death rate decreased
question
Why is the Census the most important data source for geographers?
answer
Because it literally tells how many people are present in a country
question
What is a population pyramid and why important?
answer
A country's population displayed by age and gender groups. Important because it shows the percentage of the total population in each age bracket and by gender...
question
Why is Chile a stage 3 country?
answer
Chile is a stage 3 country because birth rate is dropping, although it still exceeds death rate
question
Why is Denmark a stage 4 country?
answer
Because the birth rate is approaching death rate and total population is leveling off
question
Name two problems we may face regarding overpopulation...
answer
Food supply will decrease....wars and civil violence will increase, lack of fuel, pollution, lack of farmland
question
What did Malthus predict in 1798?
answer
Population was exceeding the amount of food supply....
question
What are two criticisms of Malthusian theory?
answer
Unrealistic because they are based on belief that resources are fixed than expanding, technology can offset scarcity...
question
What two strategies have been useful in reducing birth rates?
answer
economic development and birth control...
question
What does Africa have high crude death rates?
answer
Disease and AIDS...malnutrition
question
What is epidemiological transition?
answer
documents what causes death in each stage of the Demographic transition...
question
What happens in stage 1 and 2 in the epidemiological transition model?
answer
Infectios disease and accidents are the primary reasons for death in a population...
question
What is a pandemic? Example?
answer
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a large population...cholera...
question
What countries in the world have been most affected by AIDS?
answer
African countries...and eastern Europe, as well as latin america
question
What have been the effects of overpopulation in Asia, Africa, and Latin America?
answer
Resources have declined, disease has gone up, pollution has increased,
question
How often does the average family in the US move or migrate?
answer
once every six years...
question
Why do Latin Americans migrate to the US every year?
answer
Better job opportunites, more educational opportunities, less disease, better healthcare...
question
What is the difference between immigration and emigration?
answer
emigration is migration from a location, immigration is migration to a location...
question
How do you determine net migration?
answer
Difference between the number of people entering your country versus the number leaving...
question
What is mobility?
answer
All types of movements from one place to another...
question
What is circulation? Give an example...
answer
Circulation is a type of short term repetitive movement that reoccur on a regular basis, such as daily, monthly, or annually-going to school every day...
question
What is meant by changing scales?
answer
Means that people can migrate easier...
question
What are pockets of local diversity?
answer
migration of people with similar cultural values...19th century Europeans to the US to find jobs...
question
How has globalization influenced migration?
answer
increased migration because people are needed to move around more...advertising...
question
What is the main reason people migrate?
answer
economic reasons (jobs)
question
What is the difference between push and pull factors?
answer
Push makes people move, pull makes people move to a new location...
question
What are three types of push and pull factors?
answer
Economic-trying to find a new job/Environmental-natural disaster causes people to leave (push), pull would be people moving to a beautiful region like Colorado/Cultural-be involved in a new ethnic group or religion
question
What are intervening obstacles?
answer
An environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration...environmental-mountain political barrier-immigration restrictions on people...
question
What is migration transition?
answer
the changes in a society comparable to that in the demographic transition model....
question
What are two characteristics of migrants?
answer
Most are male, adult rather than families with children...
question
Why do young people migrate more than older people?
answer
Usually are more mobile, more energetic, do not have firm roots in a place perhaps, and have less debt...
question
What is distance decay?
answer
The older someone is the less likely they are move far...
