Ap Human Geography Unit 7 Vocabulary Test Questions – Flashcards
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base ratio
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ratio between workers employed in the basic sector and those employed in the nonbasic sector
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basic, nonbasic sectors
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Basic sector of a local economy includes any industry that brings in money from outside the area Nonbasic sector includes all industry that supports and services the local community
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Burgess, E.W.
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served as the 24th President of the American Sociological Society
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Bosnywash
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the heavily populated area extending from Boston to Washington and including New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore.
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census tract
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An area deliniated by the us beureau of the census for which statisitcs are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods
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central business district (CBD)
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area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered
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center city
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a city surrounded by suburbs
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central place theory
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A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.
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Christaller, Waller
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provided a model for settlement patterns that rested on several assumptions
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city
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people living in a large densely populated municipality
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city-state
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a city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside
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complementary regions
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the merging of two regions for benefit
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concentric zone model
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A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.
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councils of government
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cooperative agencies consisting of representatives from local governments in the region
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disamenity sector
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The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs or drug lords.
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edge cities
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clusters of large buildings away from the central business district
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export activities
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the process of exporting goods from a region
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feminization of poverty
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the trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor
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formative era
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time where the major urban hearths came into existance
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gentrification
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the restoration of run-down urban areas by the middle class (resulting in the displacement of lower-income people)
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ghettos, ghettoization
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GHETTOS: portion of a city in which members of a minority group live; especially because of social, legal, or economic pressure. GHETTOIZATION: The process of becoming a ghetto, an isolated and underprivileged urban area.
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greenbelts
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(in European cities) undeveloped area neighboring an urban area, often protected from development by planning law
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hamlet
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a community of people smaller than a village
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Harris and Ullman
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developed multiple nuclei model explaining that large cities developed by spreading from several places of growth, not just one
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hierarchy of central places
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Central places are more economicly active and thrive
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Hoyt, Homer
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a city develops in a series of sectors, not rings
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Infrastructure
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the stock of basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area
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in situ accretion
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where less expensive homes and businesses seem to be in a chronic state of ongoing construction and renovation.
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manufacturing city
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a city overrun with factories, supply facilities, the expansion of transport systems, and the consturction of tenements for a growing labor force.
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megacity
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urban area over 10 mil. People
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megalopolis
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a very large urban complex (usually involving several cities and towns)
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megastores
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huge stores with a wide variety of products designed for one stop shopping
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mercantile city
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fronted by royal, religious, public, and private buildings evincing wealth and prosperity, power and influence (downtown)
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metropolitan area
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a major population center made up of a large city and the smaller suburbs and towns that surround it
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metropolitan statistical area
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area with a city of 50 thousand or more people, together with adjacent urban communities that have strong ties to the central city.
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micropolitan statistical area
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An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city.
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multiple-nuclei model
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A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.
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multiplier effect
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An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent.
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nucleated
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having a nucleus or occurring in the nucleus
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peripheral model
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A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.
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physical city
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a continuous development that contains a central city and many nearby cities, towns, and suburbs
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primate cities
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A city which is greater than two times the next largest city in a nation (or contains over one-third of a nation's population). The primate city is usually very expressive of the national culture and often the capital city.
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public housing
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a housing development that is publicly funded and administered for low-income families
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rank-size rule
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A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the 11th largest settlement is Un the population of the largest settlement.
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rush hours
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The four consecutive 15-minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic
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sector model
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A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD).
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settlement geography
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patterns of settlement on earth;s surface: rank-size rule and Christaller's central place theory
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smart growth
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legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland
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social area analysis
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puts together information from the census tracts to create and overall picture of how various types of people are distrbuted within a broader area, like a city
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special-function cities
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cities are dominated by one activity such as mining, manufacturing or recreation and serving national and international markets.
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sprawl
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an ungainly posture with arms and legs spread about
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states
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independent political units with territorial boundaries that are internationally recognized by other states
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suburbs
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Residential areas surrounding a city. Shops and businesses moved to suburbia as well as people.
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town
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the people living in a municipality smaller than a city
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transportation centers
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Cities where major routes converge - roads, railroads, sea traffic, and air transportation
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urban area
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a geographical area constituting a city or town
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urban elite
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a group of decision makers and organizers who controlled the resources, and sometimes the lives of others
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urban empire
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A nation or group of territories ruled by a single, powerful leader or emperor
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urban geography
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The study of how people use space in cities
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urban hierarchy
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a ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions
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urban influence zone
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Areas outside the city that are affected by it.
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urban renewal
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the clearing and rebuilding and redevelopment of urban slums
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Wirth, Louis
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American sociologist whose theory was based on an essay 'Urbanism as a Way of Life.'
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world city
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Centers of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce.
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zone in transition
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An area that is either becoming more rural or more urban
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zone of maturity
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old part of city, more wealthy live here, bigger houses
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zoning ordinances
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A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community.
