Ap Human Geography Unit 6 Test Questions – Flashcards
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Agricultural labor force
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Most of the agricultural labor force is based in developing countries, about 2% of labor force is agriculture in developed countries
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Calorie consumption
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The average calorie consumption is 1,800 calories
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Core-periphery model
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A model of an economic system in which there is a defined core/periphery region
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Cultural convergence
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Tendency of cultures to become more alike as they communicate
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Dependency theory
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The idea that the relations with countries has an effect on the development of regions
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Development
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Improvement in the material condition of people thru diffusion
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Energy consumption
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The US consumers more than twice as much as developing countries
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Foreign direct investment
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total overseas investment made by private countries
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Gender
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social differences between men and women
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Gross domestic product (GDP)
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estimate of total value of all materials, etc. produced in a year
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Gross national product (GNP)
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total value of all goods produced by a country
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Human development index
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indicator of development of a country made by the UN
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Levels of development
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theory that all countries can reach the same level of development
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Measures of development
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GDP, literacy rate, life expectancy, mortality rate, etc.
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Neocolonialism
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seeking out of the regional culture in uncertainty of the modern world
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Physical quality of life index
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measurement of the quality of life in a country using a number of factors
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Purchasing power parity
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measurement of what money buys in a country
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Rostow, W. W.
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proposed a model for economic development in 1960, "stages of growth model"
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"Stages of growth" model
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model where economic development is split up into stages; 1. Traditional society 2. Preconditions for Take-Off 3. Take-Off 4. Drive to maturity 5. High mass consumption
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Technology gap
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contrast between available technology between developed core regions and developing periphery regions
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Technology transfer
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diffusion of technology, usually from more developed areas
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Third world
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countries considered not fully developed or undeveloped in economic and social terms
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World systems theory
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economic activities in the developed world are linked to the social change in developing world
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Gender inequality index
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measurement of a country's equality between men and women
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Acid rain
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created when sulfur and nitrogen change chemically as they dissolve into water vapor
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Agglomeration
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spatial grouping of activities for mutual benefit
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Agglomeration economies
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savings of an individual enterprise from a local association
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Air pollution
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pollution of earth's atmosphere from fossil fuels and other gases produced
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Aluminum industry
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massive charges of electricity needed to extract aluminum, located in Canada and Eastern Siberia
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Assembly line production
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arrangement of workers and machines that create a product as it goes down a line
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Bid rent theory
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land users are prepared to pay different amounts for the bid rent based on the location of the city
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Break-of-bulk point
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location where transfer is possible from one point to another
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Canadian industrial heartland
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St. Lawrence Valley, central of Canadian market and access to hydroelectric power
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Carrier efficiency
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ratio of output to input for a given carrier
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Comparative advantage
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an area produces the items for which it has the greatest ratio for advantage compared to other areas
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Cumulative causation
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tendencies for economic growth are self-reinforcing
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Deglomeration
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location of industrial or other activities away from agglomaerations
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Deindustrialization
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decline in manufacturing to a national economy
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Economic sectors
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primary sector, secondary sector, tertiary sector, quaternary sector, quinary sector
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Economies of scale
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cost advantages to manufactures that come from high production
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Ecotourism
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travel that doesn't harm ecosystems or people
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Energy resources
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Renewable: hydropower, biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, biofuels Non-renewable: coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear
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Entrepot
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trading center where merchandise can be imported or exported without paying duties
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Exporting processing zone
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EPZ; areas made by countries that have export-oriented production
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Fixed costs
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a cost that must be met without the level of output
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Footloose industry
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an industry that shows no specific orientation to the market or materials
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Four tigers
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the economies of South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore
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Greenhouse effect
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increase in earth's temperature caused by carbon dioxide trapping radiation
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Growth poles
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economic activities that are near high-growing industries
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Heartland/rimland
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any power in Eurasia can dominate the world
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Industrial location theory
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explaining and predicting where industries will be located based on cost, transportation, labor, etc.
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Industrial regions
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Eastern North America, Northwestern Europe, Eastern Europe, East Asia
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Industrial revolution
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innovations and inventions that led to the use of machines in manufacturing process, 1700s England
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Industry
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segment of an economy concerned with the manufacturing of goods
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Receding industry
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an industry receiving a lower that average growth rate
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Growing industry
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an industry that is receiving a higher than average growth rate
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Infastructure
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the underlying framework of services needed for productive activity
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International division of labor
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the specialization in particular products
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Labor-intensive
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industry in which labor costs represent a large portion of total production
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Least-cost location
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developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing places is determined by labor, transportation, and agglomeration
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Major manufacturing regions
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Eastern Anglo America, Western and Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Eastern Asia
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Manufacturing exports
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a feature where the host country makes areas with favorable tax, regulatory, etc. to attract foreign manufacturing operations
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Manufacturing/warehouse location
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location of a factory
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Industrial parks
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area of land developed as a site for factories and other businesses
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Agglomeration
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spatial grouping of activities for mutual benefit
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Shared services
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any services provided on a regional basis between groups
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Zoning
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area subject to particular planning restrictions
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Transportaion
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cost to and from markets
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Taxes
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taxes imposed on the location of the wharehouse
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Environmental considerations
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how the manufacturing will affect the environment
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Maquiladora
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factories built by U.S. companies in Mexico near the U.S. border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico
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Market orientation
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tendency for a manufacturer to locate near the market
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Multiplier effect
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when a given change sets in motion a sequence of further industrial advancement
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NAFTA
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North American Free Trade Agreement: launched in 1994, links Canada, US, and Mexico
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Outscoring
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produce abroad parts for domestic use
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Ozone depletion
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protects us from harmful UV rays, CFCs destroy ozone layers
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Plant Location
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location of a plant relative to the market and it's supplies
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Supplies
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materials needed to produce a good
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"Just in time"
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seeks to reduce inventory costs by delivering products at the exact minute and producing products at short notice
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Delivery
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taking a product from the manufacturer to the consumer
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Post-industrial
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stage in economic development in which service activities become more important than goods production
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Refridgeration
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cold temperature used in preserving a perishable good or product during delivery
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Resource crisis
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future shortages of non-renewable energy sources with increased demand
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Resource orientation
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tendency for a market to orientate itself near it's resources
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Special economic zones (China)
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includes Pudong District, Xiamen, Shantou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, and the Hainan Province (all of these are coastal areas providing vital economic advantages for the country of China)
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Specialized economic zones
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region with economic laws that are more liberal than the country's typical economic laws
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Substitution principle
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substitution of a product, service or process to another that is more efficient and beneficial
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Threshold/range
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market area of service
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Time-space compression
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overcoming barriers using technology and communcation
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Trade (complementarity)
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exchange between two or more parties
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Transnational corporation
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companies that have international production and other affiliations
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Variable costs
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cost of enterprise operation that varies either by output level or by location of the activity
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Weber, Alfred
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devised a model of how to understand industrial locations in regard to several factors, including labor supply, markets, resource location, and transpiration
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Weight-gaining
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a product that during manufacturing gains weight
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Weight-losing
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a product that during manufacturing loses weight
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World cities
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cities that directly and significantly effect global affairs through socio-economic means, culture, and politics
