AP Human Geography Test Answers – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Core-Periphery Model
answer
A model seeking to explain a spatial pattern of economic growth in which one center or region in a country develops an economic advantage over the rest of the country. Several have been proposed.
question
Domino Theory
answer
The theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries, like a falling domino causing an entire row of upended dominoes.
question
Heartland Theory
answer
(Halford Mackiner)Theory that claimed whichever state controlled the resource-rich "heartland" of Eastern Europe
question
Rimland Theory
answer
(Nicholas Spykman) Theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia (the "rimland") would provided the base of world conquest (not the heartland)
question
Rank Size Rule
answer
A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.
question
World Systems Theory
answer
(Immanuel Wallerstein's core-periphery model) Three tier structure theory (core, semi-periphery, periphery) proposing that social change in the developing world is linked to the economic activities of the developed word.
question
WST visual
answer
https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQh5pblsxH7uFv-fjsTMDsIuNb6PM4TDNTnT7c3mradfC2yQwwDFAXo-piZ
question
Von Thunen Agricultural Model
answer
1826, Northern Germany, when choosing an enterprise, a commercial farmer compares two costs; cost of the land versus the cost of transporting production to market. Identifies a crop that can be sold for more than the land cost,distance of land to market is critical because the cost of transporting varies by crop. Von Thunen's theory disregards site or human factors.
question
Von Thunen Visual
answer
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-A37ETlNyYB8/TsiCUnPAluI/AAAAAAAAA4c/OpODhF4yEOs/s640/modified+von+thunen.jpg
question
First Agricultural Revolution
answer
Dating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication
question
Second Agricultural Revolution
answer
Dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce.
question
Third Agricultural Revolution
answer
Currently in progress, the Third Agricultural Revolution has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's)
question
Liberal Models of Development (self-sufficiency / international trade)
answer
-developed by Walter Rostow -poor economic conditions are the result of inefficiency in the short-term -key to development is the creation of a self-sufficient system and from their making advantageous international trade -all countries are capable of development systems.
question
Structuralist Model of Development (dependency theory)
answer
-the possibilities of development in LDCs is limited by the large-scale political and economic systems set in place by MDCs Structuralist -large scale political and economic systems are in place in such a way that they seem permanent -LDCs are crippled by these systems and have to face a different set of circumstances when trying to develop Dependency -LDCs are dependent on the systems historically put in place by MDCs, usually through colonization or imperialism -these relationships solidify the polarization of LDCs and MDCs and stymie LDCs from development.
question
New International Division of Labor
answer
Division of Labor -Core- research/developement with higher levels of education, technology, and workers in service sector -Periphery- raw good production and manufacturing with cheaper labor and lower taxes and gov't regulations Other Contributing Factors -infrastructure -labor skills -market accessibility Causes -time-space compression lessening the importance of location -trade relationships and goods flows between core, semi-periphery, and periphery.
question
Rostow's Stages of Growth (Modernization Model).
answer
-aka "ladder of development" -assumes all areas develop by the same pattern with no consideration for a global context or political and social differences Stages -1st (Traditional)- subsistence ag, rigid social classes, stagnate innovation -2nd (Preconditions of Takeoff)- change in leadership opens possibilities for more change -3rd (Takeoff)- high levels of growth introduce industrialization, urbanization, mass production, and technological inventions -4th (Drive to Maturity)- modernization is seen as innovation expands, specialization occurs, global trade increases, and population growth slows -5th (High Mass Consumption)- high incomes and large amounts of goods and services drive most of the population into the service sector.
question
Fordism
answer
Fordism -started in the early 1900s; dominant from 1940s-1970s -assembly line mass production paired with mass consumption -brings along other systems in association (vertical integration, agglomeration, business-governement relationships, etc.) -distance is a limiting factor (following the friction of distance) and thus production must be close to consumption.
question
Post-Fordism
answer
Post-Fordism -started in 1970s-1980s -caused by increased globalization and decreased transportation costs -utilizes the incorporation of pieces of the production system from around the world into one product -flexible production systems: companies have options in suppliers and producers from around the world and can change their decisions based on cost and demand -supported by com-modification and the need for social standing.
question
Location Interdependence Theory (Hotelling).
answer
General Theory: -industries develop where they can get a "piece of the market" Assumptions: -costs are uniform -demand and selection are evenly distributed Features: -more focused on profit and not cost -market size determines the ability to monopolize as many consumers as possible.
question
Weber Model of Industrial Location (Least Cost Theory).
answer
General Theory: -industries locate where costs are the lowest so they locate where transportation and labor are cheap and agglomeration is present Assumptions: -all areas are geographically identical -markets and labor are in fixed locations -raw materials are only in certain places Features: -Transportation: lowest costs for moving raw goods to production and production to markets ~weight gaining or lossing production -Labor: subsistution principle holds that in the long run lower labor costs can overcome higher transport costs -Agglomeration: by clustering related industries, they share common resources, lowering their prices.
question
Weber Model of Industrial Location (Least Cost Theory) Visual
answer
http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/APHG/Unit%207/images/weber.7.gif
question
Profit Maximization (Losch's Zone of Maximization).
answer
General Theory: -the best location for an industry is where the profit is the greatest Assumptions: -all areas are geographically identical -populations are identical in size and preference -consumers pay for transporation Features: -there is no single place but rather a collection of points that produce an area of profitability -substition principle shows that costs will balance each other out so profit should be the main determining factor.
question
Bid-Rent Theory (Land Rent).
answer
-the price and demand for business real estate depends upon the distance of the real estate from the CBD -as distance increases, profitability decreases; therefore, the demand and price for real estate follow an inverse relationship to distance from CBD -the trend does not extent to residential real estate (inner city usually poorest, suburbs more affluent).
question
Bid-Rent Visual
answer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bid_rent1.svg
question
Borchert's Model of Urban Evolution
answer
General Model: -American urbanization can be divided into 5 unique periods which are characterized by a transportation technology that influenced urban creation and growth Five Epochs: -1790 to 1830: wagons, boats -1830 to 1870: regional railroads, steamboats -1870 to 1920: national, long-distance railroads -1920 to 1970: automobilies, airplanes -1970 to ?: satellites, electronics, jets (less about movement of people or things but rather ideas.
question
Central Place Theory (Christaller).
answer
General Model: -a predictor of how the urban hierarchy is functionally and spatially distributed Assumptions: -uniformity in physical surface, transportation, and economic power -a good or service can be spread in all directions up to a designated distance Features: -a hexagonal spatial distribution -the city is the center of the main hexagon with towns on the vertices; within the larger hexagon are multiple hexagons with villages as the center and hamlets as the vertices -each level of urban hierarchy (hamlet to village to town to city) is responsible for greater amounts of functions depending on its size and spread of influence.
question
CPT Visual
answer
http://www.geocurrents.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Central-Place-Theory-Model.jpg
question
Concentric Circle (Burgess).
answer
General Model: - a model of a city's functional zones composed of a CBD center and circles gradually increasing - analogous to a bull's eye Features: - 1st circle/center: CBD where the majority of formal economic activities take place (service, finance, manufacturing) - 2nd circle: transition area between increasing business and declining residences - 3rd and 4th circles: increasingly affluent residential areas - 5th circle: surbanization with commutes into the city.
question
Concentric Model Visual
answer
http://derbyshireroad.edublogs.org/files/2010/02/Concentric-Model.jpg
question
Sector Model (Hoyt)
answer
General Model: - a model of a city's functional zones composed of a CBD center and sectors extending outward -analogous to pie slices Features: -3 different residential sector: low, moderate, and high cost -educational and recreation sector (located within higher residential areas) -transportation and industrial sectors.
question
Sector Model Visual
answer
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Hoyt_model.svg
question
Peripheral Model
answer
General Model: -metropolitian model with a inner city surrounded by surburbs and business areas Features: -the inner city serves as the center of the metropolitian region -urban sprawl and economic development creates surburbanization (residential and buisness) on the periphery of the inner city -the city and peripheral subsidaries are all interconnected by a transportation system so as to create one functional region.
question
Peripheral Model Visual
answer
http://lewishistoricalsociety.com/wiki2011/article_image.php?image_type=article&id=149
question
Multiple-Nuclei Model
answer
General Model: -the CBD is losing dominance in the organization of cities and other sectors are becoming nuclei of their own Features: -lack of organization around a CBD -economic sectors (types of manufacturing, finance, etc.) are becoming their own nuclei -around the numerous nuclei are clusters of residential sectors with the level of residency corresponding to the type of nucle.
question
Multiple-Nuclei visual
answer
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Ulman2.png
question
Urban Realms Model
answer
General Model: -super cities are formed by a main urban center with independent surburban realms that are interconnected into one functional zone Features: -a central urban center -each of the realms is independent (politically, economically) with some type of distinguishing feature but stays within the context of the central city -the city and the realms are connected by transportation and are one functional unit.
question
core-periphery model
answer
A model that describes how economic, political, and/or cultural power is spatially distributed between dominant core regions, and more marginal or dependent semi-peripheral and peripheral regions.
question
peter's Projection
answer
a world map projection in which areas are shown in correct proportion at the expense of distorted shape, using a rectangular decimal grid to replace latitude and longitude. It was devised in 1973 to be a fairer representation of equatorial (i.e., mainly developing) countries, whose area is underrepresented by the usual projections such as Mercator's.
question
Mercator Projection
answer
these maps show true direction and land shapes fairly accurately, but not size or distance. Areas that are located far from the Equator are quite distorted on this type of map. Alaska, for example, appears much larger on this type of map than it does on a globe.
question
Fuller Projection
answer
The Dymaxion map or Fuller map is a projection of a world map onto the surface of an icosahedron, which can be unfolded and flattened to two dimensions. The projection depicts the Earth's continents as "one island," or nearly contiguous land masses.
question
Goodes-Homosline Projection
answer
The Goode homolosine projection is a pseudocylindrical, equal-area, composite map projection used for world maps. Normally it is presented with multiple interruptions. Its equal-area property makes it useful for presenting spatial distribution of phenomena.
question
Robinson Projection
answer
The Robinson projection is a map projection of a world map which shows the entire world at once. It was specifically created in an attempt to find a good compromise to the problem of readily showing the whole globe as a flat image. The Robinson projection was devised by Arthur H. Robinson.
question
Scale
answer
The ratio of the length in a drawing (or model) to the length of the real thing.
question
isoline map
answer
map line that connects points of equal or very similar value.
question
proportional symbols map
answer
thematic map in which the size of a chosen symbol indicates relative magnitude of some statistical value for a given geographic region.
question
chloropleth map
answer
a thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area.
question
cartogram
answer
a type of thematic map that transforms space such that the political unit with the greatest value for some type of data is represented by the largest relative area.
question
Dot Density Map
answer
A thematic map that carries information by showing a large number of tiny dots, wherein each dot represents some specific unit quantity. Example: Population Map.
question
Malthus Population Catastrophe
answer
Thomas Malthus (also known as the Malthusian check) was originally foreseen to be a forced return to subsistence-level conditions once population growth had outpaced agricultural production.
question
Neo-Malthusians
answer
A doctrine advocating control of population growth.
question
Boserup hypothesis of Population (anti Malthusian)
answer
Population growth compels subsistence farmers to consider new farming approaches that produce enough food to take care of the additional people due to population growth.
question
Population Pyramid
answer
A model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population.
question
Demographic transition model
answer
A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.
question
Epidemiological Transition Model
answer
Essentially the same thing as the demographic transition, however it specifically denotes a human phase of development witnessed by a sudden and stark increase in population growth rates brought about by medical innovation in disease or sickness therapy and treatment, followed by a re-leveling of population.
question
EMT Visual
answer
http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/mwh/ap/definitions/APdefinitions2_files/APdefi1.gif
question
Gravity Model or Spatial Interaction
answer
Spatial interaction or "gravity models" estimate the flow of people, material or information between locations in geographic space. Factors can include origin propulsive variables such as the number of commuters in residential areas, destination attractiveness variables such as the amount of office space in employment areas, and proximity relationships between the locations measured in terms such as driving distance or travel time.
question
Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition
answer
Claims that the type of migration that occurs within a country depends on how developed it is or what type of society it is. A connection is drawn from migration to the stages of within the Development Transition Model (DTM).
question
MTM Model
answer
http://www.geo.ut.ee/nbc/paper/Image2.gif
question
Indo-European Language
answer
Indo-European: the family of languages that by 1000 BC were spoken throughout Europe and in parts of southwestern and southern Asia.Language family that includes Germanic and Romance languages that is spoken by aobut 50% of the world's people.
question
Urban Realms Visual
answer
http://www.lewishistoricalsociety.com/wiki/article_image.php?id=44
question
Latin American Cities Model
answer
Griffin-Ford model. Developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford. Blends traditional Latin American culture with the forces of globalization. The CBD is dominant; it is divided into a market sector and a modern high-rise sector. The elite residential sector is on the extension of the CBD in the "spine". The end of the spine of elite residency is the "mall" with high-priced residencies.
question
Latin American Cities Visual
answer
http://lewishistoricalsociety.com/wiki2011/article_image.php?image_type=article&id=96
question
SE Asian Cities Model
answer
McGee model. Developed by T.G McGee. The focal point of the city is the colonial port zone combined with the large commercial district that surrounds it. McGee found no formal CBD but found seperate clusters of elements of the CBD surrounding the port zone: the government zone, the Western commercial zone, the alien commercial zone, and the mixed land-use zone with misc. economic activities.
question
SE Asian Visual
answer
http://lewishistoricalsociety.com/wiki2011/article_image.php?image_type=article&id=90
question
African Cities Model
answer
Africa has the world's lowest levels of urbanization yet the most fastest growing cities. African cities have a high range of diversity so formulating a model is difficult. Often three CBDs: a remnant of the colonial CBD, an informal and sometimes periodic market zone, and a transitional business center where commerce is conducted from curbside, stalls, or storefronts. Vertical development occurse in the colonial CBD, the traditional business center consists of one-story buildings, and the mark zone tends to be informal, yet still important. The neighborhoods are ethnic and mixed, often next to a mining and manufacturing zone. All of that is then ringed around by a zone characterized by squatter settlements and informal satellite townships.
question
African Cities Visual
answer
http://www.lewishistoricalsociety.com/wiki/article_image.php?id=55
question
Population Pyramid Example Shape
answer
http://moodle.ties.k12.mn.us/moodle/file.php/780/pop_pyramid.jpg
question
DTM Visual
answer
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/images/pop_001a.gif
question
I-E Language Diffusion Theories
answer
Agriculture theory theory that explains how Proto-Indo-European languages diffused into Europe. Said it occurred through the diffusion of agriculture. Each generation (25 years) the agricultural frontier moved 11 miles Conquest Theory One major theory of how Proto-Indo-European language diffused into Europe which holds that the early speakers spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues.
question
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
answer
1.Most migrants move only a short distance. 2.There is a process of absorption, whereby people immediately surrounding a rapidly growing town move into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas, and so on until the attractive force [pull factors] is spent. 3.There is a process of dispersion, which is the inverse of absorption. 4.Each migration flow produces a compensating counter-flow. Long-distance migrants go to one of the great centers of commerce and industry. 5.Natives of towns are less migratory than those from rural areas. 6.Females are more migratory than males. 7.Economic factors are the main cause of migration.
