apush vocab chapter 31 – Flashcards

35,000 shipyard workers walked off the job demanding higher wages and shorter hours.In the end, the workers returned to work but without any gains., Entire city went on strike to gain back conditions lost at end of war, large-scale strike that opponents blamed on Bolsheviks and foreigners, weakened support for organized labor

Most instense outbreak of national alarm, began in 1919. Success of communists in Russia, American radicals embracing communism followed by a series of mail bombings frightened Americans. Attorney General A. MItchell Palmer led effort to deport aliens without due processs, with widespread support. Did not last long as some Americans came to their senses. Sacco/Vanzetti trial demonstrated anti-foreign feeling in 20's. Accused of armed robbery & murder, had alibis. "Those anarchists bastards". Sentenced to death and executed., was a nationwide crusade against the leftists in America as a wake of the Bolshevik revolution in Russia. It cut back on free speech for a period and helped businessman to stop labor strikes, since the hysteria caused many people to want to eliminate any Communists.

supported womens suffrage and trade union rights. directed the controversial palmer raids and was known as "fighting quaker", house was bombed, palmer raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities, series of controversial raids by the U.S. Justice and Immigration Departments from 1919 to 1921 on suspected radical leftists in the United States 2) raids are named for Attorney General under Woodrow Wilson., Attorney General A. Mitchel Palmer authorized raids in which suspected communists and people perceived to be a threat to the US government were arrested and jailed. Often times innocent immigrants who had not committed a crime were arrested and jailed.

Two Italian men that were accused of robbing a bank and murder; Anarchists; heighted American fear of foreigners; executed with hardly any proof because of their nationality and political beliefs, Italian radicals who became symbols of the Red Scare of the 1920s; arrested (1920), tried and executed (1927) for a robbery/murder, they were believed by many to have been innocent but convicted because of their immigrant status and radical political beliefs.

Ku Klux Klan; this organization, formerly known for their horrendous treatment of African-Americans, emerged in the 1920's as an organization that specifically defended state prohibition in Georgia, anti-black, anti-catholic, anti-adultery, anti-birth control, etc.

a policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations, Policy of avoiding political or economic alliances with other countries.

European immigrants were restricted to a quota set at 3% of people of their nation living in the US in 1910, established a temporary quota system, limiting immigration --> only 3% of the number of people in any ethnic group already living in the United States could be admitted in a single year, Newcomers from Europe were in any given year to a definite quote, which was set at 3% of the people of their nationality who had been living in the US since 1910

Also known as the Johnson-Reed Act. Federal law limiting the number of immigrants that could be admitted from any country to 2% of the amount of people from that country who were already living in the U.S. as of the census of 1890., replaced #22 (Emergency Quota Act of 1921), cutting numbers to 2% using the census of 1890, favoring Northern Europeans, Also known as the "National Origins Act," this law established quotas for immigration to the United States. Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe were sharply curtailed, while immigrants from Asia were shut out altogether. (774)

a total ban on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of liquor throughout the United States. 1919-1933, 18th amendment, volsetead act

Ratified in 1919, it declared that the prohibition of "the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors" would take effect one year after radafication., Ban on sale, manufacture, and transport of alcoholic beverages. Repealed by 21st amendment, overall decreased the amount of liquor consumed, women supported, led to bootlegging and organized crime, speakeasies

The Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors, (WW), implemented the 18th Admendment. It established illegal alcohol at above .5%, but then comes the speakeasies, The act that was passed to define what "Hard Liquor" was and set up the law enforcement apparatus to police prohibition.

An illegal bar where drinks were sold, during the time of prohibition. It was called a Speakeasy because people literally had to speak easy so they were not caught drinking alcohol by the police., hidden saloons or nightclubs used to obtain liquor.

the term for prohibition laws against the sale and production of alcohol in order to cure many of society's evils- ultimately a failure., nickname for prohibition, good effects included bank savings increases and fewer employee absenteeism

making, selling, or transporting an item illegally, illegaly making and transporting liquor., Because of the 18th amendment banning alcohol, bootlegging (illegally importing alcohol) became a big business

a mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs., United States gangster who terrorized Chicago during Prohibition until arrested for tax evasion, Top mobster in Chicago during the 1920s, worth $100 million (?), and responsible for hundreds of murders (includes St. Valentine's Day massacre). Went to jail for tax evasion (Alcatraz).

ERAI. Flashy. Bootlegging. Violence. Chicago. Prostitution, gambling. Racketeers - invaded different ranks of business. Lindberg Laws. Part of _______. , Flashy. Bootlegging. Violence. Chicago. Prostitution, gambling. Racketeers - invaded different ranks of business. Lindberg Laws. Part of _______., Led by increase in the illegal sale of alcohol, criminals became bigger and richer than ever and were popularized in the culture as Gangsters.

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard.", American philosopher and educational theorist, deveoped the views of Charles Pierce and William James into his own version of Pragmatism, emphasized the importance of inquiry and denied that knowledge was passive, believed in the instrumentalist theory of knowledge, He transformed more educational ideas at the University of Chicago. He said that a just & harmonious society could be built though the intelligent application of scientific method to social problems.

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect)., Conservative beliefs in the Bible and that it should be literally believed and applied, A movement that pushed that the teachings of Darwin were destroying faith in God and the Bible. It consisted of the old-time religionists who didn't want to conform to modern science., a way of being religious that relies on literalist readings of a scriptural text that is considered infallible or inerrant ("without error") in order to return to what are imagined to be the original and pristine "fundamentals" of the faith, that is, a set of doctrines or teachings that are held to be the center of the faith (the "fundamentals," of course, are different for every fundamentalism). -fundamentalism as a broad-based modern Western movement was born as a response to and rejection of the critical study of religion, and especially the professional study of the Bible

American fundamentalist minister; he used colorful language and powerful sermons to drive home the message of salvation through Jesus and to oppose radical and progressive groups., Preacher and Former Pro Baseball Player- Key figure in the prohibition movement, Billy Sunday was an American Fundamentalist preacher and professional baseball player. He conducted regular 'revivals' throughout the nation, in which he used broadcasting to strengthen people's bond with Christianity. The broadcasts of his revivals are considered among the most effective ever.

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools, Substitute Teacher Scopes mentioned evolution in class, WJ Bryan prosecuted him, Clarence Darrow defended him. Happened in Dayton, TN Bryan admitted on the stand that bible needed interpretation, not taken literally. "Boosterism" city leaders publicity stunts to get attention, "monket trial" Scopes was teachin Darwinism in school but the state law said one could only teach old testiment views. Argument over whether the law was constitional. Scopes was found guilty and given a $100 fine.

Defended John Scopes during the Scopes Trial. He argued that evolution should be taught in schools., Defended John Scopes during the Scopes Trial. He argued that evolution should be taught in schools., A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible., Defense lawyer in the "Monkey Trial", Famous lawyer who argued on behalf of John Scopes during the Scopes trial. He believed in evolution., a noted defense lawyer for radical and lost causes, was John Scope's defense attorney in the monkey trial in 1924. His defense rested on exposing the childlike faith and abysmal ignorance of science of religious fundamentalists like william jennings bryan

published in 1925 by Bruce Fairchild Barton. Barton presents Jesus as "the founder of modern business," in an effort to make the Christian story accessible to businessmen of the time. One of the best selling non-fiction books of the 20th century. The book was controversial because it depicted Jesus as being "the world's greatest business executive", the opposite description usually given., Jesus Christ as worlds best salesman; Bruce Barton, A book written by Bruce Barton describing Jesus as a master advertiser. showed boom in advertising and consolidation of Big Business., 1925 book by advertiser Bruce Barton- set fourth provocative thesis that Jesus was the greatest adman of all time

He was a famous baseball player who played for the Yankees. He helped developed a rising popularity for professional sports., an American Major League baseball player from 1914 to 1935. Named the greatest baseball player in history in various surveys and rankings, his home run hitting prowess and charismatic personality made him a larger than life figure in the "Roaring Twenties", aka baseball legend George Herman and "the Sultan of Swat", set records in hitting, pitching, and out-fielding that stood for decades

a boxer who fought against George, their fight broke the record for ticket sales taking in $1 million, he won the fight to become the heavyweight champion of the world and a new American hero, United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion (1895-1983), Heavyweight boxing champion of 1920's. Revolutionized sport. Many of his fights set financial and attendance records, "Jack the Giant Killer" Won heavyweight title in 1919. Captured public imagination and helped boxing's push for respectability. Notable media creation for anxious times, only defended 6 times in 7 years against questionable competition. Revealed developments in sports writing.

United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947), 1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents., a factory owner famous for his Model T. He developed the assembly line, which quickened production in factories, as well as the Model T., he made assembly line production more efficient in his Rouge River plant near Detroit- a finished car would come out every 10 seconds. He helped to make car inexpensive so more Americans could buy them.

American mechanical engineer, who wanted to improve industrial efficiency. He is known as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultants, an engineer who first integrated scientific management with business. He became foreman of the Midvale Steel Company. He used mathematics to determine maximum industrial productivity, using time and motion studies to find what each worker should for the highest efficiency., The original "efficiency expert" who, in the book The Principles of Scientific Management from 1911, preached the gospel of efficient management of production time and costs, the proper routing and scheduling of work, standardization of tools and equipment, and the like. TENNIS PLAYER! :D <3

studying workers to find the most efficient ways of doing things and then teaching people those techniques, theory promoted by Frederick W. Taylor; held that every kind of work could be broken into a series of smaller tasks and that rates of production could be set for each component task, introduced by Frederick W. Taylor, explained that it was based on the idea that every kind of work could be broken down in to a series of smaller tasks

first affordable car built by Henry Ford; sturdy, reliable, inexpensive, only came in black, Ford's-assembly line product which was affectionately known as the "Tin Lizzie" or "Flivver", A cheap and simple car designed by Ford. It allowed for more Americans to own a car., Henry Ford mass produced Model T car by standardizing production, subdividing work, and using machines instead of manual labour because cheaper, new car every 10 seconds because so efficient

principles for mass production based on assembly-line techniques, scientific management, mass consumption based on higher wages, and sophisticated advertising techniques, system of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford, A system of assembly-line manufacturing and mass production named after Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company and developer of the Model T car. (783), A highly organized and specialized system for organizing industrial production and labor. Named after automobile producer Henry Ford, Forist production features assembly-line production of standardized componentsfor mass consumption.

Orville Wright credited with the design and construction of the first practical airplane. They made the first controllable, powered heavier-than-air flight along with many other aviation milestones, also showing the beginning of the individual progressive spirit., two brothers, Orville and Wilbur, who were responsible for the first flight of an airplane, first at flight in Kitty Hawk, NC; they made the first airplane and flew it revolutionizing the way people went traveled, In 1903, two American bicycle makers, Orville and Wilbur Wright, designed and flew a flimsy airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974), an American aviator, engineer , and Pulitzer Prize winner. He was famous for flying solo across the Atlantic, paving the way for future aviational development., Flew the airplane "The Spirit of St. Louis" for 33 1/2 hours across the Atlantic to Paris alone. He became a hero.

Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime, a term coined by F. Scott Fitzgerald for the postwar era because the young people were willing to experiment with new forms of recreation and sexuality. The music blended African and European traditions to form a new kind of music, pioneered by African american musicians who combined west with africa (Louis armstrong), Type of music that grew out of African American music from the south especially ragtime and blues. Harlem, NY The 1920s are called the Jazz Age

Became popular in the 1920's. The first radio station began broadcasting in Pittsburgh in 1920. By 1929, more than 10 million families owned radios., A technology first introduced in Canada in the 1920's. It provided a new form of entertainment. FDR's fireside chats.

Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK., Movie released in 1915 - promoted White supremecy and pro KKK - first blockbuster, 1915, first full length classic. glorified the KKK of reconruction days and defamed both blacks and Northern carpetbaggers, (915) Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.

1927 - The first movie with sound; this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer; Al Jolson., A movie, made in 1927, that started a demand for dancers who could fulfill the expectations of the 1920s. It encouraged the "flappers" and the sexual attitude of the period., first movie with sound, Al Jolson, painted his face black and belted out "Mammy", by putting black paint on black people and white people could be on stage together

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood., Organinnzed American Birth control league in 1921-- later became Federation of Planned Parenthood in 1942, saw birth control as a way of social and sexual change. thrown in jail for her beliefs and actions toward the reproductive rights of women., an American birth control activist, an advocate of negative eugenics, and the founder of the American Birth Control League (which eventually became Planned Parenthood). Initially met with fierce opposition to her ideas, Sanger gradually won some support, both in the public as well as the courts, for a woman's choice to decide how and when she will bear children. Margaret Sanger was instrumental in opening the way to universal access to birth control, comstock law, voluntary motherhood

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom., young women who rebelled against traditional ways of thinking and acting, women who abandoned dress and conduct codes of the past; these rebellious girls became the symbol of the Roaring Twenties; shocked their elders with short skits, slang, new dances, heavy makeup, and drinking or smoking in public

Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do)., Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis., Austrian neurologist who founded psychoanalysis; theories of unconscious mind and defense mechanism of repression; pioneered first studies of psychology (studied human mind and behavior of subconscious)

Many poor urban blacks turned to him. He was head of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and he urged black economic cooperation and founded a chain of UNIA grocery stores and other business, founder of United Negro Improvement Association ;; promotes resettlement of American blacks to own "African homeland", sponsored stores & businesses to keep $ in blacks' pockets ;; inspiration for Nation of Islam, Harlem political leader, founder of the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), African American leader who promoted self-reliance for African Americans; he started the Universal Negro Improvement Association which urged African Americans to take pride in their hertiage and heped influence the Harlem Renaissance.

Universal Negro Improvement Association, Association founded by Marcus Gravey in 1914 to foster African American economic independence and establish an independent black homeland in Africa., Garvey founded this in the early 1920s which enrolled millions of members in 700 branches in 38 states. supported black nationalism, Marcus Garvey founded this in 1914; it had two main goals: its members hoped to foster African American's economic independence through the establishment of black-owned businesses; they worked to establish an independent black homeland in Africa., organization that rejected the NAACP's goal of integration, sought to appeal to poor black ghetto dwellers, Marcus Garvey founder Harlem, New York

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe, a group of American writers that rebelled against America's lack of cosmopolitan culture in the early 20th century. Many moved to cultural centers such as London in Paris in search for literary freedom. Prominent writers included T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and Ernest Hemingway among others., Americans who became disillusioned with society after World War I, Term coined by Gertrude Stein to describe American expatriate writers of the 1920's; included T.S. Eliot, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and Stein herself., Name coined by Gertude Stein to describe post-World War 1 writers and artists who had lost their illusions about romance and heroism- prominent Lost Generation figures included F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Dos Passos.

the symbol of "the lost generation" of american writers in the 1920s. He wrote 'the great Gatsby:, Winter Dreams, novelist who described the US and the world during the '20s in novels like The Great Gatsby

One of the most popular writers of the 1920's who wrote "A Farewell to Arms", Author of "Old Man and the Sea", "The Sun Also Rises", "A Farewell to Arms" and "For whom the Bell Tolls", Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms, fought in Italy in 1917. He later became a famous author who wrote "The Sun Also Rises" (about American expatriates in Europe) and "A Farewell to Arms." In the 1920's he became upset with the idealism of America versus the realism he saw in World War I. He was very distraught, and in 1961 he shot himself in the head.

This was a time when African Americans were very expressive of their culture. Harlem is a part of New York City where the renaissance started. Blacks advanced in music literature, drama, art and dance., a flowering of African American culture in the 1920s; instilled interest in African American culture and pride in being an African American., refers to the black cultural development during the 1920s. It showed that blacks had much to offer to American culture and saw the development of "real" American culture (ex. Jazz)., African American literary and artistic movement of the 1920's and 1930's centered in NYC's Harlem district, it included the writers: Langston Hughes, Jean Toomer, Zora Neal Hurston, and Countee Cullen and James Weldon Johnson

This man was well known for making the Harlem Renaissance famous because of his poems., A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance. He wrote "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" and "My People", African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance., An American writer known for the use of jazz and black folk rhythms in his poetry. He used musical rhythms and the traditions of African American culture in his poetry

paying only a fraction of the stock price and borrowing the rest from brokers. Brokers, in turn, borrowed their money from banks. As long as the value of stocks continued to rise, the buyer could sell later, pay back what had been borrowed, and make a profit. If that value fell, though, investors and brokers would not have enough cash to pay off the loans.

the Secretary of the Treasury during the Harding Administration. He felt it was best to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He believed in trickle down economics. (Hamiltonian economics), He was appointed Secretary of Treasery by president Harding. He bought into his office the Mellon Plan which had four main points: Cut the top income tax rate from 77 to 25 percent, cut taxes on low incomes, reduce federal estate tax, and efficiency in the government., He was the Secretary of the Treasury during the 1920s and under Harding that had the theory that high taxes forced the rich to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He had followers in his theory called Mellonites. He helped engineer a series of tax reductions and reduced national debt by $10 billion. He was accused of indirectly encouraging the bull market and starting the descent into the stock market crash. Some people, however, believed he was the "greatest secretary of treasury since Hamilton." He used "trickle-down" economics.

29th President of the United States, president who called for a return to normalcy following WWI, 29th President of the United States. Had 2 associates involved in the teapot dome scandal, 29th president of the US; Republican; "Return to Normalcy" (life as it had been before WWI-peace, isolation); presidency was marred by scandal, 1921-1923, Republican, against League of Nation, first time women vote, "Ohio Gang", Pres.1921 laissez-faire, little regard for gov't or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson + his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). Ex) Sec. of Interior leased gov't land w/ oil for $500,000 and took money himself. Died after 3 years in office, VP: Coolidge took over

Supreme Court case that invalidated Muller v. Oregon, declaring that since women now had the vote, they were equal to men and undeserving of special protection, Supreme Court that overturns minimum wage for women, a landmark supreme court desigion reversing the ruling in Muller v. Oregon, The Supreme Court ruled that Congress does not have the power to set minimum wages for women as a special group, The Supreme Court (1923) declared that under the 19th Amendment, women were no longer deserving of special protection in the workplace., 1923 - Congress passed a minimum wage law for women and children working in Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional on the grounds that, although Congress had more power than states to interfere with contracts, even their power was limited.

1921 - president harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect China's independence, Harding invited several major powers to this event, and for the 1st time in history, powerful nations agreed to disarm, a diplomatic conference, held in Washington, D.C. from November 1921 to February 1922. It was attended by nine nations having interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia. It was the first disarmament conference in history, and is studied by political scientists as a model for a successful disarmament movement. It resulted in three major treaties: Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Treaty and the Nine-Power Treaty and a number of smaller agreements. These treaties preserved peace during the 1920s but are also credited with enabling the rise of the Japanese Empire as a naval power leading up to World War II., President Harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect China's independence. Credited with the rise of Japan's naval forces leading up to WW2

Several Countries(61 nations) that agree that they will sit down and nagociate before they go to war. The only problem is that there is no enforcement clause, a multinational treaty that prohibited the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defense. It was the result of a determined American effort to avoid involvement in the European alliance system., was signed on August 27, 1928 by the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Japan, and a number of other states. The pact renounced aggressive war, prohibiting the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defence

This tariff rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade, which hampered the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade., 1922, it increase rates on chemical and metal products as a safeguard against the revival of German industries that had previously commanded the field, extended the duties on agricultural imports to please the farmers and it meant that not enough money was flowing back into the United States, This act was an example of american isolationist tendencies after world war I. As america tried to achieve economic self-sufficiency, congress passed this protective tariff safeguard its industry against foreign manipulation. (page 751), raised taxes on US imports to 60 percent, highest EVER. protected US business from foreign competition, but Brit and France couldn't sell enough goods in US to repay debts

symbol of government corruption; government oil reserves were secretly leased to oil companies in exchange for financial compensation, Secretary of the Interior (Albert Fall) leased government land in California and at Teapot Dome, Wyoming to 2 oil executives- Fall became the first Cabinet official to be sent to prison, Harding's Secertary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall, secretly allowed private interest to lease lands containing U.S. Navy oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, One of many scandals under Harding. Involved priceless naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming. Albert B. Fall got Secretary of Navy, Denby to transfer valuable goods to Interior Department secretly. Harry Sinclair and Edward L Dohney were released the lands after paying a large bribe. Scandal polluted governments prestige and made public wonder about the sufficiency of government and undermined faith in courts

elected Vice President and succeeded as 30th President of the United States when Harding died in 1923 (1872-1933), became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business., Became president when Harding died. Tried to clean up scandals. Business prospered and people's wealth increased, taciturn, pro-business president (1923-1929) who took over after Harding's death, restored honesty to government, and accelerated the tax cutting and antiregulation policies of his predecessor; his laissez-faire policies brought short-term prosperity from 1923 to 1929., governor of MA and future president who was made famous by his involvement in the Boston Police Strike, when he declared that: "There is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime"

Also known as the "Bull Moose Party", this political party was formed by Theodore Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President William Howard Taft in the election of 1912. After Taft won the Republican Party's nomination, Roosevelt ran on the Progressive party ticket., In the election of 1924a new form of this party came to life by Senator La Follette. This group was made up of mostly price-pinched farmers. Their platform called for a government ownership of railroads and relief of farmers, lashed out at monopoly and anti-labor injunctions, and urged a constitutional amendment to limit the Supreme Court's power to invade laws passed by Congress., Party of Roosevelt supporters formed during the election of 1912 § Platform was almost all of the progressive movements - lower tariffs, woman suffrage, business regulation, abolition of child labor, 8-hour workday, workers compensation, direct primaries, popular election of senators

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success., Plan devised by U.S. banker to scale back reparation payments for WWI and establish a cycle of loans to Germany which let is pay off outstanding war debts to the Allies., The American plan to loan money to Germany, who would pay their reparations to France and Britain, who would pay back their debt to America, which created a win-win for everyone, and made they people happy and thought that peace was possible, The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was an attempt following World War I for the Allies to collect war reparations debt from Germany. When after five years the plan proved to be unsuccessful, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it.

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community., president of the U.S from 1923-1933 leader of the US in the beginning of the great depression. He didn't want the gov involved in the peoples lives and thought that the people should express their individual rights, rugged individualism, , He was the head of the Food Administration during World War I. He became the Secretary of Commerce and encouraged businesses to regulate themselves. Hoover was a Republican known for his integrity who won the election of of 1928. He had to deal with the Great Crash of 1929, which caused the Great Depression. He signed the Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act. His belief in "rugged individualism" kept him from giving people direct relief during the Great Depression.

He ran for president in the 1928 election for the Democrat Party. He was known for his drinking and he lost the election to Herbert Hoover. Prohibition was one of the issues of the campaign. He was the first Roman Catholic to run for president, and it was during a time many people were prejudice toward Catholics, He was the Democratic presidential candidate in the 1928 election. He was the first Catholic to be elected as a candidate., The nominee, by Democrats, in the 1928 election who ran against Herbert Hoover. He was the four-time governor of New York, with a very friendly personality. However, he did not get elected because he was "wet" (during the prohibition movement), a native to New York (too urban/a city slicker), Catholic (most of the nation was Protestant), and he was a descendant of Irish grandparents (a foreign). P. 757 & 758.

Established the first major government program to help farmers maintain crop prices with a federally sponsored Farm Board that would make loans to national marking cooperatives or set up corporations to buy surpluses and raise prices. This act failed to help American farmers., gave $500 million to farm orginizations which bought farmers grain that couldnt be sold. didnt work because farmers produced more grain than ever, June 1929 helped farmers help themselves through producers' cooperatives ;; lent $ to farm organizations seeking to buy, sell, store agricultural surpluses ;; set up Federal Farm Board (fund of 1/2 billion $), designed to help farmers help themselves through producers' cooperatives. Set up Federal Farm Board. Money was lent generously to farm organizations seeking to buy, sell, and store agricultural surpluses, help farmers help themselves, hoover

(HH) , Agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture; it offered farmers insurance against loss of crops due to drought; flood; or freeze. It did not guarantee profit or cover losses due to bad farming., it created the Grain and Corn Stabilization Corporations hoping to bolster prices by buying surpluses, Agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it offered farmers insurance against loss of crops due to drought, flood, or freeze. It did not guarantee profit or cover losses due to bad farming., Agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it offered farmers insurance against loss of crops due to drought, flood, or freeze. It did not guarantee profit or cover losses due to bad farming., Hoover finally decides to help and creates this group. Loans money to aid cooperatives and bought up surplus crops in the open market in vain effort to raise crop prices. created by the agricultural marketing act

charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation, (HH) 1930 , charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliatio, HIGHEST EVER, protective act that raised the prices on imports to an historic high 2) other countries did the same thing 3) exports declined with imports 4) cause of the Depression, It was a tariff passed in 1930 that was designed to assist farmers. Unfortunately as it worked its way through the government it acquired about 1,000 amendments, causing it to become of the highest protective tariffs in peacetime history. It ticked of foreigners and appeared as economic warfare. It furthered the depression and through America ever deeper into its economic isolationism.

Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock., The Stock Market Crash was when, flooded with investments (particularly those buying "on margin, or paying a fraction of the total price or a transaction and the broker lending the trader the rest), the Stock Market crashed after those who bought on margin were forced to either put up more money or sell their stock, choosing to sell. Thousands of people sold their stocks at once, and a financial panic ensued., Occurred because people were buying stocks on margin. Many Americans lost money and stocks became worthless., Stock Market Crash occured on Tuesday 10.29.1929. A "panic" (rush to sell) leads to a decline in stock prices. The result is billions of dollars lost.

October 29, 1929; the beginning of the Great Depression when the stock market crashed, October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed. Lead to the Panic of 1929, It occurred on October 29, 1929, when 16,410,030 shares of stocks were sold in a save-who-may scramble. It marked the beginning of the Great Depression., This is the nickname for the day the stock market crashed (October 29, 1929). People who had unwisely borrowed money to buy high-priced stocks (intending to sell the stocks at a profit and repay lenders), went bankrupt. Black Tuesday marked the beginning of the Great Depression, a period of economic hardship in the United States lasting from 1929 to 1939.

shanty-towns that housed many who had lost everything. Shelters were built of old boxes and other discards., camps built outside of major cities by people who had lost their homes during the great depression called hoovervilles because the people blamed pre. hoover foe their situition, Shanty towns that the unemployed built in the cities during the early years of the Depression; the name given to them shows that thte people blamed Hoover directly for the Depression., camps and shantytowns of unemployed and homeless on the outskirts of major cities during the early days of the Depression; they were symbols of the failure of Hoover's program and the way the nation held him responsible for the hard times.

The belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal. Popularly said by Hertbert Hoover., Hoover used this because he believed that people could get out of their serious troubles by asserting effort., Hoover's philosophy that called on Americans to help each other during the Depression without direct government relief; he feared too much government would weaken the American character, endanger liberty, and lead to totalitarianism in the United States., Hoover's belief that people must be self-reliant and not depend upon the federal government for assistance, prevented him from intervening in the economy after Black Tuesday, no direct relief

RFC was an independant agency of the United States government. It granted over 2 billion dollars to the local and state governments. It was charted under the Herbert Hoover administration., Agency established n 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks, Government agency whose purpose was to give federal loans for struggling banks, railroads, and other businesses. This agency failed, however to provide any significant support to businesses largely from the fact that they lacked money and failed to completely use the 1.5 billion dollar budget., This corporation became a government lending bank. It was designed to provide indirect assistance to insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and even hard-pressed state and local governments. Under this plan, to preserve individualism, no loans were made to individuals. In the election of 1932, Hoover ran against FDR and this was part of Hoover's plan., Congress set up $2 billion. It made loans to major economic institutions such as banks, insurance companies and railroads. became a government lending bank. This was a large step for Hoover away from laissez faire policies and toward policies the Democrats (FDR) would later employ.

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash, Unemployed World War I veterans who came to Washington in the spring of 1932 to demand the immediate payment of the bonus congress had voted them in 1922. The veterans were forcibly removed from Anacostia Flats by federal troops under the command of Douglas MacArthur., Congress voted to give WWI veterans an additional amount of money to be paid in 1945. In 1932, the veterans camped in a tent city along the Potomac River to make their statement. Senate rejected the bill to pay them immediately, and so Hoover sent out the military and General MacArthur to deal with them. They were attacked by tanks and machine guns., A group of almost 20,000 World War I veterans who were hard-hit victims of the depression, who wanted what the government owed them for their services and "saving" democracy. They marched to Washington and set up public camps and erected shacks on vacant lots. They tried to intimidate Congress into paying them, but Hoover had them removed by the army, which shed a negative light on Hoover., Bonus Expeditionary Force (20,000 ppl) - converged on the capital in 1931 to demand congress the immediate payment of their entire bonus.

Japan wanted some of China's natural resources and space. in 1932 Japan annexed an area in Manchuria after an alleged attack by the Chinese in 1931. League of Nations did nothing, 1931, just before china and japan declared war on each other, japan invaded a part of southern china. Importaint because it showed japan was trying to expand with its military, and that the U.S did nothing about it., Rouge elements of the military blow up part of the railway, blame it on bandits, anduse it as a reason to occupy Manchuria, In 1931 Japan invaded the chinese territory of Manchuria. China appealled to the league to take action. League ordered Japan to withdraw. Japan refused, league sent a commision to investigate. Suggested the league govern Manchuria, Japan left tohe league in 1933. In 1937, Japan invaded the rest of China and there was no discussion of sanctions during the crisis.

1932, Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria, a policy of the United States federal government, enunciated in a note to Japan and China of non-recognition of international territorial changes affected by force. The policy followed Japan's unilateral seizure of Manchuria in northeastern China following action by Japanese soldiers at Mukden in 1931. (p.767-768)., 1932 - Japan's seizure of Manchuria brought this pronouncement by Hoover's Secretary of State, Henry Stimson, that the U.S. would not recognize any changes to China's territory, nor any impairment of China's sovereignty.

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region, Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy., FDR; American policy towards Latin American neighbors to coexist in a peaceful way; Hull, secretary of state, said that "no country has a right to interfere in another country's affairs", Policy of Roosevelt's which led to the recall of US troops from Nicaragua and Haiti; supposed change in US interventionist policy in Latin America, which really represented no change in interests/involvement.

often referred to by his initials FDR, was the thirty-second President of the United States. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms of office. He was a central figure of the 20th century during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war., overcame polio to become President; his New Deal attempted to solve the economic problems of the Great Depression; he was a symbol of hope, courage, and optimism, He started presidency off with The Great Depression; he had to spend money to create new jobs. He had polio, so he couldn't walk. He used the radio, by having "Fireside Chats", to tell the people what he was doing. He launched the New Deal. Led us into World War II, but died in office right before it ended. He was our longest serving president., 32nd president elected in 1932 and held four terms. Started many programs that he called the 'new deal' which gave more power to the government. Many people believe he was responsible in extended the Depression. He is important in American History because he expanded the government, and caused the law giving presidents a maximum of 2 terms.

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women, Symbol of hope, immediate help. 'save America, do your part', BIG support for women and girls, FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women, One of the first ladies. Also in New York she worked for reforms in state government, campaigned for legislation regarding public housing, fought for the rights of working women, and supported the disteibution of information about birth control., Franklin Roosevelt's wife; became very involved; committed to civil rights and labor rights

FDR defeats Hoover in an election where the depression is the main issue, Herbert Hoover/republican ("prosperity around the corner") vs. Franklin D. Roosevelt/democrat (3 R's- "relief, recovery, reform)= Roosevelt, the Republican nominee Herbert Hoover and the Democratic nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Republican platform included higher tariffs, keeping the gold standard, and continuation of Hoover policies. The Democratic platform included the repeal of prohibition, a 25% cut in government spending, unemployment aid, and a "new deal" for America. Roosevelt won with 472 electoral votes and all but 6 states. His victory paved the way for his "New Deal' policies and optimism in the country "nothing to fear but fear itself (Inauguration speech).", FDR won by landslide against hoover. Thought he could end depression with his sense of hope/change of current policies

period from March to June 1933 when Congress passed major legislation submitted by Roosevelt to deal with the Depression, The House and the Senate met for 100 days between March-June 1933. FDR's new deal which changed the way American government operates., March 9th to June 16th 1933. Congress passed more then 15 pieces of legislation. Laws and others that followed that expanded the federal governemnts role in the nations economy, • Roosevelt's first 100 days • change needed to happen because America was in a depression • Only time in history when all parts of government worked together and all walks of life, conservatives and liberals weren't apposing government action because they were so desperate for something to be done • Roosevelt's inaugural reassured the country but stirred it into action • Roosevelt had the power and the will to act but no plan • him and his collaborators proceeded in a dozen different directions, some were good and some weren't • the first thing they passed was the Economy Act which reduced the salaries of federal employees by 15 percent and cut various veterans benefits (bad, could only make depression worse) • most New Deal programs were designed to stimulate the economy • he began speaking in fireside chats • a plan to reopen banks under Treasury Department was devised and soon most of them were functioning again and the public was more confident in their abilities • the banks still remained private institutions • Roosevelt took the country off of the gold standard • He was making all these programs to give people jobs and give them a pay check, so people can start spending money again to get the economy circulating again. In general to stimulate the economy. • Doing everything they could to give people confidence in the government and the banks. • congress created the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) to guarantee bank deposits and the HOLC (Home Owners Load Corporation) to refinance mortgages and prevent foreclosures • they passed the Federal Securities Act requiring promoters to make public full financial information about new stock issues and gave the Federal Trade Commission the right to regulate such transactions • NRA, NIRA • AAA • TVA • CCC

roosevelts economic plan called for releif to stop the pain, recovery to fix the problem, and reform to ensure that the great depression doesnt occur again., Relief, Recovery , & Reform, "Relief, Recovery, and Reform": the goals of Roosevelt's New Deal programs enacted in his hectic first Hundred Days., New Deal programs issued by the Democratic Congress. They were summoned during a "Hundred Days" in order to soothe the national emergency. The programs aimed at RELIEF, RECOVERY, and REFORM. The short term goals were relief and recovery while the long term goals were permanent recovery and reform of current abuses. These reforms came back to the pre WWI progressive movement. They embraced progressive ideas such as unemployment insurance, old age insurance, minimum-wage regulations, conservations and development of national resources and restrictions on child labor., Relief (relieve people); Recovery (recover business); Reform (government reform)

(FDR) 1933 , gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened., HUNDRED DAYS STARTS, Recovery: (EBRA) March 9, 1933; closed insolvent banks, reorganized strong banks, aided banks overall; 5000 banks inspected and reopened; examiners inspected banks; gave president power to regulate transactions in credit, currency, gold, silver, and foreign exchange, aka National Bank Holiday; government closed all banks for four days; solvent banks reopened; nation was taken off the gold standard: paper $ was no longer redeemable in gold, government can determine amount of money in the economy and to inflate prices and stocks, fireside chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people, The informal radio conversations Roosevelt had with the people to keep spirits up. It was a means of communicating with the people on how he would take on the depression., President F. Roosevelt's use of radio broadcasts to connect him and the people in an intimate way. Through these, he explained the nature of the bank moratorium, farm relief, and his New Deal's alphabet agencies to solve problems of the Depression., Roosevelt's informal radio addresses throughout his presidency; they gave the people a sense of confidence that he understood their problems and was trying to help solve them. With these "chats," FDR was the first president to use the electronic media to spread his message.

established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and included banking reforms, some of which were designed to control speculation.; were both reactions of the U.S. government to cope with the economic problems which followed the Stock Market Crash of 1929., Government legislation that made 750 million dollars that had once been kept in the governments gold reserves now able to be used in the creation of loans. This allowed the banks to reopen and it gave the president the power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange. It also took the U.S off the gold standard and introduced FDIC., This measure provided for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insured individual deposits up to $5,000 (later raised). Thus ended the disgraceful epidemic of bank failures, which dated back to the "wildcat" days of Andrew Jackson. It was enacted in 1933 during the Roosevelt presidency. (p. 776)

a federally sponsored corporation that insures accounts in national banks and other qualified institutions, An independent federal agency created by Glass-Steagall Reform Act. It insures up to $100,000 for bank deposits, thus helping put faith back into the banks., FDIC - A federal guarantee of savings bank deposits. The FDIC on Friday formally approved the increased insurance limit of $250,000 per regular account that was part of the financial rescue legislation enacted last week. (October 10, 2008), This New Deal law set this up to insure savings accounts in banks so that this would prevent "runs" on banks.

Relief: (CCC) March 31, 1933; reduced poverty/unemployment, helped young men and families; young men go to rural camps for 6 months to do construction work; $1/day; intended to help youth escape cities; concerned with soil erosion, state/national parks, telephone/power lines; 40 hr weeks, New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects, Provided jobs for young men to plant trees, build bridges and parks, and set up flood control projects, The CCC was a New Deal program created by the Unemployment Relief Act. It provided employment in government camps for 3 million men. The work they were involved in included reforestation, fire fighting, flood control, and swamp drainage.

Created the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, it focused on immediate relief. Headed by Harry Hopkins, The Act was the first direct-relief operation under the New Deal, and was headed by Harry L. Hopkins, a New York social worker who was one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's most influential advisers *, law provided money for food and other necessities for the unemployed *Affected the people in trying to aid people feeling the effects of the depression, still in effect today, Alleviated adult unemployment. Created beneficial jobs. Still exists today but under a different name.(FEMA) It helped he people and improved the land., provided state assistance for the unemployed and their families in the form of federal grants this allowed places to meet the relief needs (jobs for unemployed), direct payment to the places and money to make these job opportunites (created cwa), controversy over where money was really going

restricted production during the New Deal by paying farmers to reduce crop area. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus so as to effectively raise the value of crops, thereby giving farmers relative stability again. The farmers were paid subsidies by the federal government for leaving some of their fields unused. The Act created a new agency, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, to oversee the distribution of the subsidies. It is considered the first modern U.S. farm bill, Limited farm surplus by limiting production; set up banks to lend money at low interest rates, Paid farmers to farm LESS - restricted production to reduce crop surplus so as to effectively RAISE VALUE OF CROPS --> giving farmers relative stability again-- RELIEF, government subsidies on farm crops, tax on food processing, producers of certain products would decide on the production limits for crops, made agricultural economy more stable, benefited larger farmers over smaller ones, restricted crop production to reduce crop surplus; farmers paid subsidies by federal government; declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in US vs Butler on January 6, 1936; ineffective: many loopholes, sharecroppers ran out of work

November 9, 1933- Harry L. Hopkins was put in charge of the organization. The CWA created construction jobs, mainly improving or constructing buildings and bridges. In just one year, the CWA cost the government over $1 Billion and was cancelled. So much was spent on this administration because it hired 4 million people and was mostly concerned with paying high wages., Created "make-Work" Projects to create jobs for the unemployed., a branch of the FERA, was designed to provide temporary jobs during the winter emergency. Thousands of unemployed were employed at leaf raking and other manual-labor jobs., Hired unemployed workers to do make-shift jobs like sweeping streets. Sent men ages 18-24 to camps to work on flood control, soil conservation, and forest projects under the War Department. A small monthly payment was made to the family of each member.

A radio priest who was anti-Semetic and anti-New Deal. He catered away some support from FDR., In 1930 he began radio broadcasts of his sermons, into which he gradually injected reactionary political statements and anti-Semitic rhetoric., Catholic priest who used his popular radio program to criticize the New Deal; he grew increasingly anti-Roosevelt and anti-Semitic until the Catholic Church pulled him off the air., Radio Priest from Michigan. Wanted government to nationalize all banks and return to silver standard, Charles Couglin was a Roman Catholiv priest a popular radio host and an outspoken opponent of FDR. In 1935 Coughlin formed an organization called the National Union for Social Justice which was designed to probide work and fair wages for all Americans.

Louisianna Senator who opposed FDR's New Deal and came up with a , "Share the Wealth" wants to give $5k to all families ,was later assasinated, Louisiana Governor that wanted to help underprivileged people by improving education, medical care, and public services. developer of the "Share-Our-Wealth" program. limited personal income to $1 million, and inheritance to $5 million, nicknamed The Kingfish, was an American politician from the U.S. state of Louisiana. A Democrat, he was noted for his radical populist policies. He served as Governor of Louisiana from 1928 to 1932 and as a U.S. senator from 1932 to 1935. Though a backer of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election, Long split with Roosevelt in June 1933 and allegedly planned to mount his own presidential bid., Senator of Louisiana was popular for his "Share the Wealth" program. Proposing "every man a king," each family was to receive $5000, allegedly from the rich. The math of the plan was ludicrous. His chief lieutenant was former clergyman Gerald L. K. Smith. He was later shot by a deranged medical doctor in 1935.

criticized the New Deal for not doing enough for older Americans., Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month., an American physician who was best known for his revolving old-age pension proposal during the Great Depression. Known as the "Townsend Plan," this proposal influenced the establishment of the Roosevelt administration's Social Security system., The californian created a plan in which senior citizens recieved $200 per month, provided that the money would be all spent in that month, and his plan was wildly popular and was similar to the Social Security Act.

May 6, 1935- Began under Hoover and continued under Roosevelt but was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Provided jobs and income to the unemplyed but couldn't work more than 30 hours a week. It built many public buildings and roads, and as well operated a large arts project., New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings., New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings., May 6, 1935- Began under Hoover and continued under Roosevelt but was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Provided jobs and income to the unemplyed but couldn't work more than 30 hours a week. It built many public buildings and roads, and as well operated a large arts project.

First female Cabinet Member, (born Fanny Coralie Perkins, lived April 10, 1882 - May 14, 1965) was the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition, First woman appointed to a cabinet position. Appointed by FDR, she became Secretary of Labor. She received a lot of undeserved criticism from male politicians and businessmen., As FDR's Secretary of Labor, she was the first woman ever appointed to a presidential cabinet position., Secretary of Labor who was notable for the introduction of wide-ranging reforms such as the abolition of child labor, intro. to unemployment insurance, minimum wage legislation, etc. Also she helped launch many New Deal intiatives aimed at stimulating employment.

a member of the Black Cabinet and was appointed director of the Division of Negro Affairs in the NYA, Mary McLeod Bethune was a leader in the struggle for women's and black equality. She founded a school for black students that eventually became Bethune-Cookman University. She also served as an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, The daughter of ex-slaves, she founded a college in Florida and became the highest ranking African American in the Roosevelt administration. She organized the "Black Cabinet" which ensured that all balcks benefited from the New Deal programs.( page 780)., African-American. served as director of minority affairs in the National Youth Administration. • Bethune led the black cabinet that acted as a link between Roosevelt administration and black organizations.

A New Deal legislation that focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the NRA., (FDR) 1933, focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the NRA, established Public Works Administration and National Recovery Administration to help economic recovery from Great Depression; NRA was ruled unconstitutional in Schechter Poultry v. US, Federal law designed to encourage economic growth by suspending antitrust laws and eliminating unfair competitions between employers; declared unconstitutional in 1935, 1) suspended antitrust laws and allowed business 2) labor and government to cooperate in setting up voluntary rules for each industry => codes of fair competition => National Recovery Administration (NRA); "we do our part." => short-lived gains; difficult to administer => fall in industrial growth

Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours., agency which called for fair competition and collective bargaining, it failed because it expected too much self sacrifice (NRA), Enforced codes that regulated wages, prices, and working conditions, NRA - companies that followed the NRA codes stamped a blue eagle on their products (means they followed the new codes); they made the NRA to try to enforce the new codes, The most ambitious attempt to control and plan the economy was the National Recovery Administration (NRA), established by Congress right after Roosevelt took office. The key idea behind the NRA was to reduce competition and fix prices and wages for everyone's benefit, along with sponsoring enough public works projects to ensure recovery. The NRA's goal required government, business, and labor to hammer out detailed regulations for each industry. Because NRA broke with the cherished American tradition of free competition and aroused conflicts among business people, consumers, and bureaucrats, it did not work well. (948), we do our part

National Industrial Recovery Act Code ruled unconstitutional because its authority, delegated by Congress, violated the legislative branch's exclusive rights under Article 1 Section 1, and therefore infringed on the separation of powers between the branches of government., Sometimes called "the sick chicken case." Unanimously declared the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) unconstitutional on three grounds: that the act delegated legislative power to the executive; that there was a lack of constitutional authority for such legislation; and that it sought to regulate businesses that were wholly intrastate in character., (1935) the "Sick Chicken case"- the court invalidated the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) for several reasons, including that the federal government could not constitutionally regulate wholly intrastate commerce

(FDR) , 1935 Created for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by the Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways., Relief: June 1933; created by NIRA; spent $3.3 billion on public projects; provided the unemployed with work in public works; Recovery: contributed to a revival of the American industry; increased purchasing power and and improed public welfare; from July 1933 to March 1939 it took on 34,000 different public works projects; included airports, electricity-generating dams, major warships for navies, and bridges; spent over $6 billion dollars total, (PWA) created due to the NIRA, it granted $3.3 billion for public buildings, highway programs, flood control and more. Under Secretary of Interior Harold Ickes the PWA served the purpose of work relief. It hired companies so that the government was not directly hiring citizens, It allowed $3.3 billion to be spent on the construction of public works to provide employment, stabilize purchasing power, improve public welfare, and contribute to a revival of American industry(PWA)

Repeal of the 18th Ammendment (prohibition), This Constitutional Amendment allowed individuals to consume alcoholic beverages ending the 18th Amendment., Repealed Prohibition (Made alcohol legal), repeals 18th ammendment, 1933 ammendment that stated that prohibition was repealed

Increased government regulation of crop production and payments to farmers, law authorized payments to farmers who withdrew land from production and practiced conversion, also authorized the Department of Agriculture to limit the amount of specific crops that could be brought to market each year, similar goals of the first one, but this was funded by general government money

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages., western Kansas and Oklahoma, northern Texas, and eastern Colorado and New Mexico; long periods of drought and destructive farming methods ruined farming in the region, western Kansas and Oklahoma, northern Texas, and eastern Colorado and New Mexico; long periods of drought and destructive farming methods ruined farming in the region, A series of dust storms in the Central U.S caused by many years of bad farming techniques. It caused many farmers to move west as well as remove the top soil., This nickname was given to the southern Great Plains region (New Mexico, Colorado, Texas, Kansas, and Oklahoma) during the 1930s, when a severe drought and fierce winds led to violent sandstorms that destroyed farmland, machinery, and houses, and led to countless injuries. Roughly 800,000 residents migrated west from this region to California during the 1930s and 1940's.

unflattering name given to Oklahomans and others from the rural Midwest, especially those who left the Dust Bowl looking for better lives during the 1930s, migrants from Oklahoma to California during the dust bowl, displaced farm families from the Oklahoma dust bowl who migrated to California during the 1930's in search of jobs. The term came to refer to all migrants to California and was a negative term

John Steinbeck's novel about a struggling farm family during the Great Depression. Gave a face to the violence and exploitation that migrant farm workers faced in America, John Steinbeck's novel about a struggling farm family during the Great Depression. Gave a face to the violence and exploitation that migrant farm workers faced in America., Set during the Great Depression, the novel focuses on a poor family of sharecroppers, the Joads, driven from their home by drought, economic hardship, and changes in the agriculture industry. In a nearly hopeless situation, they set out for California's Central Valley along with thousands of other "Okies" in search of land, jobs, and dignity, dust bowl

Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs., Act that partially repeals Dawes Act, "New Deal" for the Indians, "Indian New Deal" tribes to establish local self-gov. to reserve native crafts and traditions; stop loss of Indian lands, 77 tribes refuse; 200 others sign up, secured certain rights to Native Americans, including Alaska Natives, a reversal of the Dawes Act's privatization of common holdings of American Indians and a return to local self-government on a tribal basis.

Government agency having primary responsibility for enforcing the Federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry. It protected investors, listened to complaints, issued licenses and penalized fraud., Federal agency that reports to Congress and given responsibility for overseeing external financial reporting by publicly traded corporations., regulated the stock market and protected investors from dishonest trading practices, (SEC) part of FDR's first hundred days, was created to regulate the stock market by regulating the purchase of stocks on credit (margin buying) and restricting speculation by those with inside information on corporate plans

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil., A New Deal agency created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven-U.S.-state region around the Tennessee River Valley . It created many dams that provided electricity as well as jobs., Reform: (TVA) May 1933; provide navigation flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer during Great Depression; used federal experts and electricity to fuel the economy; covered Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Kentucky, Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia; no citizenry or elected officials, brought full employment, cheap electricity, low cost housing; George Norris is credited with this most revolutionary of New Deal agencies (TVA)

A federal agency established in 1943 to increase home ownership by providing an insurance program to safeguard the lender against the risk of nonpayment. Currently part of HUD., insured loans for building and repairing homes, a United States government agency created as part of the National Housing Act of 1934. Insured loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building and home buying. The goals of this organization are: to improve housing standards and conditions; to provide an adequate home financing system through insurance of mortgage loans; and to stabilize the mortgage market.

guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health, created a tax on workers and employers. That money provided monthly pensions for retired people., A 1935 law passed during the Great Depression that was intended to provide a minimal level of sustenance to older Americans and thus save them from poverty., A governmental legislation created to give money to those in need. It created a federal insurance program based on the automatic collection of taxes from employees and employers throughout people's working careers.

long-time labor leader who organized and led the first important unskilled workers labor union, called in to represent union during sit-down strike, United Mine Workers, created congress of Industrial Organization [ CIO ] - helped create industrial unions, President of the United Mine Workers, combined with seven other American Federation of Labor organizations to form the Committee for Industrial Organization. Wanted to bring together all of the unskilled workers together to mass-production industries, Organized workers in specific industries, regardless of skills to create the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)., an American leader of organized labor who served as president of the United Mine Workers of America from 1920 to 1960. He was a major player in the history of coal mining. He was the driving force behind the founding of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, which established the United Steel Workers of America and helped organize millions of other industrial workers in the 1930s

1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands., 1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining, created NLRB to administer Wagner Act; provide employees the right to select a union with exclusive power as the collective bargaining agent, outlaws certain management unfair labor practices., A New Deal legislation that was supported by R. F. Wagner. It established defined unjust labor practices, secured workers the right to bargain collectively, and established the National Labor Relations Board., Federal law that protects the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.

an independent agency of the United States government charged with mediating disputes between management and labor unions, Created by the National Labor Relations Act, also known as the Wagner Act it was created in the 1930's by congressman Wagner who was sympathetic to labor unions. The National Labor Relation Board was an administrative board that gave laborers the rights of self-organization and collective bargaining., Authority to settle disputes between workers and management, government agency that had the power to force employers to recognize unions and negotiate with them, assisted in the creation of unions and the election of their officials

June 25, 1938- United States federal law that applies to employees engaged in and producing goods for interstate commerce. The FLSA established a national minimum wage, guaranteed time and a half for overtime in certain jobs, and prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor," a term defined in the statute. The FLSA is administered by the Wage & Hour Division of the United States Department of Labor., established a minimum wage of 40 cents an hour and a maximum workweek of 40 hours for business engaged in interstate commerce, Sets minimum wage, requires over-time pay for time worked over 40 hours, and restricts the employment of minors., June 25, 1938- United States federal law that applies to employees engaged in and producing goods for interstate commerce. The FLSA established a national minimum wage, guaranteed time and a half for overtime in certain jobs, and prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor," a term defined in the statute. The FLSA is administered by the Wage & Hour Division of the United States Department of Labor

Orginially began as a group of unskilled workers who organized themselves into effective unions. As there popularity grew they came known for the revolutionary idea of the "sit down strike", there efforts lead to the passage of the Fair Labor Standard Act and the organization continued to thrive under the New Deal.( page 790-791), Formed in 1938, the CIO was a breakaway of the Committee for Industrial Organization from the AFL. This was 2-million-member association of industrial unions, which included the autoworkers., Also known as the CIO, this labor union formed in the ranks of the AFL. It consisted of unskilled workers. The AFL got scared of their influence on workers and suspended all members of the CIO. In 1938 it broke with the AF of L. By 1940 it had 4 million members, later combined into AFL-CIO

The first federation of labor unions in the United States. Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886, Federation of craft labor unions lead by Samuel Gompers that arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, founded in 1881 as a federation of trade unions, the AFL under President Samuel Gompers, successfully pushed for the 8 hour workday. It was a federation of national organizations, each of which retained a large degree of autonomy and exercised greater leverage against management. IT was based on skilled or craft unions, later combined with CIO

Changed date president takes office from March 4th to January 20th. Changed start of Congress to January3rd. End of Lame Duck Congress, Fixes the dates of term commencements for Congress (January 3) and the President (January 20); known as the "lame duck amendment".

1) R wanted to increase the size of the Supreme Court from 2) Sent bill to congress in '37: if a justice served for 10 years and didn't retire at 70, then the president could appoint another judge; passing of the bill would have allowed Roosevelt to appoint 6 new judged immediately => R's first serious mistake => Supreme court backing down on some of R's legislation, A move by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to increase the size of the Supreme Court and then bring in several new justices, Proposed plan to reform the entire federal judiciary. 35 additional district judges could speed decisions in lower courts. The age of 6 Supreme Court justices-all over 70-slowed its deliberations. For every justice of that age who did not retire, Congress should allow the President to appoint another judge to assist him. Roosevelt wanted to add to the Court liberals certain to approve New Deal Reforms

English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946), British economist who argued that for a nation to recovery fully from a depression, the govt had to spend money to encourage investment and consumption, British economist who thought deficit spending would create jobs and stimulate the economy., (1883-1946) English economist. He is most famous for The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), which judged most of classical economic analysis to be a special case (hence "General Theory") and argued that the best way to deal with prolonged recessions was deficit spending.

limits how involved federal government employees can become in elections. This prevented political parties from forcing federal workers to take part in election campaigns., Permitted government employees to vote in government elections but forbade them from participating in partisan politics, barred federal administrative officials from active political campaigning and soliciting. It also forbade the use of government funds for political purposes as well as the collection of campaign contributions from people receiving relief payments.

Create jobs and set the country on the way to recovery: Civilian Conservation Corps, Tennessee Valley Authority, Agriculture Adjustment Association, After Franklin Roosevelt was inaugurated in 1933, he decided the U.S. must improve economically to recover from the Great Depression. His policy, the New Deal, focused on relief, recovery, and reform. Short term goals were relief and immediate recovery. Permanent recovery and reform were done by long-range goals. Programs were established to improve unemployment, regulate minimum wage, and reform many other social issues., Policies focussing on relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform, Plan to save Economy

1935-1938 - shift from economic relief to economic reform, Legislative program focusing on REFORM begun by FDR in 1935 when the first attempt to end the Depression failed., Improving welfare services: Social Security Act ,Wagner Act, Second hundrend days focused more on social welfare benefits, stricter controls over businesses, stronger supports for unions and higher taxes for the rich