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Oliver Hazard Perry

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"We have me the enemy, and they are ours." Naval hero during the War of 1812. Won battle on Lake Erie against the British. After the battle, he sent William Henry Harrison a note that said this famous quote.

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Thomas Macdonough

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A commander of an American fleet on Lake Champlain that fought near Plattsburgh on floating slaughterhouses; the Americans were nearly defeated, but his nifty techniques forced the British to retreat; this heroic naval battle saved New York from conquest, New England from disaffection, and the Union from dissolution.

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Francis Scott Key

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United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812. The poem later became the Star Spangled Banner.

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Battle of New Orleans

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A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

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Andrew Jackson

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..., The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

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Treaty of Ghent

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December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

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John Quincy Adams

answer

(1767-1848) Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress.

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Henry Clay

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Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as

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Blue Light Federalists

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Treasonous New Englanders who disagreed with the war with Britain. They would flash their blue lights to signal the British who were blockading the ports if merchant ships were trying to escape.

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Hartford Convention

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Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

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Washington Irving

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Author, diplomat, wrote The Sketch Book, which included "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," the first American to be recognized in England (and elsewhere) as a writer

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James Fenimore Cooper

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1st truly American novelist noted for his stories of Indians and the frontier life; man's relationship w/ nature & westward expansion

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Stephen Decatur

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American naval officer known for his heroic deeds in the Tripolitan War, the War of 1812, and skirmishes against the Barbary pirates.

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Tariff of 1816

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1st protective tariff; helped protect American industry from competition by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

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The American System

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An economic program promoted by Henry Clay; it included a strong banking system that could provide easy credit, protective tariff to allow eastern manufacturing to grow, and a network of federally financed canals and highways to knit the country together economically and politically.

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Erie Canal

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A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

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James Monroe

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(1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

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Virginia Dynasty

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Ever since 1800, the presidency was in possession of Virginians. The Sec. of State of the previous president usually became the next president. Monroe ended this by appointing JQAdams, from New England, as his Sec. of State

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Era of Good Feelings

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A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

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Wildcat Banks

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The banks of the western frontier. These banks were hit hard by the Panic of 1819. The Bank of the United States' response to the panic of 1819 made the nationalist bank a financial devil in the eyes of wildcat banks.

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Panic of 1819

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Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

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Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada.

answer

The Americans initially did better at sea than anticipated. The victories also helped cover the return of American merchantmen.

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Did the United States fight the War of 1812 efficiently? Explain.

answer

The War of 1812 has been called America's forgotten war. Wedged between the Revolution and the Civil War, its causes, battles and consequences are familiar to few. The War of 1812 is also, perhaps, America's most diversely interpreted war. Everyone agrees that Britain's disrespect for American maritime rights—its interference with American trade and its illegal impressment of seamen off American ships—severely strained Anglo-American relations in the years before 1812. But there is considerable disagreement as to why this ultimately led to war and what this war represented.

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Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain.

answer

Yes The Treaty of Ghent was advantageous to the United States. Great Britain agreed to relinquish claims to the Northwest etc

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What did the Hartford Convention do?

answer

The Hartford Convention in 1814 was a gathering of New England Federalists, where they discussed the possibility of secession

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What were the long-term effects of the War of 1812?

answer

Napoleon Bonaparte tried to challenge the British's position Loss of colonies-French France and British weakened each other's trade US was affected by the trade war sin they had a lot of merchant ships

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What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812?

answer

The War of 1812 gave America sources of pride, namely: far superior naval warships, superior naval tactics, great naval victories(Great Lakes, all of the "USS Constitution's" small engagements), great land victories (Fort McHenry and New Orleans), and emergent leaders (Madison and Andrew Jackson).

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In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the post-war years?

answer

there was such an increase in national pride that it formed a sort of unity between most Americans of the time. Rituals of celebration on occasion such as Washington's birthday and the Fourth of July also helped to unify the country.

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To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings?

answer

Political differences seemed to disappear and the Federalist Party was nearly non existent. By the 1820s, there was really only one political party remaining in the US.

question

Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819

answer

causes 1. Rampant land speculation in western lands driving prices up so high they soon crashed and investors lost their money 2. Wildcat banks being set up out west with nothing more than a briefcase and a tree stump resultingin people losing their money in shady investments 3. Wildcat banks printing more paper money than they had gold/silver to back it up with 4. Blackjack's answer is not historically sound. The War of 1812 ended on Christmas Eve 1914 and the nation's evonomy had five years to readjust following the war, therefore it is not accurate to lay the blame for the Panic of 1819 on events that happened five years earlier. effects subsequent depression on politics and the economy

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What factors led to the settlement of the west in the years following the war?

answer

The Homestead Act (1862) 160 acres of public land given to individuals who met certain qualifications and the Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) created to provide support for state colleges; fed. government gave lands to states; states sold land to fund land grant colleges.

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Tallmadge

answer

This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

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Amendment

answer

A change to the Constitution

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Peculiar Institution

answer

A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that

question

Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive?

answer

Missouri's request for statehood touched off a sectional crisis between the northern, non-slave states and the south, slave holding states. The crisis was whether Missouri and future states in general would become slave holding states or not. With the large expansion of land from the Louisiana Purchase this crisis was a very contemporary issue. This crisis was solved by having every state north of parallel 36°30' that was newly christened into the union would be a free state an any state below that line would be a slave holding state, this was the Missouri Compromise.

question

Henry Clay

answer

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

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Missouri Compromise

answer

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

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Firebell in the Night

answer

Thomas Jefferson's feelings about MO. The MO question frightened him so that he woke up terrified by nightmares at the possibilities that could come out of this. This question stunned and bewildered him and in spirit, he fought against slavery.

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"Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy."

answer

It means that neither the North or South needs were completely met, but they could live with it.

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Old Northwest

answer

Region north and west of the Ohio River, included Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, MIchigan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota.

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Butternuts

answer

Nickname for poor southern farmers who moved into the Old Northwest in the 1820's. Tried to enact black codes to prevent African American settlers, while escaping the slave owner society of the south.

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Yankees

answer

Nickname granted to soldiers in the Union.

question

How did Southern and Northern settlers of the Old Northwest differ?

answer

The two settlers differed first off in their goals for the western regions. The southern "Butternuts" were looking to set up a democratic society free from the rich plantation owners that kept them from owning land and African Americans. The Northern Yankees tried to set up a a society that would be profitable for the Eastern seaboard states they left behind. The Yankees strongly supported building public schools, roads, canals, and railroads in the west, all of which were to be funded by taxes. The southerners opposed these especailly public schooling because they did want their children to be northernized. Religion wise the Yankees were congregationalists and presbyterians and wanted well educated ministers. The Butternuts were primarily baptist and methodist and prefered preacher-farmers because they were in tune with the lord and the people. The effects of these differences were seen even after the contrasts began to fade and the people united. During civil war the former butternut areas sympathized with the confederates and became key military points for the south. Even later on these areas became strongholds for the Ku Klux Klan.

question

John Marshall

answer

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

question

McCulloch v. Maryland

answer

Maryland (P) enacted a statute imposing a tax on all banks operating in Maryland not chartered by the state. The statute provided that all such banks were prohibited from issuing bank notes except upon stamped paper issued by the state. The statute set forth the fees to be paid for the paper and established penalties for violations. The Second Bank of the United States was established pursuant to an 1816 act of Congress. McCulloch (D), the cashier of the Baltimore branch of the Bank of the United States, issued bank notes without complying with the Maryland law. Maryland sued McCulloch for failing to pay the taxes due under the Maryland statute and McCulloch contested the constitutionality of that act. The state court found for Maryland and McCulloch appealed.

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Loose Construction

answer

A person who interprets the constitution in a way that allows the federal government to take actions that the constitution does not specifically forbid it from taking.

question

Cohens v. Virginia

answer

Cohens found guilty of selling illegal lottery tickets and convicted, but taken to supreme court, and Marshall asserted right of Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme court decisions.

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Gibbons v. Ogden

answer

(JMon) interstate commerce, In this Marshall Court case, the U.S. Supreme Court invalidated a state monopoly and reaffirmed Congress' power to oversee commerce between states. Of all the cases that have interpreted the scope of congressional power under the commerce clause, none has been more important than this

question

Fletcher v. Peck

answer

(1810) the Supreme Court struck down a state law as unconstitutional. In the Yazoo Land Fraud Georgia claimed a bunch of land from the Louisiana Purchase that it had no right to claim. Georgia then sold the land to speculators who sold it to farmers. The Federal government stepped in and takes back the land and tells Georgia to give back the money but the money will just end up with the speculators and not the farmers. The Federal government says that the farmers must be paid. This was asserting federal power over state power.

question

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

answer

This 1819 Marshall Court decision was one of the earliest and most important U.S. Supreme Court decisions to interpret the contracts clause in Article I, Section 10 of the Constitution. The case arose from a dispute in New Hampshire over the state's attempt to take over Dartmouth College. By construing the Contract Clause as a means of protecting corporate charters from state interventions, Marshall derived a significant constitutional limitation on state authority. As a result, various forms of private economic and social activity would enjoy security from state regulatory policy. Marshall thus encouraged the emergence of the relatively unregulated private economic actor as the major participant in a growing national economy.

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Daniel Webster

answer

Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.

question

"John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess

answer

John Marshall (September 24, 1755 - July 6, 1835) was an American statesman and jurist who shaped American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court a center of power.Furthermore, Marshall made several important decisions relating to Federalism, shaping the balance of power between the federal government and the states during the early years of the republic.

question

John Quincy Adams

answer

(1767-1848) Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress.

question

Monroe Doctrine

answer

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

question

Treaty of 1818

answer

A negotiated treaty between the Monroe administration and England. This treaty came after the War of 1812 to settle disputes between Britain and U.S. It permitted Americans to share Newfoundland fisheries w/ the Canadians, and fixed the vague northern limits of Louisiana from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains. It also provided for a 10-year joint occupation of untamed Oregon country. Surprisingly, neither Britain or America had to surrender rights or claims for this to occur.

question

Andrew Jackson

answer

..., The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

question

Adams-Onis Treat of 1819

answer

Settled boundary disputes between US and Spain. Transferred Florida to the US and made the Sabine River the eastern boundary of Texas.

question

Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain

answer

John Marshall (September 24, 1755 - July 6, 1835) was an American statesman and jurist who shaped American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court a center of power.Furthermore, Marshall made several important decisions relating to Federalism, shaping the balance of power between the federal government and the states during the early years of the republic.

question

George Canning

answer

British foreign secretary; asked the American minister in London if the United States would band together with the British in a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory, and specifically warning the European dictators to keep their harsh hands off the Latin American republics.

question

How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America?

answer

Great Britain offered to combined with America in joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory, and specifically warning the European despots to keep their hands off the Latin American republics.

question

How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas?

answer

The Monroe Doctrine is the best known U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere. The doctrine warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs. The United States did not keep a large standing army but that did not mean they were weak militarily. They had defeated the British and pirates in Tunis where Europe failed.

question

Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history?

answer

The Monroe Doctrine introduced on December 2, 1823. It stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention.

question

King Caucas

answer

until 1820, presidential candidates were nominated by a meeting of party members within a legislative body to select leaders and determine strategy. but in 1824, this idea was overthrown by the National Party Convention

question

Corrupt Bargain

answer

In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.

question

What was unusual about John Quincy Adams's victory in the presidential election of 1824?

answer

The Election of 1824 Was Decided in the House of Representatives. The Controversial Election was Denounced as The Corrupt Bargain

question

Was John Quincy Adams well suited to be president? Explain.

answer

Adams was not suited to be president because he wasn't elected by the people and he was supported by John C. Clay a former candidate, gambler, and dueler who also wasn't fit for presidency. Adams was elected unjustly.

question

Old Hickory

answer

Andrew Jackson's nickname, reflecting his toughness and his common, self-made man qualities

question

Mudslinging

answer

Attempt to ruin an opponent's reputation with insults

question

Rachel Robards

answer

Andrew Jackson's wife, was verbilly attacked by the press, died due to the amount of stress, caused by the press.

question

Describe the tone and tactics used in the 1828 election

answer

Mud slinging is a tactic that was used in the 1828 election. The Republicans divided themselves into two parties; The National Republicans who supported Adams while the Democrat Republicans supported Jackson. The Adamites rallied together and chanted 'Huzza for Jackson' while the Democrats adopted the oak as their emblem to represent their independence.

question

Inaugural Brawl

answer

people from the masses came to the inauguration of Old Hickory (Jackson) common folk were looking for prestigious political office from the people's man

question

King Mob

answer

Nickname for all the new participants in government that came with Jackson's presidency. This nickname was negative and proposed that Jackson believed in too much democracy, perhaps leading to anarchy

question

What was there about Andrew Jackson that made him a man of the people?

answer

Jackson and his policies strengthened the new American nationalism, he strongly felt that the common man was the power behind govt

question

Spoils system

answer

(AJ) system in which incoming political parties throw out former government workers and replace them with their own friends

question

Rotation in office

answer

Jackson's system of periodically replacing officeholders to allow ordinary citizens to play a more prominent role in government

question

Defend Andrew Jackson's use of the Spoils System

answer

Yes, Andrew Jackson was the first president to use the spoils system. A practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to voters as a reward for working toward victory. The term was derived from the phrase "'to the victor belong the spoils" by New York Senator William L. Marcy.

question

Tariff of Abominations of 1828

answer

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

question

Denmark Vesey

answer

United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822)

question

What circumstances led to the passage of the Tariff of Abominations?

answer

Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations) was a protective tariff passed by Congress on May 19, 1828, designed to protect industry in the northern US. It was part of a series of tariffs that began after War of 1812 & Napoleonic Wars, when blockade of Europe led British manufacturers to offer goods in America at low prices that American manufacturers often could not match

question

Nullies

answer

group that was under Jackson's presidency that tried to muster the necessary 2/3 vote for nullification in South Carolina legislature. they were blocked by

question

Tariff of 1833

answer

(AJ) set up by henry clay, it was a way to prevent jackson from victory. clay aptly deserves his title as the great comprimiser. it allowed for the tariff of 1832, with a 10 percent decrease every year for 10 years, when the tariff rate would be back to where it was in 1816. it was squezed through congress.

question

Force Bill

answer

1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.

question

nullification crisis

answer

1832-33 was over the tariff policy of the Fed. Gov't, during Jackson's presidency which prompted South Carolina to threaten the use of NULLIFICATION, possible secession and Andrew Jackson's determination to end with military force.

question

Cherokees

answer

One of the major Indian groups pushed west during the Indian Removal; had never had any major conflict with the American government; some had even attended law school; also, had their own alphabet and published newspapers, etc.

question

Five Civilized Tribes

answer

Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles

question

Indian Removal Act

answer

(1830) Signed by President Andrew Jackson, the law permitted the negotiation of treaties to obtain the Indians' lands in exchange for their relocation to what would become Oklahoma.

question

Trail of Tears

answer

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

question

Indian Territory

answer

An area to which Native Americans were moved covering what is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska

question

The Bureau of Indian Affairs

answer

Established in 1836 to handle and administer relations with the Indians. It had no control, however, over white expansion westward. Unable to honor many of the agreements made with the Indians. The frontier that the Bureau had claimed as a permanent settlement for the Indians lasted only into the 1850s as Americans kept moving West

question

Seminoles

answer

Indians from Florida joined by runaway black slaves, retreated to the everglades. For seven years they waged a guerilla war that killed 1500 soldiers. ¼ were moved to Oklahoma where several thousand still live.

question

What was particularly unfair about the treatment of the Cherokee Tribe?

answer

They basically took advantage of them. They didn't know any better but to put up with it.

question

Bank of the United States

answer

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.

question

Nicholas Biddle

answer

As President of the Second Bank of the United States, this man occupied a position of power and responsibility that propelled him to the forefront of Jacksonian politics in the 1830s. He, along with others who regarded the bank as a necessity, realized the threat posed by the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828. Jackson was bitterly opposed to the national bank, believing that it was an unconstitutional, elitist institution that bred inequalities among the people. A bitterly divisive issue, the rechartering of the bank dominated political discussion for most of the 1830s, and for many, this man became a symbol of all for which the bank stood. After Jackson's reelection, the Second Bank of the United States was doomed.

question

Do you agree or disagree with Nicholas Biddles nickname "Czar Nicholas I"?

answer

Nicholas Biddle was labeled "Czar Nicholas", as a reference to the repressive communist regime of Russia, headed by Nicholas I. The term was used appropriately to compare the power of the U.S. National Bank to Czar Nicholas I of Russia.

question

Anti-Masonic Party

answer

First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants.

question

What two things were unique about the election of 1832?

answer

1.) "For the first time, a third party entered the field-the newborn Anti-Masonic party, which opposed the influence and secrecy of the Masonic order." -This party formed in reaction to the possible murder of a New York man in 1826. It was suspected that the man was about to reveal the Mason's secret rituals, and had to be "taken care of," if you will. President Jackson was a proud Mason, so this party was also anti-Jackson. 2.) "A further novelty...was the calling of national nominating conventions (three of them) to name candidates. The Anti-Masons and National Republicans added still another innovation when they adopted formal platforms, articulating and publicizing their positions on the issues."

question

Mandate

answer

A command or authorization to act in a particular way on a public issue given by the electorate to its representative.

question

Pet Banks

answer

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

question

Specie Circular

answer

..., Issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

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