unit one his – Flashcards

16th President of the U.S. He originated the Ten Percent Plan as his Reconstruction policy but was unable to implement this plan because of his assassination at the hand of John Wilkes Booth in April, 1865.

This former Democratic Senator from Tennessee stayed with the Union government during the Civil War even though Tennessee had seceded and joined the Confederacy. He became Lincoln's Vice President in 1865 and then succeeded Lincoln as President. He tried to implement the Ten Percent Plan but failed to modify the plan when southern states took advantage of its leniency. This led to opposition to Johnson and his Reconstruction policy by members of Congress (esp. the Radical Republicans). The political fight between Johnson and Congress that developed by 1866 over the control of Reconstruction policy led to Johnson's impeachment by the House of Representatives in 1867 (though the Senate did not convict and remove him from office as a result of the Senate trial in 1868). However, Johnson did lose control of Reconstruction policy as Congressional Reconstruction developed from the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the 14th Amendment, and the Reconstruction Acts of 1867. Although Johnson tried to veto Congressional legislation, his unpopularity by 1867 meant that Congressional leaders had enough votes to over-ride presidential vetoes, which made Johnson effectively a lame-duck President long before he left office in March, 1869.

his Civil War Union general was appointed head of the Freedman's Bureau and led this government agency during its years of operation between 1865 and 1871. Howard University in Washington, D.C. is named for him.

This Civil War Union general won the presidential election of 1868 and served two terms as President during the time of Congressional Reconstruction (1867- 1877). Although personally honest, Grant's presidency was marred by a lot of political scandals perpetrated by men that Grant appointed to positions in government.

this Governor of New York was the Democratic Party's candidate for President in 1868. He was defeated in the election by the Republican Ulysses Grant, largely as a result of Republican Party control of votes in the South due to Congressional Reconstruction policies.

A Confederate cavalry general during the Civil War, this Tennessean became the head of the Ku Klux Klan in Tennessee in 1867 when this organization took the lead in opposing Congressional Reconstruction in the state. Once Tennessee Conservatives had regained control of the Tennessee state government in 1869 (ending Reconstruction in Tennessee), Forrest officially disbanded the KKK in Tennessee. However, the KKK and other organizations that imitated the KKK appeared in other states and remained active in opposing Radical Reconstruction for the remainder of the Reconstruction period.

He was the Secretary of State during the terms of Lincoln and Johnson. He led the effort in which the U.S. government purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 and acquired possession of the island of Midway in the Pacific Ocean.

This mean was the Secretary of War in the cabinets of Lincoln and Johnson. By the time Congress became active in opposing President Johnson's handling of Reconstruction policy, Stanton was the only Radical Republican on the President's cabinet. Since much of Congressional Reconstruction policy needed to be enforced by the military, Congress wanted Stanton to remain Secretary of War because he agreed with the policies Congress wanted to implement. Consequently, President Johnson became determined to fire Stanton. In order to prevent this, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act in 1867, which said that Congress had to approve any action by the President to fire a cabinet member. When Johnson violated this law and tried to fire Stanton anyway, the president's violation of this law became the grounds used by Congress to impeach him. Because Congress did not approve of Johnson's firing of Stanton, Stanton remained Secretary of War until Grant succeeded Johnson as President in 1869.

A newspaper editor for the Atlanta Constitution, Grady began popularizing (in 1880) the notion of a "New South." Grady wanted the South to diversify its agriculture (instead of being reliant on cotton production) and to begin to industrialize. Although Grady's idea of a New South was a positive thing, the lack of investment capital in the South and the nature of the sharecropping system meant that the South's economy would not change and this doomed the South to 60 more years of being the most economically depressed region of the nation. Because of the way that Reconstruction ended (with the imposition of segregation, disfranchisement, and racial discord) not much (either politically or economically) actually changed in the South over the next few decades. As a result, the idea of a "New South" would have to await the changes that finally began to impact the region in the years after World War II (but not until then).

Another New York Governor, this man was the Democratic Party's candidate for President in the Election of 1876. With all the electoral votes determined, except for those from Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida, Tilden was only one electoral vote short of being elected President. But the fraud and violence that marred the election in those three southern states meant that who should get the electoral votes from those states could not be determined without a lengthy investigation. In order to avoid this and to elect the President in a more timely manner, political party leaders in Congress arranged a compromise known as the Compromise of 1877. As a result of this, the electoral votes from the three southern states were given to Tilden's opponent, the Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes (who became the next President, and Reconstruction was ended in the three remaining states where it was still ongoing by this time (Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida).

He was the winner of the Election of 1876 by virtue of the Compromise of 1877. His election signaled the end of Reconstruction in the South.

He was the Republican winner of the Election of 1880. Unfortunately for Garfield, he became the second U.S. President to be assassinated while in office, leading to the accession to the presidency by Chester A. Arthur in 1881.

This Vice President succeeded Garfield as President after Garfield's assassination. He is remembered mostly for signing the Pendleton Civil Service Act into law in 1883.

This southern black educator (who headed up the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama) became the man that the white power structure accepted as the leader and spokesman of the black community of the South by the 1890s. Washington's Atlanta Compromise (from a speech he gave in Atlanta in 1895) voiced the idea that southern blacks should quit trying to gain political rights (in order not to provoke more KKK violence against blacks) and should, instead, seek to gain education and property. Washington thought that blacks should work hard and gain property over time (just as white immigrants from Europe had been doing since the 1870s) in order to gain acceptance. Washington believed that, just as third generation Polish and Italian immigrants became mainstream members of American society as a result of the hard work of their parents and grandparents, black folks in the South should work hard and gain property and education so that their grandchildren would gain acceptance into the mainstream one day. However, the fact that segregation created an unequal educational and economic environment for blacks in the South meant that Washington's strategy for betterment of the black community proved to be a long-term failure. It would require the gaining of political rights as a result of the civil rights movement of the 1960s before conditions in the black community would begin to dramatically improve.

This entrepreneur built the first "cow town" in Abilene, Kansas in the 1870. He encouraged cattle ranchers in Texas to drive their cattle along the Chisholm Trail to Kansas (there were not yet any railroads to Texas). Once the Texas longhorn cattle were driven to Kansas they could then be shipped by railroad to stockyards in Chicago, causing the beginning of a big-deal meatpacking industry in Chicago. McCoy built the holding pens for the cattle in Abilene, the hotels for the cowboys, and the railroad facilities for the transportation of the cattle to market. He paid off the cowboys and ranchers and sold the cattle to the Chicago meatpackers and everyone made money because there was a lucrative market back east for beef. He had promised the meatpackers in 1870 that he could deliver 200,000 head of cattle in ten years. He actually delivered two million head in four years. In later years, as the railroads extended westward, cattle drives would not all terminate in Abilene and the ranching frontier would extend to other places as railheads developed in other "cow towns" such as Dodge City, Kansas, Oglalla, Nebraska, and Cheyenne, Wyoming. Eventually, of course the railroads extended to virtually everywhere in the country but, by this time in the late nineteenth century, the open range ranching frontier had already ended, giving way to an agricultural frontier and settled life (no more rowdy, outlaw-infested "wild west" towns needing marshals like Wyatt Earp to restore order).

He is the man who developed the Chisholm Trail, by which Texas cattle were driven to market during the 1870s. The trail had originally been blazed during the Civil War as a route for delivery of supplies from Texas into the Confederacy after the fall of Vicksburg.

He was the inventor (about 1875) of barbed wire. This invention was important to the development of the west because it allowed for cheap fencing in areas like the Great Plains (where there was no lumber for fencing). This allowed farmers to keep herds of cattle and buffalo away from their crops and led to the end of open range ranching in the West.

This immigrant from Scotland in the 19th century was an orphan raised by an uncle. He worked his way from being a laborer to become one of the biggest industrialists of the late nineteenth century. His steel company dominated that industry until he sold his company in 1895 for 500 million dollars (half a billion). Carnegie developed the "Gospel of Wealth," which was the idea that rich people shouldn't feel bad about being rich but that they should feel indebted to the society that helped them become rich. Carnegie's ideas led to the development of foundations, such as the Carnegie Foundation, which would spend the fortunes of industrialists like Carnegie on charitable projects for many years into the future. Carnegie's foundation would build public libraries in many cities across the country as a way of returning Carnegie's fortune back to the society from which it sprang.

He was once the richest man in the world and the founder of the Standard Oil Company, which controlled over 80% of the oil industry in the United States by 1890. Rockefeller's Standard Oil was the first big business in the U.S. to develop the trust form of organization (in which the company and all of its subsidiaries and holdings were governed by a board of trustees). Trusts, such as Standard Oil, often eliminated competition in their industries, becoming monopolies, and leading to an "anti- trust movement" aimed at eliminating monopoly in business and restoring fair competition.

This 19th century labor leader headed up the Knights of Labor during the 1880s. This labor union was the first nationally organized labor union to develop a large membership (up to 4 million workers) and was the first to attempt to represent and to organize the mass of unskilled laborers in the United States. This effort was largely a failure by the middle of the 1890s, but Powderly's organization would not be the last of its kind as the CIO would successfully organize millions of unskilled workers in the U.S. during the 1930s.

This labor leader founded the American Federation of Labor in 1890. Unlike the Knights of Labor, the AF of L organized only skilled workers (craft unions). With the failure of the Knights of Labor, the labor movement stayed alive for the future largely through the successes that the AF of L would have in improving working conditions for skilled laborers up to the 1930s.

This labor leader was the founder of the "Wobblies," or I.W.W. (International Workers of the World). This was a radical union involved mainly in organizing miners in rough parts of the west. Labor leaders like Haywood (unlike Powderly and Gompers) were socialists, who advocated violence as a valid means of gaining benefits for workers. Under Haywood's leadership, the Wobblies even assassinated government leaders (such as Congressmen and state governors) in order to prevent government from aiding the companies against which his union had organized strikes. The socialist (even anarchist) ideas associated with labor leaders like Big Bill Haywood helped to discredit the entire labor movement, even though not all labor leaders were socialist or violent. This is one reason why the labor movement would not gain much success until the 1930s.

pseudonym for Samuel Clemens -He was one of the best known American writers of the late nineteenth century. By the beginning of the 20th century, he was also one of the best known commentators in America on politics and culture. What Twain had to say about things was influential to a lot of people. As a result of making bad investments during the 1890s (when a depression occurred), Twain went broke and had to support himself by taking advantage of his fame and undertaking speaking tours across the country. This led him to become an important and influential national figure. He coined the phrase "the Gilded Age" as a way of describing the United States in the late 19th century. If something is gilded, it is gold-plated. As such, it is shiny and pretty, but you only have to scratch the surface to find something more ugly underneath. In the late 19th century, the U.S. was industrializing and urbanizing rapidly. There was much economic growth and much positive development. But there was also a lot of unfairness, poverty, and misery among city-dwelling immigrant laborers up North and among rural sharecroppers (both black and white) down South—and not much was being done about it until the rise of the progressive movement of the 20th century.

e author of Principles of Psychology (1890), which was the book that started the study of psychology in the United States. Aside from being the founder of American psychological studies, James was also one of the group of Harvard professors who developed a uniquely American philosophy known as Pragmatism. This philosophy represented the idea that philosophical ideas are irrelevant unless they have some practical application. In later years, this philosophy would help justify much of the changes introduced into American life by the progressive movement, which saw government as an instrument to be used to improve conditions for the voting public (also known as Instrumentalism).

He was elected President in 1884 (replacing Chester Arthur). It was during his term that the Interstate Commerce Commission was created. Cleveland would lose his re-election bid in 1888, but would run again—and win—in 1892. This makes Cleveland the only two-term American President whose terms were not consecutive. He was the only Democrat to gain the presidency since the Civil War (since James Buchanan) until Woodrow Wilson won the election of 1912.

he grandson of former President William Henry Harrison, this Republican candidate defeated Cleveland in the election of 1888, but would lose his re-election bid to Cleveland in 1892. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was legislated during his presidency.

The People's Party, better known as the Populist Party, nominated this former Civil War general as their presidential candidate for the 1892 election (which was won by the Democrat Grover Cleveland).

This North Carolinian was a leader in the Farmers' Alliance movement of the 1880s and of the Populist Party in the 1890s. It was he who originated the populist idea of a sub-treasury plan, which was a part of the Populist Party's political platform in 1892.

He was a senator from Nebraska who ran for President 3 times (but lost all 3 campaigns). His first run for the presidency came in 1896 when he was initially chosen as the candidate of the Populist Party (replacing Weaver who ran in 1892). But the Democratic Party also chose Bryan as their candidate in 1896, forcing Populists to either pick a different candidate or become Democrats for this election. They chose to support Bryan, who then lost the election. When the Democrats stole the Populist candidate (Bryan) they also stole the Populists' big issue, which was the free silver idea of creating a bi-metallic currency to replace the strict gold standard of valuing money. When Bryan and the Democrats lost the election of 1896 to the Republican candidate William McKinley, this effectively ended the populist movement, which had bet all in 1896 on Bryan and the free silver idea. This killed the free silver idea but the other parts of the Populist platform of 1892 would be revived in later years under other Democratic Party candidates, mainly Woodrow Wilson. So, even though the Populist movement died with Bryan's defeat in 1896, the party's good ideas (except for free silver) would not die and would be enacted by Democrats in later years.

His election in 1896 ended the Populist movement in America. It also led to a reaffirmation of the gold standard and caused a shift in foreign policy. Whereas Bryan was opposed to imperialism, McKinley favored it. His victory in the 1896 election would lead to the acquisition by the United States of an overseas empire. This began with the annexation of Hawaii in 1897 and then the acquisition of the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico as a result of the Spanish-American War of 1898. This war made a popular hero of Theodore Roosevelt who ran for Vice President when McKinley ran for re-election in 1900. Then when McKinley was assassinated in 1901, this brought Roosevelt to the presidency and marked the end of the Gilded Age and the beginning of the Progressive Era in American history.