Chapter 19 Learning Curve – Flashcards
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hat enhanced the mobility of people around the world after the 1870s?
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The expansion of railroads and low steamship fares
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In the nineteenth century, the schedule of most industrial and manufacturing work was
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seasonal
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For what reason did large numbers of women join the clerical workforce in the late nineteenth century?
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Educated women had few other career choices.
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Why did the Knights of Labor deny bankers from being members in their organization?
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he Knights considered bankers "parasitic" members of society.
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Over the course of the nineteenth century, more and more domestics in the northern states were
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immigrants
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Which of the following characterizes the national phenomenon of "bossism" in the latter nineteenth century?
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he "bossism" of party leaders led both to corruption and to new public services.
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For what purpose did old-stock American elites and organized labor join together toward the end of the nineteenth century?
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To press for immigration restrictions
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What was the Chicago school, which became famous in the late nineteenth century?
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A group of skilled architects who made commercial architecture into an art form
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Which of the following describes the world economy at the turn of the twentieth century?
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An industrial core, an agricultural domain, and a third world tied to the industrial core by economic colonialism
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Why did employers encourage racial and ethnic antagonism in American industries in the latter nineteenth century?
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Ethnic and racial divisions inhibited labor organization.
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How did Cyrus McCormick Jr. view labor organization in the 1880s?
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Cyrus McCormick viewed labor organization as a threat.
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By the turn of the twentieth century, New York's Coney Island was
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the unofficial capital of the new mass culture.
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Which of the following describes the patterns of American women's work in the late nineteenth century?
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Women's work varied considerably, depending on race and ethnicity.
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Approximately how many workers took part in the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?
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500,000
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How did the Haymarket Square riot affect labor's campaign for shorter working hours?
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The riot undermined the campaign for an eight-hour work day.
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How did the goals of the Knights of Labor reflect their diverse membership?
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The Knights of Labor pursued broad social reforms to help members that worked in a variety of occupations.
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Why did African Americans move into the cities of the North in the late nineteenth century?
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African Americans looked for economic opportunity in northern cities.
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Which of the following best characterizes William Vanderbilt's understanding of the public good?
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did not care about it at all
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How did economic conditions in the 1870s affect railroads?
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They led to wage cuts for workers but did not prevent railroads from remaining profitable.
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Asian immigrants, hired for low wages that were less acceptable to white workers, faced enormous prejudice in what area of the United States?
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on the west coast
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About how many people moved into cities in the United States between 1870 and 1900?
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11 million
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From where did the majority of new immigrants to the United States arrive after 1880?
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southern and eastern europe
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Why could even skilled workers not be assured of steady employment in the latter part of the nineteenth century?
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work was seasonal
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How did the Knights of Labor change as a result of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?
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The Knights dropped their mantle of secrecy and began openly recruiting any and all workers.
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What attracted immigrants from southern and eastern Europe to the United States in the late nineteenth century?
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Advertisements from steamship companies and reports from other sources that emphasized American prosperity
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What change led to the massive redistribution of the American population over the last few decades of the nineteenth century?
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Agricultural workers and immigrants were simultaneously moving to American cities.
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How did mechanization transform the garment industry at the end of the nineteenth century?
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Mechanization of the garment industry led to the creation of sweatshops.
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How did Ellis Island become the gateway to the United States for millions of European immigrants?
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The federal government took charge of immigration in 1890 and built a central facility on Ellis Island in New York harbor.
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Why did female salesclerks consider themselves a cut above factory workers?
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Their work was neither dirty nor dangerous
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Why did native-born, single white women largely prefer secretarial work over other types of employment in the late nineteenth century?
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It paid better than domestic service.
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Why did President Grover Cleveland veto a literacy test for immigrants in 1896?
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He believed new immigrants could contribute to the country just as previous generations had.
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What were the goals of the Knights of Labor in the 1880s?
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The Knights of Labor envisioned a workers' democracy.
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How did employers respond to ethnic and racial antagonism in their workplaces?
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Employers encouraged racial and ethnic antagonism because it inhibited workers from organizing.
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What pseudoscientific ideology held that whites stood at the top of the evolutionary ladder?
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Social Darwinism
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By the late nineteenth century, secretarial work was increasingly dominated by
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white women
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How did department store saleswomen in the late nineteenth century believe they compared to factory workers of the period?
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They saw themselves as superior to factory workers despite lower pay.
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By the late nineteenth century, many middle-class Americans felt that the United States was turning into a
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society ruled by the rich.
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What development rearranged the social geography of American cities in the late nineteenth century?
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the introduction of mass transit
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Which of the following groups did the state of Illinois prosecute and punish for the Haymarket bombing?
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Albert Parsons, August Spies, and six other protesters
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How did patterns of hiring household help change during the nineteenth century?
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More families hired live-in domestic servants than they had in the past
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What did Frederick Law Olmsted promote to encourage the beautification of American cities in the late nineteenth century?
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The development of urban public parks
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Which of the following explains the difference between the wave of "new" immigration that occurred in the United States after 1880 and the "old" immigration of the early nineteenth century?
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The "new" immigration originated from southern and eastern Europe, while "old" immigration originated from northern and western Europe
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The Haymarket bombing in 1886 quickly led the general public to fear and resent?
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the labor movement, anarchists, and immigrants
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Which of the following defines the nineteenth-century cult of domesticity?
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The cult of domesticity was a cultural ideology that dictated that a woman's place was in the home.
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What contradictory view have Americans held of their cities for most of the nation's history?
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Cities are pinnacles of sophistication, but also locations of sin and crime.
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Which of the following describes the response of Irish Americans to the new immigrants who entered the United States after 1870?
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hostile
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Which of the following terms was used to refer to women who worked in the clerical field in the late nineteenth century?
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typewriters
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Who was Leonora Barry?
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The general investigator for women's work for the Knights of Labor in the 1880s
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Why were so many children in the workforce in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
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Families needed all members to contribute to their economic survival
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In the late nineteenth century, working-class youth met and courted one another
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in commercialized public spaces
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What impact did Jacob Riis's best-selling book How the Other Half Lives have in the late nineteenth century?
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It led to tenement reform and the construction of city playgrounds.
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What was the White City, constructed in 1893 five miles down the shore from Chicago?
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The home of the Columbian Exposition
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What percentage of American homes in cities in the late nineteenth century employed live-in domestic help?
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15 - 30%
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Which of the following was a result of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?
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In Pennsylvania, the militia killed twenty workers and the railroad sustained over $2 million in property damage.
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What effect did the possession of an industrial skill have on one's chances of finding employment in the late-nineteenth-century United States?
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Possessing an industrial skill did not guarantee prosperity
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Which of the following describes the immigrant women who came to the United States at the end of the nineteenth century?
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wives, daughters, mothers
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What was the function of political machines in late-nineteenth-century cities?
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They allowed political parties to control many functions of a city.
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What development led to the growth of live-in domestic help during the nineteenth century?
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expansion of the middle class
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What was the effect of the 1886 Haymarket Square riot on labor organizations?
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The riot increased the popularity of the American Federation of Labor
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What kinds of jobs did new immigrants perform at the end of the nineteenth century?
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They built railroads, subways, and bridges in America's cities.
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In 1897, the city of Boston pioneered the nation's first
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subway system
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What were working conditions at mechanized textile mills like in the late nineteenth century?
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loud and dangerous
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What were the Knights of Labor's preferred tactics for achieving reforms for workers?
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Arbitration and boycotts
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How did domestic employment reflect racial and ethnic divisions in the late nineteenth century?
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Domestic employment drew upon the cheap labor provided by racial and ethnic minorities.
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Which of the following events first displayed the power of workers' collective action to the entire nation?
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The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
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What was the nations first strike?
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The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
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What was one unintended and important consequence of the growth of domestic service in the late nineteenth century?
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The expansion of white middle-class women's horizons outside the home
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How did cities respond to technological developments in the late nineteenth century?
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Cities embraced technological developments, undertaking an array of large public works projects.
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Why did the national leader of the Knights of Labor, Terence Powderly, refuse to endorse the movement for shorter hours?
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He worried about the increasing activism of the rank and file
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What did Samuel Gompers, who established the American Federation of Labor in 1886, believe skilled workers should do to improve their status?
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Organize into craft unions and employ strikes to achieve work-related reforms
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The Knights of Labor, a prominent labor organization of the late nineteenth century that advocated a "universal brotherhood" of all workers, pursued
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broad social reforms
