Apush Chapter 24 Test Questions – Flashcards

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west, A railroad that stretches across a continent from coast to coast. The Transcontinental Railroad made it so that it was easier to for mail and goods to travel faster and cheaper. It took land away from Native Americans and many were killed in the early stages.

These two railroad companies built the first transcontinental railroad, a Railroad company that built 1,086 miles of railroad along a north central route westward from Omaha and linked up with the Central pacific, completed in 1869. The crews were mostly composed of ex-soldiers, former slaves, Irish, and German immigrants. The workers had to cope with bad roads, water shortages, extreme weather conditions and Indian attacks, (USG), A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Irish immigrants

created a railroad empire worth millions by crushing competitors and ignoring protests from the public. by the time of his death in 1877, his companies controlled 4,500 miles of track and linked New York City to the Great Lake Region- son continued the empire

...

...

Often regarded as the most unethical of the Robber Barons, he was involved with Tammany Hall and Boss Tweed early in his career. After damaging his reputation in a gold speculation that instigated the panic of Black Friday in 1869, he went on to gain control of western railroads and by 1882 had controlling interest in 15% of the country's tracks. Although mistrusted by many of his contemporaries, he was recognized as a skilled businessman.

originally referring to cattle, term for the practice of railroad promoters exaggerationg the profitability of stocks in excess of its actual value, To grossly inflate the claims about a given line's asset, sell stocks & bonds far in excess of the actual value, and leave the railroad managers to charge exorbitant rates in order to pay off exaggerated obligations.

...

prohibited rebates and pools, required railroads to publish rates, forbade discrimination against shippers, and outlawed charging more for short haul than for a long one over the same line, Approved on February 4, 1887 the Interstate Commerce Act created an Interstate Commerce Commission to oversee the conduct of the railroad industry. With this act the railroads became the first industry subject to Federal regulation.

popular name for Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois, decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1886. The decision narrowed earlier ones (see Munn v. Illinois) favorable to state regulation of those phases of interstate commerce upon which Congress itself had not acted. The court declared invalid an Illinois law prohibiting long- and short-haul clauses in transportation contracts as an infringement on the exclusive powers of Congress granted by the commerce clause of the Constitution. The result of the case was denial of state power to regulate interstate rates for railroads, and the decision led to creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

(March 3, 1847 - August 2, 1922) was an eminent scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone., inventor; patented the telephone scottish born speech teacher who also worked with the hearing impaired

electronic equipment that converts sound into electrical signals that can be transmitted over distances and then converts received signals back into sounds

This scientist received more than 1,300 patents for a range of items including the automatic telegraph machine, the phonograph, improvements to the light bulb, a modernized telephone and motion picture equipment., Became a pioneer on the new industrial frontier when he established the world's first research laboratory. He perfected the incandescent light bulb there and followed up his invention with an entire system for producing and distributing electrical power.

absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution

A technique used by John D. Rockefeller. Horizontal integration is an act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly. Rockefeller was excellent with using this technique to monopolize certain markets. It is responsible for the majority of his wealth.

Bessemer invented a process for removing air pockets from iron, and thus allowed steel to be made. This made skyscrapers possible, advances in shipbuilding, construction, etc.

Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons"

Business man -refinanced railroads during depression of 1893 - built intersystem alliance by buying stock in competeing railroads - marketed US governemnt securities on large scale

this was launched in 1901, and was capitalized at $1.4 billion; this was America's first billion dollar corporation. this corporation was worth more than the total estimated wealth of the nation in 1800., J. P. Morgan and Elbert H. Gary founded U.S. Steel in 1901 (incorporated by combining the steel operations owned by Andrew Carnegie with Gary's Federal Steel Company and several smaller companies

in 1859 in pennsylvania where the first oil well drilled and it pour out its "black gold"

Has a lot of money invested in Standard Oil and became rich from those investments. He thinks that power to make money is a gift from God. Standard Oil is accused of taking advantage of its competitors., America's oil king, he got the railroads to give him back half of what he paid them for transporting the oil, so he was able to sell oil for much less than his competitors, putting most out of business; he gave away exactly half of his money to things like University of Chicago

Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey., John D. Rockefeller's comapny, formed in 1870, which came to symbolize the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded age. By 1877 it controlled 95% of the oil refineries in the U.S. It became a target for trust reformers, and in 1911 the Supreme Court ordered it to break up into several dozen smaller companies.

Belief that those blessed with great wealth earned it through Darwinist competition but also were obligated to improve society and mankind through philanthropy.

Applied Darwin's theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society -- the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor., A social application of Charles Darwin's biological theory of evolution by natural selection, this late-nineteenth century theory encouraged the notion of human competitio and opposed intervention in the natural human order. Social Darwinists justified the increasing inequality of late-nineteeth-century industrial American society as natural.

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

...

feminine ideal in late 1800's- early 1900's ( created by Charles Gibson)

founded by William Sylvis (1866); supported 8-hour workday, convict labor, federal department of labor, banking reform, immigration restrictions to increase wages, women; excluded blacks, First large scale national of labors was the national labor union formed in 1866. In 1868 the NLU persuaded congress to Legalize an 8 hour day for government workers. Some refused to admit African Americans as members in their union.

one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century, demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories, 1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings.

Was an American labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history. AFL's president from 1886-1894 and from 1895 until his death in 1924, Head of the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Was apprentice to a shoemaker, but went to help his dad in a cigar company, but he could not feed his family with that pay. His family moved to a tenement apartment on NYC Lower East Side. He became President of the Cigarmakers' Union and persuaded other craft unions to band together with his union to form the AFL. For the next 38 years, he worked for the AFL, making it a major force in the industrial world. He believed that if workers make good pay, it will make everyone prosperous. He believes in fair wages for all.

labor union founded in 1886 and led by Samuel Gompers. Included only skilled workers. It strove to help workers get better wages, hours, and working conditions. They used the walkout and the boycott. This caused the Knights of Labor to lose many participants