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When private railroad promoters asked the united states government for subsudues to build their railroads, they gave all of the following reasons for their request except that it was

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the railroads would repay the subsidies by paying higher taxes

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during the gilded age, most of the tailroad barons

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built their railroads with government assistance

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the national government helped to finance transcontinental railroad construction in the late nineteenth century by providing railroad corporations with

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land grants

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the only transcontinental railroad built without government aid was the

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great northern

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one by-product of the development of the railroads was

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the movement of people to cities

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the greatest single factor helping to spur the amazing industrialization of the post-civil war years was

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the railroad network

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the united states changed to standard time zones when

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the major rail lines decreed common fixed times so that they could keep schedules and avoid wrecks

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agreements between railroad corporations to divide the business in a given area and share the profts were called

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pools

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early railroad owners formed "pools" in order to

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avoid competition by dividing business in a particular area

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Efforts to regulate the monopolizing practices of railroad corporations first came in the form of action by

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state legislatures

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the first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public interest from business combinations was the

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interstate commerce commission

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one of the most significant aspects of the interstate commerce act was that it

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represented the first large-scale attempt by the federal government to regulate business

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after the civil war, the plentiful supply of unskilled labor in the united states

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helped to build the nation into an industrial giant

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one of the methods by which post-civil war busines leaders increased their profits was

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increased competition

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the steel industry owed much to the inventive genius of

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henry bessemer

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J.P. Morgan undermined competition by placing officers of his bank on the boards of upposedly independent companies that he wanted to control. This method was known as an

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interlocking dictorate

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Americas first billion-dollar corporation was

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united states steel

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the first major product of the oil industry was

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kerosene

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the oil industry became a huge business

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with the invention of the internal combustion engine

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John D. Rockefeller used all of the following tactics to achieve his domination of the oil industry except

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using federal agents to break his competitors

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the "gospel of wealth," which associated godliness with riches,

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held that the wealthy should display moral responsibility for their god-given money

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to help corporations, the courts ingeniously interpreted the fourteenth amendment, which was designed to protect the rights of ex-slaves, so as to

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avoid corporate regulation by the states

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the________ amendment was especially helpful to giant corporations when defending themdelves against regulation by state governments

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fourteenth

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the sherman anti-trust act was at first primarily used to curb the power of

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labor unions

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during the age of industrialization, the south

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remained overwhelmingly rural and agricultural

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the south's major attraction for potential investors was

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cheap labor

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in the late nineteenth century, tax benefits and cheap, nonunion labor especially attracted__________ manufacturing to the "new south"

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textile

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Many southerners saw employment in the textile mills as

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the only steady jobs and wages available

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one of the greatest changes that industrialization brought about in the lives of workers was

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the need for them to adjust their lives to the time clock

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the group most effected by the new industrial age was

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women

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despite generally rising wages in the late nineteenth century, industrial workers extremely vulnerable to all of the following except

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new educational requirements for jobs

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the image of the "Gibson Girl" represented

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a romantic ideal of the independent and athletic "new women"

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most women workers of the 1890s worked for

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economic necessity

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which one of the following is least like the other three

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closed shop

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generally, the supreme court in the late nineteenth century interpreted the constitution in such a way as to favor

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corporations

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in its efforts on behalf of workers, the national labor union won

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an eight-hour day for government workers

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one group barred from membership in the knights of labor was

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chinese

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the knights of labor believed that conflict between capital and labor would disappear when

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labor would own and operate businesses and industries

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the knights of labor believed that republican traditions and institutions could be perserved from corrupt monopolies

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by strengthening the economic and political independence of the workers

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one of the major reasons the knights of labor failed was its

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lack of class consciousness

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what most effective and most enduring labor union of the post-civil war period was the

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american federation of labor

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by 1900, american attitudes toward labor began to change as the public came to recognize the right of workers to bargain collectively and strike. nevertheless,

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the vast majority of employers continued to fight organized labor

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by 1900, organized labor in america

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had begun to develop a more positive image with the public

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the people who found fault with the "captains of industry" mostly argued that these men

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built their corporate wealth and power by exploiting workers

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even historians critical of the captains of industry and capitalism generally concede that class-based protest has never been a powerful force in the united states because

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america has greater social mobility than europe has.

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all of the following were important factors in post-civil war industrial expansion except

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immigration restrictions

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