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Election of 1932

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The Republicans nominated Herbert Hoover to run for president in the election of 1932. The Democrats chose Franklin Delano Roosevelt. He had been born to a wealthy New York family and served as the governor of New York.

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Eleanor Roosevelt

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FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

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Hundred Days Congress

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FDR began sending bill after bill to Congress. Between March 9 and June 16, 1933 which came to be called the HUNDRED DAYS. Congress passed 15 major acts to meet the economic crisis setting a pace for new legislation that has never been equaled. Later became known as 1st New Deal.

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Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933

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It gave the president power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange and to reopen solvent banks. -- this act established insurance on individual deposits and ended the epidemic of bank failures

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Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act

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that provided the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) which insured individual deposits up to $5000, thereby eliminating the epidemic of bank failure and restoring faith to banks.

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FDR and Inflation

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FDR believed that inflation would relieve debtors' burdens and stimulate new production. Inflation was achieved through gold buying; the Treasury purchased gold at increasing prices, increasing the dollar price of gold. This policy increased the amount of dollars in circulation.

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Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

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provided employment for about 3 million men in government camps. Their work included reforestation, fire fighting, swamp drainage, building levees for flood control, and improving national parks. This program gave jobs to men but it also benefited the public.

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Federal Emergency Relief Act

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The Act was the first direct-relief operation under the New Deal, and was headed by Harry L. Hopkins, a New York social worker who was one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's most influential advisers *, law provided money for food and other necessities for the unemployed *Affected the people in trying to aid people feeling the effects of the depression, still in effect today. Hopkins's agency granted about $3 billion to the states for direct relief payments or for wages on work projects.

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Civil Works Administration (CWA)

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provided work in federal jobs; designed to provide temporary jobs during the winter emergency. Thousands of unemployed were employed at leaf raking and other manual-labor jobs.

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Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

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Created in 1933 as part of FDR's New Deal. The AAA controlled the production and prices of crops by offering subsidies to farmers who stayed under set quotas. The Supreme Court declared the AAA unconstitutional in 1936.

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Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC)

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loaned money at low interest to homeowners who could not meet mortgage payments

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Father Charles Coughlin

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a critic of the New Deal; created the National Union for Social Justice; wanted a monetary inflation and the nationalization of the banking system

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Senator Huey P. Long

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"Share the Wealth" program ;; every family receives $5000 at expense of the wealthy... he was assassinated in 1935 so the plans were never carried out

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Dr. Francis E. Townsend

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American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935. attracted millions of senior citizens with his plan that each citizen over the age of 60 would receive $200 a month.

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Works Progress Administration (WPA)

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New Deal program that employed men and women to build hospitals, schools, parks, and airports; employed artists, writers, and musicians as well. Taxpayers criticized the agency for paying people to due "useless" jobs such as painting murals.

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National Recovery Administration (NRA)

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1933. First atempt to achieve economic advance through planning and cooperation among labor, business and government. Codes and regs. to control production, labor relations, and trade among businesses. Declared unconstitutional in 1935. Recovery and also Reform. Individual industries, through "fair competition" codes, were forced to lower their work hours so that more people could be hired; a minimum wage was also established

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Schechter Case

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1935; Shut down the NRA -- Congress could not "delegate legislate powers" to the executive, and "Congressional control could not apply to a local fowl business.

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Public Works Administration (PWA)

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industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. --its goal was to stimulate the economy through the building of huge public works projects that needed large numbers of workers. It set up jobs for people without jobs which gave the employers money and the employers funded the job.

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Harold L. Ickes

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the Interior Secretary in charge of the PWA, he hired private contractors instead of workers on a government payroll, it indirectly served the purpose of work relief -- put $4 billion into the PWA

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21st Amendment

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1933 - repeal of prohibition

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Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936.

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1936 -- reduction of crop acreage was now achieved by paying farmers to plant soil-conserving crops.

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Second Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938

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replaced National Recovery Administration (Agricultural Adjustment Act), it paid farmers to plant crops like soybeans or leave the land fallow

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Dust Bowl

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1933 - prolonged drought struck the states of the trans-Mississippi Great Plains. Partially caused by the cultivation of countless acres, dry-farming techniques, and mechanization.

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Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act

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It made possible a suspension of mortgage foreclosures for 5 years. It was struck down in 1935 by the Supreme Court.

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Resettlement Administration 1935

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charged with the task of removing near-farmless farmers to better land.

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Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

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the Indian "New Deal"; encouraged Native American tribes to establish self-government and to preserve their native crafts and traditions. 77 tribes refused to organize under the law, while hundreds did organize.

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Federal Securities Act

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AKA "Truth in Securities Act", this act was created to protect the public against fraud.Before securities could be offered for sale they had to be accompanied by full and true information. Misleading information or the absence of pertinent information could result in prosecution.

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Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

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1934 - Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in sercurities trading.

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Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

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June 1933. Innovative attempt at regional planning. Series of dams in seven states on the Tennessee river to control floods, ease navigation, and produce electricity. Endures to this day. Relief and Reform... The large project of constructing dams on the Tennessee River brought to the area full employment, the blessings of cheap electric power, low-cost housing, abundant cheap nitrates, the restoration of eroded soil, reforestation, improved navigation, and flood control.

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Federal Housing Administration (FHA) 1934.

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expanded private home ownership among moderate-income families through federal guarantees of private mortgages, the reduction of down payments (from 30 to 10 percent), and the extension of payment form 20 to 30 years

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United States Housing Authority (USHA) 1937

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meant to strengthen the FHA, It was designed to lend money to states or communities for low-cost construction.

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Social Security Act of 1935

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provided for federal-state unemployment insurance. To provide security for old age, specified categories of retired workers were to receive regular payments from Washington. -- old-age pensions. Was an idea taken from Europe.

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National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (Wagner Act)

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Made to counter the Supreme Court striking down the NRA -- This law created a powerful National Labor Relations Board for administrative purposes and reasserted the rights of labor to engage in self-organization and to bargain collectively through representatives of its own choice.

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John L. Lewis

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long-time labor leader who organized and led the first important unskilled workers labor union, called in to represent union during sit-down strike. He formed the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) in 1935 and boss of the United Mine Workers

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Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) 1935

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Originally formed by leaders within the AFL who wanted to expand its principles to include workers in mass production industries. John L. Lewis led a series of strikes including the sit-down strike at the General Motors automobile factory in 1936. In 1938, the CIO joined with the AF of L and the name "Committee for Industrial Organization" was changed to "Congress of Industrial Organizations." By 1940, the CIO claimed about 4 million members.

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Fair Labor Standards Act (Wages and Hours Bill) 1938.

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Industries involved in interstate commerce were to set up minimum-wage and maximum-hour levels. Labor by children under the age of 16 was forbidden.

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20th Amendment

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Ratified in 1933, shortened the period from election to inauguration by 6 weeks. FDR took the presidential oath on January 20, 1937, instead of the traditional March 4.

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FDR and Supreme Court (2nd Term)

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President Roosevelt released his plan to ask Congress to pass legislation allowing him to appoint one new justice to the Supreme Court for every member over the age of 70 who would not retire; the maximum number of justices would now be 15. Shocking both Congress and the public, the plan received much negative feedback.

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Owen J. Roberts

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conservative Supreme Court judge who began voting more liberally thereby undermining FDR's "court packing"

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Supreme Court and the New Deal (FDR's 2nd Term)

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Supreme Court upheld the principle of state minimum wage for women, reversing its stand on a different case a year earlier. The Court, now sympathetic towards the New Deal, upheld the National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) and the Social Security Act.

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Keynesianism

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the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes who advocated government monetary and fiscal programs intended to stimulate business activity and increase employment

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Reorganization Act 1939

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Passed by congress, giving President Roosevelt limited powers for administrative reforms, including the new Executive Office in the White House.

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Brain Trust

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Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression

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New Deal

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the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented

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Wagner Act

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1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.

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Court-Packing Plan

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President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges

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Harry L. Hopkins

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This man led the FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Administration) which replaced Hoover's RFC by giving grants to the states to promote civil work projects, but the states preferred just to give the money to the men instead of creating jobs. He would also run the CWA and the WPA

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Frances Perkins

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U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet.

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Mary Bethune

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United States educator who worked to improve race relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans (1875-1955)

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Robert Wagner

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A democratic senator from New York State from 1927-1949, he was responsible for the passage of some of the most important legislation enacted through the New Deal. The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 was popularly known as the Wagner Act in honor of the senator. He also played a major role in the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 and the Wagner-Steagall Housing Act of 1937

APUSH Chapter 33- The Great Depression and the New Deal – Flashcards

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