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Thomas W Lawson

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made over $50 million on the Stock Market and wrote a series of articles in the magazine Everybody's from 1905-1906 titled "Frenzied Finance" that revealed how his accomplices practiced and worked the Stock Market.

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David G Phillips

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had a series of articles in Cosmopolitan called the "The Treason of the Senate" (1906). He accused 75 of the 90 senators represented the railroads and trusts, not the people.

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Ray Stannard Baker

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wrote Following the Color Line (1908), a book that scrutinized blacks

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John Spargo

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wrote The Bitter Cry of the Children (1906), that exposed the abuses of child labor

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Dr. Harvey W Wiley

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Chief Chemist in the Department of Agriculture, reinforced attacks on medicine in the magazine Collier's

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City Manager system

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created by Progressivists when a professional city manager is hired to run each department of the city and report directly to the city council. City manager = efficiency

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Robert M LaFollette

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(Fighting Bob), progressive Republican governor 1901, routing the lumber and railroad he gained control from the cooporations and gave it back to the people

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Hiram W Johnson

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Republican governor 1910 broke the dominant grip of Southern Pacific Railroad on Californian politics

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Charles Evan Hughes

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reformist Republican governor of New York, gained fame as and investigator of malpractices of gas and insurance companies and coal trusts

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Flourence Kelly

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controlled the National Consumers League (1899) and pressured for safe working conditions for women and children, became Illinois first cheif factory inspector and and advocate for improving factory conditions.

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Muller vs Oregon

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1908 - Louis D Branders got the Supreme Court to accept laws protecting women against the harmful effects of factory labor

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Louis D Brandeis

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a brilliant lawyer and laer leader of the Supreme Court faught against poor working conditions for women and children

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Seventeenth Amendment

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allowed the direct election of senators

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Lochner vs. New York

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established a ten-hour work day for factory bakers (1905)

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Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire

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A fire in New York's Triangle Shirtwaist Company in 1911 killed 146 people, mostly women. They died because the doors were locked and the windows were too high for them to get to the ground. Led to New York legislator passing stronger laws and regulating working conditions.

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Eighteenth Amendment

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amendment to the Constitution that outlawed the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcohol (repealed in 1932)

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Roosevelt's "Square Deal"

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for capital labor and the public at large, included the 3 C's: control of the cooporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources

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Frances E Willard

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encouraged over one million women to make the world more "homelike", part of the Anti-Saloon League

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Upton Sinclair

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wrote The Jungle (1906), appaled the public with his description of unsanitary food and slaugter houses, sparked and investigation by Roosevelt that spauned the Meat Inspection Act of 1906

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Desert Land Act (1877)

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the government sold arid land for cheap on the condition that the land would be irrigated within three years

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Forest Reserve Act (1891)

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the president set aside public forests and national parks over 46 million acres of land

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Carey Act (1894)

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federal land to the states to be irrigated and settled

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Gifford Pinchot

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head of the Federal Division of Forestry, broke conservation ground before Roosevelt

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Newlands Act of 1902

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Washington authorized tho collect money from the sale of public lands and use the profit for irrigation projects

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Roosevelt Dam

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constructed on Arizona's Salt River (1911)

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Henry Demarest Lloyd

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wrote Wealth Against Commonwealth to attack Standard Oil Company (1894)

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Thorstein Veblen

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wrote The Theory of the Leisure Class attacked the "predatory wealth" and "conspicuous consumption" in (1899)

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Jacob A. Riis

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wrote shocked the middle class by presenting the "slums" of New York in How the Other Half Lives (1890), this book influenced Theodore Roosevelt the New York City police commissioner.

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Theodore Dreiser

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The Financier (1912) and The Titan (1914)

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Jane Addams and Lillian Wald

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entered the fight to improve the living and working conditions in cities such as New York.

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Lincoln Steffens

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had a series of articles in McClure's titled "The Shame of Cities" that revealed the corruption of the alliance between business and municipal government.

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Ida M. Tarbell

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published an exposé of Standard Oil Company, who had to pay as much as $3,000 to verify a single Tarbell article.

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Progressives

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early 1900s; wanted to improve conditions in America: socially, politically, economically; civil rights for African Americans/women, safety in the workplace, better labeling of food and drink, child labor, workmen's compensation, conservation of natural resources

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Socialists

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Group that believed nation's resources and industries should be owned and operated by the government on behalf of the people

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the social gospel

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A movement regarding poverty using Christian principles (education, no child labor, proactive organizations)

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"initiative"

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Procedure whereby a certain number of voters may, by petition, propose a law or constitutional amendment and have it submitted to the voters

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"referendum"

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The name given to the political process in which the general public votes on an issue of public concern

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"recall"

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the act of removing an official by petition

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"Australian" ballot

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A government printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states around 1890 in order to reduce the voting fraud associated with party printed ballots cast in public

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women's club movement

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gave a broad civic entry to middle-class women; literary clubs that educated women in "poem and prose" but eventually became a meeting hall for social issues and current events

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"Muckrakers"

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Pugnacious writers that intended to reform or expose the "social evils" such as: immoral "white slave" traffic in women, slums, and the numerous industrial accidents branded "muckrakers" in 1906 by President Roosevelt.

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Coal Strike

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TR), 1902, , Coal mines of Pennsylvania. 140,000 workers, many illiterate immigrants had been frightfully exploited and accident plagued. Demanded a 20% increase in pay and reduction of the working day from 10 to 9 hours. Mine owners refused to negotiate., TR threatens to bring in troops, then they listened

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Department of Commerce and Labor

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1903 TR) A new cabinet position was created to address the relationship between business and labor. Within the new dept, the Bureau of Corporations was empowered to investigate and report on potentially monopolistic activities of corporations. By the time TR left office, indictments had been brought against 25 monopolies including Standard Oil Co, Northern Securities Co, and American Tobacco Co

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Elkins Act

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Fined Railroads who gave rebates and shippers who accepted them. It gave more power than the Interstate Commerce Commision to regulate the monopolistic railroads

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Hepburn Act

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This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods.

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Corporate Trusts

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consortium of independent organizations formed to limit competition by controlling the production and distribution of a product or service

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Northern Securities Case

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large railroad conglomerate formed in 1901 by financiers. The company controlled the Northern Pacific Railway, Great Northern Railway, Chicago and others. The companies had all formed a large trust, which were outlawed since 1890 by the Sherman Antitrust Act. President TR sued them for violating the Act. The company is best known as one of the first large-scale examples of Roosevelt's "trust-busting" activities in the early 1900s. After federal prosecution, the company was dissolved according to the 1904 Supreme Court ruling.

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"dry" laws

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Laws aimed at banning alcohol turned ½ of US's population into dry territory

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Meat Inspection Act

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Law that authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to order meat inspections and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption.

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Pure Food and Drug Act

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Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA

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"conservation" movement

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A movement to protect the resources of the west, put in place by TR part of his "square deal"

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John Muir

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United States naturalist (born in England) who advocated the creation of national parks (1838-1914); founded the Sierra Club

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Hetch Hetchy

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The _______________ valley was destroyed for the building of a dam near San Francisco that sparked many debates between preservists and ecologically friendly government about drawing the line to which conservatation would go

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Panic of 1907

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"runs" on banks, suicides, and criminal indictments against speculators; the financial world blamed Roosevelt that he was a "quack" that "rocked the boat" with him insane tactics; Roosevelt claimed the banks engineered a monitary crisis to force the government to relax rules on trusts

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William Howard Taft

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(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

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eugene V. Debbs

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hero of the Pullman strike of 1894, amassed 420,793 votes from Socialists

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"Dollar Diplomacy"

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President Taft's policy of linking American business interests to diplomatic interests abroad

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Nicaraguan intervention

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America under Taft wanted to protect it's investment of the almost finished Panama Canal and revolt in Nicaragua caused 2500 US marines to land there in 1912; they stayed for 13 years

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Payne-Aldrich Tariff

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"the best bill that the Republican party ever passed" imposed hundreds of tariffs, caused upheval in the Republican party

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Progressives vs. "Old Guard"

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Taft (Old Guard) not sticking to Roosevelts policies caused a rift in the Republican party that made it vulnerable to defeat

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