question

Questions Chap 28. 3: For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance:

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--caudillo: Military dictator in Latin America. Ruled nearly all Latin American countries in 19th Century. --Monroe Doctrine: A U.S. policy against future colonization of the Americas by Europeans. Although the U.S. did little to enforce it, the Royal Navy did to ensure free trade for Britain. --José Martí: Cuban writer who fought for a second war of independence against Spain in 1895. Although he was killed, the U.S. eventually joined the war against Spain. --Spanish-American War: War fought between the U.S. and Spain that resulted in U.S. dominance of the Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam. Began in 1898. --Panama Canal: U.S. built canal through 10-mile zone in Panama, finished in 1914. Made Latin America a crossroads of trade under U.S. control. --Roosevelt Corollary: Gave U.S. right to be an international police force in the Western hemisphere that justified numerous subsequent U.S. interventions in Latin America.

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Why did the gap between rich and poor in Latin America grow after independence?

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The gap between rich and poor grew after independence because more and more people were working for large landowners. The workers were paid very little, and the prices of their basic living needs were very expensive. This caused poverty and debt throughout the lower class. The landowners however, took the Church land and the native lands and sold them only becoming wealthier and sold the lands to other wealthy and prominent landowners. These lands though were not distributed equally and caused turmoil and instability. Rich go wealthy through land purchases; increased debt for poor.

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What economic gains and setbacks did Latin American countries experience after independence?

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Latin America gained many things from becoming independent. However, there were also many setbacks. They heavily relied on exports from other large European countries and along with new inventions; they were able to be very successful and economically stable. However, due to the fact of it being unindustrialized, it could not become a strong world power and would not be recognized as a leading economic hub. They did not heavily fund public places such as schools and hospitals. They had to borrow money and were unable to pay back their loans. Foreign campaigns controlled the Latin American industries. Latin American trade greatly increased, but no industrialization.

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Why was the United States so interested in the security of Latin America?

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The US was interested in the security of Latin America because they realized that their security depended on Latin America. The security of Latin America was just as important to the US as the importance of its own country. If their southern counterparts complied, everything would go better. Their security was just as important as theirs. Also, because of the business holdings, if Latin America were to not have security and lose these business holdings, the US would lose money. They needed Latin America to protect the money of North America. They knew early on that they were very closely connected and if the businesses in Latin America spiraled, so did the economy of the US. To ensure its own security.

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Why do you think upper-class Latin Americans favored governments run by caudillos?

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The upper and middle class favored Caudillos because they did not want to give power to the lower classes. In addition to that, it was neutral to Latin America, who had been ruled by an Absolute Monarchy in the past, that the people entitled to voting and holding political power were those of higher social castes. It was also most likely that the wealthier people had more of a say in government and politics and also because they funded things and helped better the nation. Caudillos protected upper-class privileges.

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Do you think that U.S. imperialism was more beneficial or harmful to Latin American people? Explain.

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US imperialism was more beneficial to Latin America then it was harmful due to the fact that Latin America became economically stable, there were more inventions, and there was just a better life. Military dictatorships ceased and people were treated better. Along with that, the Panama Canal increased trade and diversification of culture, which is always beneficial to a nation. There were new markets along with old products that enhanced and bettered the Economy and government for the Latin Americans. It helped establish economic legitimacy and due to the fact that trade and exports were at their peak, Latin America's economy was only going to get better. Beneficial - Jobs and exports helped farmers and workers. Harmful - No independence was gained.

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How was the principle of the Roosevelt Corollary different from that of the Monroe Doctrine?

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The Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary are not that different. However, the Roosevelt Corollary adds on to the Monroe Doctrine. In the Monroe Doctrine, legitimacy had to be established and America needed to show that it was the powerhouse and that Europe could not colonize the Latin Americas. The Roosevelt Corollary is built off of that. It established that America is the leading nation and is an international power police. The Monroe Doctrine was intended to discourage European intervention. The corollary authorized U.S. intervention regards of European involvement.

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AN APPEAL FOR REFORM IN CHINA

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AN APPEAL FOR REFORM IN CHINA

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What reforms does he want?

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They need to change their technology, change method of recruiting civil servants, militia, and the maintenance of naval ships. Civil servant exams were focused on old Confucian writings, and not modern. They also had to study new and modern topics opposed to ancient ones.

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What does he see as the obstacles to reform?

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A lot of people clung to old traditions and method, common belief in China that they were the kingdom of heaven (center of the world), not willing to learn from mistakes. Western powers were threatening them from the outside, but also had to face internal problems such as the decline of the Qing dynasty, and the Taiping rebellion. They were also on the verge of bankruptcy due to losses in wars against Western powers.

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Sakuma Shozan, REFLECTIONS ON MY ERRORS

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Sakuma Shozan, REFLECTIONS ON MY ERRORS

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How does the parable in the first paragraph about the "man who is grieved by the illness of his lord or his father" relate to what Sakuma wants for Japan?

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It is a metaphor for Japan as the father, and he wants Japan to take this "medicine" which is to Westernize and improve their military. The "illness" is the conservative shogunate's unwillingness to modernize.

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According to Sakuma in the second paragraph, why has Japan earned the scorn of foreigners, and how should Japan prepare to defend itself?

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Japan has earned the scorn of foreigners because they have improper weapons and officials who aren't aware of Western military technology. They can defend themselves by westernizing and becoming more military advanced/prepared, from weapons to officials (men of knowledge/position).

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According to Sakuma in the third paragraph, what are the shortcomings of the "scholars of today"?

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They studied ancient theorists, and did not study modern Western disciplines like mathematics and science. They also do not study effective war, military, and foreign affair strategies.

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Iwasaki Yataro, LETTER TO MITSUBISHI EMPLOYEES

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-Promotes nationalism (helping Japanese economy) ---Emphasizes that hard work is necessary, and not to focus on setbacks (had to fire people and lower wages, in order to restore glory of Japan) -Trying to dominate international market ---Having foreigners involved in coastal trade could be a national security threat -As a zaibatsu, Japanese government gave them tax subsidies; however, they were competing against an economically prestigious company in Britain, but because of government support and worker dedication, they were able to win the market.

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MEIJI CONSTITUTION CHAPTERS I AND II

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MEIJI CONSTITUTION CHAPTERS I AND II

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According to Articles 5-8 in Chapter I, what is the relationship between the Emperor and the Imperial Diet, and how does this relationship differ from a typical relationship between a constitutional monarch and a parliament like in Britain?

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The Emperor allowed the Diet (Japanese parliament) to form, added some democracy. However, the legislature does not have complete control (Emperor directly controls prime minister, head of army, etc.).

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According to Articles 10-13 in Chapter I, what is the role of the Emperor with regard to the military, and what potential dangers does this role pose to democratic control of the military?

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It gives the emperor undemocratic power, and has too much of it. The military could essentially do whatever it wants since they have to only report to the emperor who is a figurehead.

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According to the articles in Chapter II, what rights do Japanese subjects enjoy, and how do these rights differ from those of U.S. citizens under the Bill of Rights?

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Some similarities are the right to trial, freedom (religious, press, etc. but with limits). However, religion can only be practiced if it interferes with their duties.

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MEIJI CONSTITUTION CHAPTERS III AND IV

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MEIJI CONSTITUTION CHAPTERS III AND IV

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According to articles in Chapter III of the Constitution, how are members of the Imperial Diet (legislature) chosen in each of its houses, what limits are there on member conduct, and what rights do members of the government have in the Diet?

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In the House of Representatives, it was a national election, the House of Peers was appointed by the emperor/Japanese nobles. They cannot have other jobs outside of the imperial diet (implied wealth), and can only influence through the budget.

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According to the articles in Chapter VI, what power does the Imperial Diet have over the Budget, and in what circumstance can the government bypass the Diet's authority?

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They can pass a budget, and the government can bypass this budget when they don't agree.

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Why was Japan able to reform successfully unlike China?

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Why was Japan able to reform successfully unlike China?

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China

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-China encountered the West earlier, coming into contact with British traders in the late 18th centuries -China was under control of the foreign Manchu (Qing) Dynasty, which had controlled China since 1644 ---Couldn't identify with Han Chinese, didn't want to give them a big role in government ---Corruption, internal rebellion, etc. -China held merchants in disdain, the top class was scholar-officials ---Harder to initiate industrialization ---Scholars did not embrace Western ideologies, did not want to challenge Confucianism

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Japan

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-Japan did not come into contact with the West until 1853 -Japan's Shogun government was overthrown by reforming Japanese samurai in 1868 ---Clean slate for more reforming flexibility -Merchants gained influence and power under Tokugawa rule; the top class was samurai. ---Merchants were successful during the 200 years of peace under Tokugawa ---Could appreciate Western military technology

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Questions on the Film on Meiji Revolution

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Questions on the Film on Meiji Revolution

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What were the four social ranks in Tokugawa society?

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Merchants, Artisans, Peasants, and Samurai

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What happened to the Samurai during the 200 years of peace under the Tokugawa?

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They were not allowed to draw their swords, bound to their lords, and acted as civil servants--> owed money to merchants

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Why did Americans want to open up Japan?

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They wanted water and coal for their whaling ships for China trade.

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What solution did a radical teacher propose to drive the Westerners out of Japan?

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To learn how to adapt to Western technology to use it against them.

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Who really controlled the Meiji government?

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The samurai bureaucrats

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What happened to the Samurai class after the Meiji Revolution?

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The class was dissolved

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Why was the emperor's status an advantage for his advisors?

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The advisors were beyond the law.

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Who were the zaibatsu?

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They were large Japanese business conglomerates: allied with the state and the priorities they gave them (accomplished government affairs through individual companies)

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Why didn't China reform like Japan?

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China did not try to industrialize or modernize; The de facto ruler, Empress Dowager, wanted to keep the old traditions in China (conservative government)

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Why did Japan start a war with China in 1894?

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China had dominated Korea, Mongolia, Vietnam, and other tributary states. However, Japan had transformed itself into a major exporting power and needed more ports. They wanted to have influence in Korea to have these connections, and went to war (and won) against China.

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How did other Asians react to Japan's victory over Russia in 1905?

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They were amazed and inspired by Japan's ability against a Western power.

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What was Japan's attitude to the rest of Asia after Japan's victory over Russia?

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They felt that they could rule the rest of Asia, and this resulted in WWII (joined the imperialist world)

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Questions on the Film "Mexico: A Story of Courage and Conquest"

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Questions on the Film "Mexico: A Story of Courage and Conquest"

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What was the main goal General Diaz had for Mexico once he became president?

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Diaz wanted to maintain stability in Mexico by force (army and international police force).

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Why did foreign investors begin to invest large amounts of money into Mexico while General Diaz ran the country?

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American investors were lured to Mexico by liberal concessions and cheap labor. Diaz invited foreign capital and protected the capital.

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hat percentage of Mexican mines did U.S. Steel control?

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75%

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Why did the children of Mexican peasants often work at a young age?

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The wages were so low that children had to start working as early as possible.

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What did Madero call upon the Mexican people to do once he fled to Texas in 1910?

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He called upon the people to overthrow the government Diaz established.

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What was the main goal of Emiliano Zapata?

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He was an idealist who believed that the land was stolen from the poor, and wanted to give the land back to the poor.

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Why did Zapata turn against Madero?

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He felt that Madero was a traitor because he didn't want to give the land back to the peasants.

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How did General Huerta come to power in 1913?

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He betrayed Madero and ordered his murder.

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How did Carranza's army compare to other armies fighting against General Huerta?

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They were better supplied and conditioned than Huerta's army.

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How did Mexicans react to President Wilson's decision to occupy the port of Veracruz in 1914?

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Mexican people increased their anti-American sentiment as a result of the Veracruz situation.

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Why did the U.S. send an armed expedition into Mexico to arrest Pancho Villa?

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Pancho Villa attacked US soil so they ordered his arrest in order to make a statement that no one attacks US soil.

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How did the Party of Revolutionary Institutions (PRI) solve the problem of presidential succession for Mexico?

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They dominated the Mexican political system where they chose the leader.

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How did the Party of Revolutionary Institutions (PRI) change the country's oil industry in 1938?

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They nationalized their oil industry, which made foreign countries who had presences in Mexican oil wealth very angry.

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Why did the student protest against PRI corruption attract a worldwide audience in 1968?

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Because it was during the world olympics.

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In 1993, NAFTA lowered trade barriers between what three countries?

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Mexico, United States, and Canada.

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Questions for the Film on Wilhelm II

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Questions for the Film on Wilhelm II

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What injury did Kaiser Wilhelm II suffer at his birth?

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He suffered a withered left arm.

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When did Kaiser Wilhelm II first develop a desire to build a large German Navy?

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When he saw the British navy on the sea at his grandmother's estate.

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How did efforts to compensate for his injury affect his personality?

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He was stubborn and aggressive in personality.

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What was always Bismarck's goal when there was a dispute among the five great powers of Europe?

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To be in the majority of the three powers.

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Whom did Kaiser Wilhelm II fire upon being crowned emperor?

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Otto von Bismarck.

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Why did Britain become a potential enemy of Germany?

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The British had the largest navy, and the German army creating a large fleet was a threat.

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Why did Russia and France draw together?

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Because Germany's army was very powerful and large, and the French wanted Alsace-Lorraine back from Germany (France didn't have a large army to face the Germans).

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Why was Germany's main ally, Austria-Hungary, the most fragile of the five major European powers?

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They were very ethnically diverse and couldn't control the population.

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Questions on the Outbreak of WWI

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Questions on the Outbreak of WWI

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What group of people wanted to break away from Austria-Hungary?

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The Slavs.

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What country was the center of Slavic resistance?

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Serbia

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What secret Serbian society was responsible for the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne?

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The Black Hand

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Even without definitive proof, why did Emperor Franz Josef of Austria-Hungary blame Serbia for the assassination and want to punish Serbia?

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They felt that they were the inspiration for it and had to be destroyed.

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What country provided Austria-Hungary full support in its actions toward Serbia?

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Germany

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Why did Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Serbia lead to war between all of the major powers of Europe?

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It led to a war between Russia and Austria, and eventually the whole continent was at war and it couldn't stop.

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Questions on Russian Revolution

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Questions on Russian Revolution

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Which European monarch was most resistant to change?

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Czar Nicholas II

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What did Nicholas note in his diary on the day of his coronation in 1894?

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He never really wanted to be czar.

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According to Professor Jay Winter, what was the curse of absolute monarchies?

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They had to live with the people who were born into it.

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What disease did Alexis inherit from Queen Victoria?

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Hemophilia

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Why did Tsarina Alexandra trust Rasputin?

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She felt that only he could save her son.

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Why did Rasputin's close ties with Alexandra seriously hurt the reputation of the royal family?

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He exerted great influence over Tsar Nicholas II and his family during World War I; this influence, combined with his reputation for debauchery, steadily discredited the imperial family.

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Did Nicholas and his family survive the war?

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He and his family were shot and killed a year after the Russian Revolution.

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"Revolution"

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"Revolution"

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Where was the largest mutiny against the war in 1917?

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Russia (the whole nation rebelled)

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How did the Russian Army compare to others in terms of its size?

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The world's largest standing army.

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Why did the Russian Army perform so poorly during the war?

answer

The weather and cold in Russia caused many casualties.

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What percentage of Russian soldiers became casualties during the war?

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50%

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Why was the Tsar's assumption of command of the military a fatal decision?

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He would be blamed personally for the losses at the front of the battle.

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Why did the International Women's Day March in Petrograd in March 1917 turn into a riot?

answer

They wanted bread and an end to the war.

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Why did the decision to order soldiers to fire on the unarmed protesters lead to revolution?

answer

Soldiers and civilians clashed, and eventually the soldiers joined the protest.

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Why did the Tsar abdicate (give up) his throne?

answer

His generals convinced him it would help Russia.

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What was surprising about the overthrow of the Tsar?

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The political upheaval was a very immediate process in replacing new governments (Socialist democracy)

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"Bolsheviks"

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"Bolsheviks"

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Who launched the second Russian Revolution?

answer

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

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Who led the fragile democracy in charge of Russia after the first revolution?

answer

Alexander Kerensky

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Why did Kerensky want to win a major battle against the Germans?

answer

To get rid of his German rivals.

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Why was the Women's Battalion of Death formed?

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To shame the men into fighting.

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What happened to the Russian Army after Kerensky's offensive failed?

answer

The government and military command had no more command.

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What was Lenin's three-fold promise to the Russians?

answer

Bread, peace, and land.

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What did Russia lose under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to the Germans?

answer

They lost 62 million people and 1 million square miles of land.

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Upon what did Lenin focus for the three years after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

answer

He fought a civil war, which led to the deaths of millions and the death of the royal family (Bolsheviks took power by force).

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Why did the film state that the events of 1917 in Russia would dominate the rest of the 20th Century?

answer

This revolution led to the Cold War that lasted throughout the majority of the 20th century.

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How much did most Americans care about post-war Europe?

answer

They cared little, but the president did

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Who was the first sitting U.S. president to travel to Europe?

answer

Woodrow Wilson

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What organization did Wilson propose that would maintain peace and end European colonialism?

answer

The 14 Points and the League of Nations

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What is national self-determination?

answer

The process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government.

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What was British Prime Minister Lloyd George's main aim during the peace conference?

answer

He wanted to protect and expand Britain's empire.

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What was the main goal of French Premier Georges Clemenceau at the peace conference

answer

To establish security for France (didn't want Germany to invade).

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What did Ho Chi Minh, the future leader of North Vietnam, want from the peace conference?

answer

He wanted France out of IndoChina

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Why didn't the Arabs win the independence they wanted at the peace conference?

answer

The British and French divided the Middle East among themselves.

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Why didn't the allies end their blockade of Germany and Austria-Hungary after the armistice went into effect (ending fighting in the war)?

answer

They wanted to maintain the blockade in order to discipline the Germans to accept the peace terms that the Allies were establishing.

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In addition to moral considerations, why else did Herbert Hoover want to provide food aid to the defeated nations?

answer

He felt that hunger bred bolshevism.

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Why was Wilson unable to keep all of his promises?

answer

He had made too many promises, and had to negotiate a peace settlement with other countries who had very different aims.

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Why did Wilson eventually compromise on many of his key points?

answer

He had to make many compromises with the French and British because they had differing opinions.

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What did Germany have to accept as far as responsibility for the war?

answer

Germany had to greatly minimize their armed and naval forces. Additionally, they had to accept the blame for starting the war.

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What did Germany have to pay?

answer

They had to pay the cost of the war and reparations (insurmountable debt).

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Why was revenge against Germany at the Paris Peace Conference ultimately self-defeating for the allies?

answer

It was essentially a continuation of the war, and only accomplished a ceasefire.

question

The Age of Imperialism

answer

-The scramble for colonies by European powers from 1884-1914 is the best example of the most rapid imperialist expansion in history. In that period, every part of Africa came under European rule except for Ethiopia and LIberia. ---Before this expansion, Africa was largely controlled by Africans in the 1870s (Britain, France, and Portuguese had some territory on the borders of Africa) -Bismarck: Germany did not care about Africa, but was afraid that European conquering of Africa would lead to war (wanted peace and time to consolidate Germany and his economy) ---Called the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885 in order to prevent war -----European countries partition Africa

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Causes of Imperialism in the late 19th century

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-Economic Needs ---Markets and raw materials ---Land for rising European population (establish colonies) -Social Darwinism ---Destiny of "superior" races and nations to rule others (Europe over Africa, for instance) -White Man's Burden ---Spread Christianity and Western culture (wanted to spread their superior culture for the good of conquered people) -Establish power and prestige

question

Foreign investment in 1914

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-Order of investments (largest to smallest): ---Britain, France, Germany, Holland, USA, Belgium, Russia -Germany was "behind" because they were newly unified and more focused on preserving internal peace within the country instead of trying to promote their "white aristocracy"

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Power and Prestige Consideration

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-Strategic concerns (control of key locations like the Suez Canal--> important to British to control trade in the MIddle East, Indian Ocean, and Mediterranean) -Fueling bases (for steam warships that ran on coal) -National glory (such as French desire to gain status after loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany) ---Increased nationalistic sentiment, but was often economically hampering -Distract from internal problems (such as the rise of Socialist parties)

question

Cecil Rhodes

answer

-British imperialist who took over gold and diamond mines in Africa -Funded students to go to Oxford University to keep them connected Britain

question

British were opposed to Germans in efforts to conquering African colonies

answer

British were opposed to Germans in efforts to conquering African colonies

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Reasons for Western Success

answer

-Wealthy, industrial economies (had means to support expensive campaigns to acquire new territory and to administer it) -Superior military technology (such as Maxim Gun) -Medical advances (Quinine)

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Means of Imperialistic Control

answer

-Colonies (replacing the country's government with a new administration) ---Direct rule: colonial government with European administrators--> huge impact on native culture) vs. Indirect rule: small number of European administration, but allowed native people to rule--> cheaper and favored by British ---Settler (problematic during colonial independence) vs. Non-settler -Protectorates: controlling a land through that country's existing government -Spheres of influence: usually involving special economic privileges

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India: The "Jewel in the Crown"

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-Vast market for British manufacturers and valuable source of raw materials -Possessed 20% of Britain's overseas investments -Served as a base to access trade with the rest of Asia -Provided a 250,000 man Indian Army, paid by Indian taxpayers and free of Parliamentary control.

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Effects of Imperialism on Colonized Areas/People

answer

Benefits: -Political structure (replaced weak/divided ones) -Education (introduction of Western medicine, science, and technology) -Economic investment ---Construction of railways, bridges, and ports ---Creation of new enterprises ---Raw materials (materials for European factories) Drawbacks: -Political and cultural oppression -Arbitrary borders (based on Western and not ethnic needs) -Economic disruption ---Collapse of competitive sectors ---Focus on extraction of raw materials like cash crops not on manufacturing

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Resistance to Imperialism

answer

-Tradition (military) resistance by existing governments -Religious uprisings, often led by new spiritual leaders -Economic protests -Political resistance through organized associations and parties -Modernization to copy the imperial powers (Japan)

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The Sepoy Rebellion (1857-8)

answer

-Sepoys (Indian soldiers under British rules) were told a rumor that the British loaded their guns with cow and pig fat (these animals were sacred to the hindus, did not eat pork); There was already resentment against the British in India because of their dominance and taxation -Sepoys rebelled, and were armed with modern weapons -The rebellion was suppressed by General Colin Campbell of the British ---Britain felt the Dutch East India company instigated the rebellion, reformed it so they could calm the relations with India and Britain ---The Raj (British rule in India) is developed after the sepoy rebellion, ended in 1947

question

The Afrikaners (descendants of original Dutch settlers in the 17th century) unsuccessfully opposed British rule in South Africa during the Boer War from 1899-1902

answer

-The Boers were armed with modern weapons, difficult for British to overcome; Britain established concentration camps, caused Boers to give in and surrender. -Britain's PR was hurt by their racist actions so they gave the Boers many voting and governmental rights (i.e. Apartheid) in their region, very lenient with their agreement after the end of the war; Britain was still in control of South Africa.

question

Germany (allied with a weakened Hungary and Austria) was isolated from France, Russia, and Britain

answer

-Britain had their large empire of colonies -France and Russia were allies, and eventually Britain joined -These tensions and isolations led to WWI

question

The Road to WWI

answer

The Road to WWI

question

Bismarck negotiated many treaties that formed many alliances

answer

-Isolated France (knew they wanted Alsace-Lorraine) -Maintained ties between Germany and Russia -German-Russian Treaty (ended when Wilhelm became Kaiser) ---Led to Franco-Russian alliance, isolating Germany and undermining Bismarck's foreign policy

question

Relations in Europe in the Late 19th and 20th centuries

answer

-Germany receives attentions from Britain because of their naval expansion -France wanted revenge for Alsace-Lorraine -Russia was loaning France money for railways--> formed defense alliance together -The Balkans (Slavs) ---Russia was pro-slav and wanted to expand into it (ethnic connection, mediterranean trade)--> saw them as threat (Slavs wanted independence) ---Austria-Hungary saw the Balkans as potentially threatening stability, anti-slavic (controlled the area)

question

Gradual increase of spending establishing armies/navies in the 40 years leading up to WWI by the major powers

answer

-Mobilization plans were initiated to help keep economy running while having a ready army for war (inevitable by 1914)

question

Chain of Events in the Summer of 1914 that led to WWI

answer

-Archduke Franz Ferdinand heir to the throne of Austro-Hungarian Empire, assassinated by the Serbian Black Hand in Sarajevo (wanted to implement trialism to accommodate the demands of the Slavic people in the empire, creating a triple monarchy--> wouldn't lead to independent Serbia) ---Failed the first assassination attempt, and the assailant was captured. Then, the Archduke was killed by another assailant but he was captured as well. Thus, they knew the assailants were Serbian. -Kaiser Wilhelm II promises German support for Austria against Serbia -Austria issues 48-hour ultimatum to Serbia -Serbia complies with most, but not all demands. In particular, Serbia refuses to allow Austro-Hungarian agents to be part of an inquiry into the assassinations. Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. -Russia begins to mobilizes armed forces in defense of Serbia. Austria hungary troops invade Serbia. -As an ally of Serbia, Russia announces full mobilizations of armed forces along the borders of both Austria-Hungary and Germany -After 24 hour ultimatum to Russia, Germany mobilizes and declares war on Russia -Germany declares war on France -Eventually, France declares war on Belgium and Britain on Germany.

question

WWI: 1914-1918

answer

WWI: 1914-1918

question

International armies mobilize (male population), women have to run business--> lead to future granting of women's suffrage

answer

International armies mobilize (male population), women have to run business--> lead to future granting of women's suffrage

question

Germans were concerned about fighting both Russians and French

answer

-Schlieffen Plan: quickly attack France in 6 weeks, then Russia would be slow to mobilize (then Germany could wait for Russia to mobilize) ---Did not work because Germany invaded Belgium which provoked British forces, and counterattacked (stalemate)

question

Ottoman Empire joined major powers (Middle East), forces in Africa fought as well

answer

Ottoman Empire joined major powers (Middle East), forces in Africa fought as well

question

Heaviest battles are on French borders (Western Front)

answer

-Trench warfare -Very expensive to support armies and war effort (mobilization was promoted through propaganda)

question

Verdun

answer

Germany tried to again inflict many French casualties, but this backfired and resulted in another stalemate

question

Battle of Somme

answer

a major battle of World War I between the British and the Germans, on the Western Front in northern France July-November 1916. More than a million men on both sides were killed or wounded--> another stalemate

question

The Gallipoli Disaster

answer

-a major campaign of World War I that took place on the Gallipoli peninsula, on the European side of the Dardanelles in 1915-16. The Allies (with heavy involvement of troops from Australia and New Zealand) hoped to gain control of the strait from the Turks, but the campaign reached stalemate after each side suffered heavy casualties. ---British needed Russian support against Germany, wanted to open up a supply line to Russia

question

TE Lawrence and the "Arab Revolt"

answer

he helped to organize the Arab revolt against the Turks in the Middle East, contributing to General Allenby's eventual victory in Palestine in 1918.

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Lusitania

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-a British liner that was sunk by a German submarine in the Atlantic in May 1915 with the loss of over 1,000 lives (American). ---This instigated America to participate in the War with the Allies

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Winston Churchill has tank and aerial combat made to assist in war effort

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Winston Churchill has tank and aerial combat made to assist in war effort

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Germans use flamethrowers and grenade launchers to break French borders

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Germans use flamethrowers and grenade launchers to break French borders

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Germans cannot subdue Allied forces, lead to their surrender

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Germans cannot subdue Allied forces, lead to their surrender

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End result--> 9 million dead

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End result--> 9 million dead

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COMMENTS OF THE GERMAN DELEGATION TO THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE ON THE CONDITIONS OF PEACE, OCTOBER 1919

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COMMENTS OF THE GERMAN DELEGATION TO THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE ON THE CONDITIONS OF PEACE, OCTOBER 1919

question

In Germany's view, why do they argue that the principles they attribute to President Wilson had not been applied?

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Wilson said the whole European system was responsible for the war, but the treaty only blames Germany and her allies. Germany is not receiving a just peace as it must pay an indemnity of an undetermined amount, must surrender control of German rivers, and is not even invited to join the League of Nations.

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What does the document reveal about the difficulty of applying the principle of ethnic self-determination in Europe?

answer

Some areas contain more than one nationality and areas with majority German populations are taken from Germany.

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To what higher "fundamental" rights does the document appeal in order to strengthen German assertions?

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They appeal to the rights of national self-preservation and self-determination.

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According to the authors of the German complaint, how will various provisions of the treaty hurt Germany's economy?

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The reparations payments will hurt the economy as will the loss of territory and colonies.

question

Do you agree with the authors of the document that Germany was being poorly treated? What response to their complaints might defenders of the treaty have made?

answer

They do make a number of good points, but the allies could point out that the heavy cost of the war requires some compensation from the part of the defeated countries.

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The Peace of Paris (1919)

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The Peace of Paris (1919)

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Wilson's 14 Points: felt the war had been caused by maintained domination of large powers and secret treaties

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-Open covenants of peace -Freedom of the seas -Removal of trade barriers -Reduction of national armaments -Impartial adjustment of colonial claims -German evacuation of all Russian territory -Restoration of Belgium's territory and sovereignty -Return of all French territory to include Alsace-Lorraine -Adjustment of Italy's frontiers along lines of nationality -Self-determination for the peoples of Austria-Hungary -Restoration of Rumanian, Serbian, and Montenegrin territory -Self-determination of peoples of the Ottoman Empire -Establishment of an independent Poland -Establishment of a League of Nations ---Refused to compromise on this last point: felt this system would keep war from breaking out

question

League of Nations

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-Wilson wanted US to join, but the Senate felt that it would drag the US into wars without their control--> wanted Wilson to renegotiate the League of Nations to give them more flexibility, never happened -Huge failure in the Treaty of Paris on Wilson's part

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Borders of Europe are changed

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-Austria-Hungary is gone, now only Austria -Western Russian Empire (Poland, Finland, Latvia, etc.) gain independence--> Russians resent the treaty for this reason -Germany lost territory to Poland, Denmark, and other countries which were inhabited by 12% of Germany's population -Germany remains an intact country, but still feel humiliated ---French wanted Germany to become separated countries

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Mandates in Africa

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British and French treated mandates like colonies

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Middle East

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Arabs were disappointed that they did not get land

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Ottoman Empire/Turkey

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Received lenient treatment: recognized boundaries of new republic in Turkey, some territory is mandated by the British/French, no reparations

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Scramble for Africa

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-The scramble for colonies by European powers from 1884-1914 is the best example of the most rapid imperialist expansion in history. In that period, every part of Africa came under European rule except for Ethiopia and LIberia. ---Before this expansion, Africa was largely controlled by Africans in the 1870s (Britain, France, and Portuguese had some territory on the borders of Africa)

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Social Darwinism

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Destiny of "superior" races and nations to rule others (Europe over Africa, for instance) The application of Darwinism to the study of human society, specifically a theory in sociology that individuals or groups achieve advantage over others as the result of genetic or biological superiority.

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Suez Canal

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-allowed ship transport between Europe and eastern Asia without navigation around Africa control of key locations like the Suez Canal--> important to British to control trade in the MIddle East, Indian Ocean, and Mediterranean)

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Sepoy Rebellion

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-Sepoys (Indian soldiers under British rules) were told a rumor that the British loaded their guns with cow and pig fat (these animals were sacred to the hindus, did not eat pork); There was already resentment against the British in India because of their dominance and taxation -Sepoys rebelled, and were armed with modern weapons -The rebellion was suppressed by General Colin Campbell of the British ---Britain felt the Dutch East India company instigated the rebellion, reformed it so they could calm the relations with India and Britain ---The Raj (British rule in India) is developed after the sepoy rebellion, ended in 1947

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Boer War

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-The Afrikaners (descendants of original Dutch settlers in the 17th century) unsuccessfully opposed British rule in South Africa during the Boer War from 1899-1902 ---The Boers were armed with modern weapons, difficult for British to overcome; Britain established concentration camps, caused Boers to give in and surrender. ---Britain's PR was hurt by their racist actions so they gave the Boers many voting and governmental rights (i.e. Apartheid) in their region, very lenient with their agreement after the end of the war; Britain was still in control of South Africa.

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Caudillo

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Military dictator in Latin America. Ruled nearly all Latin American countries in 19th Century. Military dictators who were able to control nations and were backed by the military. They were the common ruler during the mid-1800s. Caudillos protected upper-class privileges.

question

Panama Canal

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U.S. built canal through 10-mile zone in Panama, finished in 1914. Made Latin America a crossroads of trade under U.S. control. A canal built by the US in Panama that created a worldwide trade route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. This caused Latin America to become a crossroad of trade.

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Emiliano Zapata

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He was an idealist who believed that the land was stolen from the poor, and wanted to give the land back to the poor. Was against the Caudillo government and monarchy

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Alsace-Lorrain

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-Return of all French territory to include Alsace-Lorraine -the French wanted Alsace-Lorraine back from Germany (France didn't have a large army to face the Germans). -Isolated France (knew they wanted Alsace-Lorraine) -France wanted revenge for Alsace-Lorraine -National glory (such as French desire to gain status after loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany)

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Archduke Francis Ferdinand

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-Archduke Franz Ferdinand heir to the throne of Austro-Hungarian Empire, assassinated by the Serbian Black Hand in Sarajevo (wanted to implement trialism to accommodate the demands of the Slavic people in the empire, creating a triple monarchy--> wouldn't lead to independent Serbia) ---Failed the first assassination attempt, and the assailant was captured. Then, the Archduke was killed by another assailant but he was captured as well. Thus, they knew the assailants were Serbian. The Black Hand was responsible

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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

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-They lost 62 million people and 1 million square miles of land.

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Schliffen Plan

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-Schlieffen Plan: quickly attack France in 6 weeks, then Russia would be slow to mobilize (then Germany could wait for Russia to mobilize) ---Did not work because Germany invaded Belgium which provoked British forces, and counterattacked (stalemate)

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Gallipoli

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-The Gallipoli Disaster: a major campaign of World War I that took place on the Gallipoli peninsula, on the European side of the Dardanelles in 1915-16. The Allies (with heavy involvement of troops from Australia and New Zealand) hoped to gain control of the strait from the Turks, but the campaign reached stalemate after each side suffered heavy casualties. ---British needed Russian support against Germany, wanted to open up a supply line to Russia

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Arab Revolt

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--TE Lawrence and the "Arab Revolt": he helped to organize the Arab revolt against the Turks in the Middle East, contributing to General Allenby's eventual victory in Palestine in 1918.

question

14 points

answer

-Wilson's 14 Points: felt the war had been caused by maintained domination of large powers and secret treaties -Open covenants of peace -Freedom of the seas -Removal of trade barriers -Reduction of national armaments -Impartial adjustment of colonial claims -German evacuation of all Russian territory -Restoration of Belgium's territory and sovereignty -Return of all French territory to include Alsace-Lorraine -Adjustment of Italy's frontiers along lines of nationality -Self-determination for the peoples of Austria-Hungary -Restoration of Rumanian, Serbian, and Montenegrin territory -Self-determination of peoples of the Ottoman Empire -Establishment of an independent Poland -Establishment of a League of Nations ---Refused to compromise on this last point: felt this system would keep war from breaking out

question

League of Nations

answer

Wilson wanted US to join, but the Senate felt that it would drag the US into wars without their control--> wanted Wilson to renegotiate the League of Nations to give them more flexibility, never happened Huge failure in the Treaty of Paris on Wilson's part

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Treaty of Versailles

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Russo-Japanese War

answer

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Unrestricted Submarine Warefar

answer

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Czar Nicholas II

answer

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