Apush falshcard – Flashcards

-refers to the exchange of plants and animals between the New World and Europe following the discovery of America in 1492 -New world crops such as corn, tomatoes and potatoes had a dramatic effect on the EUropean diet. At the same time, Old World domesticated animals such as horses cows and pigs had a dramatic effect on life in the New World

-The economic philosophy of Great Britain in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. -Like other mercantile powers, GB sought to increase its wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver by establishing a favorable balance of trade with its colonies

-The Puritans established this to ease requirements for church membership. The Half way covenant allowed the baptism of the children of baptized but unconverted Purtians

- An 18th century philosophy stressing that reason could be used to improve the human condition -E thinkers such as Thomas Jefferson stressed the idea of natural rights. This can clearly be seen in the second paragraph of the Declaration of Indpendence

-The belief that god created the universe but allowed it to operate through the laws of nature -Deist such as Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin believed that natural laws could be discovered by the use of human reason

- refers to a wave of religious revivals that spread across the american colonies during the 1730s and 1740s

-Republican government = the belief that government should be based on the consent of the people -Republicanism inspired the American revolutionaries

The division of power among the legislative, judicial and executive branches of government

-A system in which each branch of government can check the power of the other branches -EX the pres can veto a bill passed by congress, but congress can override the president's veto

The supreme court can strike down an act of congress by declaring it unconstitutional -THis principle was established in the case of Marbury v Madison

Internal improvements = refers to the development of a national transportation system -The American system refers to a set of proposals designed to unify the nation and strengthen its economy by means of protective tariffs and national bank and internal improvements such as canals and new roads. HENRY CLAY was the chief proponent of the American system

-Refers to the idealization of women in their roles as wives and mothers -The concept of republican mother suggested that women would be responsible for raising their children to be virtuous citizens of the new American republic

-A philosophical and literary movement of the 1800s that emphasized living a simple life and celebrating the truth found in nature and in personal emotion and imagination -Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were the foremost transcendentalist

-The belief that humans can use conscious acts of will to create communities based upon cooperation and mutual respect -Utopian communities such as Brook Farm, New Harmony, and Oneida reflected the blossoming of perfectionist aspirations

-Refers to a wave of religious enthusiasm that spreads across America between 1800 and 1830 -Middle-class women played an especially important role in the Second Great Awakening by making Americans aware of the moral issues posed by slavery

-Refers to a set of political beliefs associated with Andrew Jackson and his followers. -Jacksonian democracy included respect for the common sense and abilities of the common man, expansion of white male suffrage, appointment of political supporters to government positions and oppositions to privileged Eastern elites

-Legal theory that a state in the United Sates has the right to nullify (invalidate) any federal law that the state deems unconstitutional -John C Calhoun was the foremost proponent of the doctrine of nullification. Inspired by his leadership a convention in South Carolina declared the tariffs of both 1828 and 1832 unenforceable in that state

-Refers to the 19th century belief that the United States would inevitably expand westward to the pacific ocean

-Popular sovereignty led to a divisive debate over the expansion of slavery into the territories - Popular sovereignty led to a divisive debate over the expansion of slavery into the territories. The first great test of pop sovereignty occurred in Kanas

-These were post Civ War laws and customs designed to discriminate against African Americans

-19th century reform movement based on the belief that Christians have a responsibility to actively confront social problems such as poverty. -Led by Christian ministers, advocates of the Social gospel argued that real social change would result from dedication to both religious practice and social reform

-Belief that the rich were the guardians of society's wealth and as such, had a duty to serve society in humane ways. -Andrew Carnegie was the foremost advocate of the Gospel of Wealth

-The belief that there is a natural evolutionary process by which the fittest will survive -Wealthy business and industrial leaders used Social Darwinism to Justify their success -John D Rockefeller used Social Darwinism to justify his success

-Refers to the argument by historian Frederik Jackson Turner that the frontier experience helped make American Society more democratic -Turner especially emphasized the importance of cheap unsettled land and the absence of landed aristocracy

-The massive wave of immigrants who came to America between 1880 1924 -New immigrants came primarily from small farms and villages in Southern and Eastern Europe -The old Immigrants came primarily from England, Germany, and Scandinavia.

-Nativist favored the interest of native-born people over the interest of immigrants -The know- nothings were the first nativist political party -Nativist's directed their hostility against Irish and German Catholic immigrants

These were early twentieth-century journalist who exposed illegal business practices, social injustices, ad corrupt urban political bosses -Leading muckrakers inculded Upton SInclair, Jacob Riis, and Ida Tarbell

-System of scientific management developed by Frederick W Taylor -Taylorism sought to dev a disciplined labor force by eliminating wasted motion

-Occurs when a company controls both the production and distribution of its products -EX: Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration to gain control over the US steel industry

Occurs when one company gains control over other companies that produce the same product (buying them out) -Rockafella

These were slums or shantytowns inhabited by unemployed and homeless people during the Great Depression

-Economic philosophy stating the economic activities should be largely free of government interference, regulations, and restraints -Note: laissez-faire economics was supported by leaders who ironically also supported protective tariffs

US foreign policy calling for Americans to avoid entangling political alliances. -During the 1930s isolationist drew support from ideas expressed in Washington's Farewell Address

-Name for the US Cold War foreign policy designed to contain or block the spread of Soviet influence -George F. Kennan was American diplomat and specialist on the Soviet Union who wrote an influential article advocating that the United States focus its foreign policy on containing the spread of Soviet influence

-Refers to the making of public accusations of disloyalty without sufficient evidence -Senator McCarthy played on the fears of Americans by claiming that Communist had infiltrated the US state department and other federal agencies. Senator McCarthy's accusations helped create a climate of paranoia as Americans became preoccupied with the perceived threat posed by alleged Communist subversives working in the US

-refers to the belief that if one country falls to Communism its neighbors will also -EX: the fall of South Vietnam would lead to the loss of all of Southeast Asia

-A military doctrine associated with President Eisenhower's secretary of state John Foster Dulles. - In the event of an attack by the soviet union or other hostile power, the US would retaliate w/ massive force, including nuclear weapons -Designed to deter an enemy from launching an initial attack

-Black power movement of the 1960s advocated that African Americans establish control of thier political and economic life. -Key advocates of Black Power included Malcom X, Stokely Carmichael, and Huey Newton

-Hawks supported US involvement in the Vietnam War and believed America should increase military force to win the war -Doves opposed the Vietnam War and believed the US should withdraw its forces from Bietnam

-Refers to the relaxation between the US and the soviet unio -it was introduced by secretary of state Henry Kissinger and President Richard Nixon. -EX of dente: the strategic Arms limitation talks (SALT) expanded trade with the soviet union, and prez Nixon's trips to china and russia

-Refers to the economic policies of President Ronald Reagan -It is also called spply-side economics -President Reagan hoped to promote growth and investment by deregulating business reducing corporate tax, and lowering federal tax rates for upper and middle income Americans

-Political and linguistic difference hindered Native Americans as they attempted to respond to the threat posed by European colonist b. The Iroquis Confederacy -the most important and powerful Native American political alliance. -It successfully ended generations of tribal warfare

The exchange of foods [lants animals and diseases between the Europeans and Native Americans is known as the Columbian Exchange -Native Americans who interacted with the English became increasingly dependent on the fur and hide trade -European disesases such as smallpox influenza and measles decimated the population of Native Americans

Similarities included: -Both lived in village communities -both shared a strong sense of spirituality -both divided labor by gender -both depended on agricultural economies Differences: -Native Americans did not share the English concept of private property -Native American children were often part of their mother's clan

a. This was a joint-stock company b. The primary goal was to make a profit c. Religious motivation was much less important than in the foundling of Maryland, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts

a. The introduction of tobacco cultivation made the British colonies in the Chesapeake region economically viable b. By the mid 1700s, tobacco was the most valuable cash crop produced in the Southern states

a. Indentured servants played a key role in the growth of the tobacco plantation system in Virginia and Maryland. They were the chief source of agricultural labor in both of these colonies before 1675 b. Planters in Virginia and Maryland used the headright system to encourage the importation of indentured servants. Whoever paid the passage of laborer received the right to acquire 50 acres of land. Masters thus enjoyed the benefits of this system c. The number of slaves increased dramatically in the last quarter of the 17th century d. Slave labor in colonial Virginia spread rapidly in the late seventeenth century, as Blacks displaced White indentured servants in the tobacco fields (See bacon's rebellion)

a. expose tensions between the former indentured servants , who were poor and the gentry (the genteel class of planters) who were rich b. As planters became more suspicious of their former indentured servants they turned to slaves as a more reliable source of labor

a. Slavery developed and spread because the cultivation of tobacco required inexpensive labor b. Slavery was legally established in all 13 colonies by the early 1700s c. Although enslaved, Africans maintained cultural practices brought from Africa d. rice was the most important crop grown in South Carolina during the mid eighteenth century e. The Stono Rebellion (1739) -was one of the earliest known acts of rebellion against slavery in America -It was organized and led by slaves living south of Charleston, S.C. -The slaves tried to flee to Spanish Florida where they hoped to gain their freedom

a. The puritans came to New England in family groups. -They wanted to escape political repression, religious restrictions, and an economic recession b. their leader was JOHN WINTHROP c. The puritans typically lived in small villages surrounded by farmland d. The typical Puritan community was characterized by a close relationship between church and state e. The puritans believed in the necessity for a trained and educated ministry. They founded Havard College and Yale College to ensure an adequate supply of ministers

a. John Winthrop called on the Puritans to build a model society, which he referred to as a city upon a hill b. The puritans had a powerful sense of mission to build an ideal Christian society c. The Puritans created a model Christian society with a stict code of moral conduct. EX: Puritans banned the theater

a. The puritans immigrated to America for religous freedom. However, they did not tolerate religious dissent or diversity b. Not everyone shared Winthrop's vision. Both ANNE HUTCHINSON AND ROGER WILLIAMS were expelled for challenging the puritan authorities

a. She is best known for her struggle with the Mass Bay authorities over religious doctrine and gender roles b. Hutchinson challenged clerical authority and claimed to have had revelations from God c. Mass Bay official banished Hutchinson to Rhode Island. She later moved to New York, wehre she and all but one of her children were killed by Indians

Few Americans can identify Anne Hutchinson. She is most frequently remembered by New York motorists driving on the Hutchinson River Parkway and by tourists who admire her statue in front of the Boston statehouse. Hutchinson is a noteworthy example of a dissident who challenged the early Puritans. APUSH test writers admire dissidents and think you should know about them.

a. Founded Rhode Island b. He advanced the cause of religious toleration and freedom of thought c. He believed that the state was an improper and ineffectual agency in matters of spirit

a. As time passed the Puritans religious zeal began to diminish b. The half way cov eased requirements for church membership by allowing the baptism of the children of baptized but unconverted children

a. Key points to remember about the First GA -It took the form of a wave of religious revivals that began in New England in the 1730s -The wave soon swept across all the colonies during the 1740s b. A key consequence was that -New Light ministires advocated an emotional approach to the religous practice -Weakended teh authority of traditional OldLight ministries and established churchs c. New light ministries did the following -Promooted the growth of New Light institutions of higer learning such as princeton -Sparked a renwed missionary spirit that led to the conversion of many African slaves -Led to a greater appreciation for the emotional experiences of faith -Led to divisions within both the presbyterian and congreational churches resulting in growing religous diversity Led to an increase to the growing popularity of itinerant ministers -Led to an increase in teh number of women in church congregations (women became the majority in many church congreations

It is easy to allow the First Great Awakening to slip off your APUSH radar screen. Don't let that happen. The First Great Awakening has appeared on five of the six APUSH released tests. Pay special attention to reviewing the consequences of the First Great Awakening.

a. Northern merchants and Southern planters amassed great wealth. Nonetheless, colonial society did not have a hereditary articocracy b. The number of non-English settlers continued to increase. For example, Scotch-Irsih and German immigrants moved into Appalachia as the Native Americans were defeated c. The 13 colonies were religiously diverse. As a result of this religious pluralism there was no single dominant protestant denomination d. Slavery was generally accepted as a labor system. The institution was legally established in all of the colonies e. Functioning primarily as mercantile centers colonial cities collected agricultural goods and distributed imported manufactured goods. Most colonial cities were ports that maintained close economic and cultural ties with England

a. Sovereignty comes from the people. Representation should therefore be apportioned based on population b. A republic is preferable to a monarchy because it would establish a small limited government that is responsible to the people c. Widespread ownership of property is the bulwark of republican government d. Standing armies are dangerous and should be avoided e. Agrarian life is both desirable and virtuous

The French and Indian War, 1754-1763 -Result France relinquished North American empire -Led Great Brit to impose revenue taxes on the colonies and enforce navigation laws -The Proclamation of 1763 --Avoid conflict between indians and brit colonist seeking expensive land -Stamp Act, 1765 --Purpose: raise re to support Brit troops stationed in Amer. --Isues: ---Does Parliament have a right to tax the colonies --- Can parliament truly reflect colonial interest --Important b/c ----Colonist demostrated their willingness to use violence rather than legal means to frustrate Brit pol ---- Brit maintained that the colonies had no right to indpendence from parlimanetary authority ---- patriot leaders calimed that the act denied them their Brit birthrights --- many colonist believed they were entiled to all rights and priv of Brit sub -- ACT repealed b/c of col. boycott of Brit exports -The Coercive Acts 1774 -- Response to Boston Tea Party -- Designed to punish Mass in general and Boston in particular. Lost many of its chartered rights, and thePort of Boston closed until damages were paid -Common Sense 1776 by Tomas Pain --strongly worded call for independence --Opposed monarchy and strongly favored reublican gov --defense of rep principles --HELPED OVERCOME THE LOYALTY MANY STILL FELT FOR MONARCY AND MOTHER COUNTRY -Enlightenment --philo stressing reason can be used to improve human condition --stressed natural rights -Deism --God created universe that is governed by natural laws tat can be discovered by use of reason -The Declaration of Indepen. 1776 --Authors used phil of natural rights, derived from writings of john Locke --Appealed to sympathies of the English people --accused George III of tyranny The Revolutionary war, 1776-1781: -Reasons col supp the war --George tyrant --Par wanted to control internal affairs of the colonies w/out consent --convinced that Brit ministers and other gove officials corrupting influence on the colonist --wanted greater poltical participation in polices affect them -- resented quartering act --Wanted to preserve local autonomy and way of life from Brit interference -The French-American Alliance and the Battle of Saratoga, 1777 --BATTLE OF SARATOGA WAS IMPORTANT b/c convinced the French government to declare war on Great Britian and openly Aid American cause --French mil. and finacial ass played a key role in enabling America to win the Rev War --French leaders not motivated by commitment to republican ideals. Primary motivation was to weaken the Brit Empire --French-American Alliance influenced Brit to offer generous peace terms in the Treaty of Paris -Treaty of Paris --treaty established America's new boundaries. The United Sates stretched west to Miss north to the Great Lakes, and south to Spanish Florida --America agreed that Loyalist would not be further persecuted From the articles of confederation to the constitution -The articles of confederation --Writers cautious aabout giving the new gov powers they had just denied Parliament --Weakness in Articles: -----Lack of authority to tax ----- A lack of authority to exercise authority directly over the states --The most important accomplishment was NORTHWEST ORDINANCE OF 1787: -----provided for the orderly creation of territorial governments and new states (Ohio was the first state admitted to the Union from the Northwest terr) -----Excluded slavery north of the Ohio River ----- Supported public education --Shay's Rebellion 1786 --- The rebellion was sparked by the economic frustration of Mass farmers who were losing their farms b/c they could not pay debts in hard currency --- Leaders sought ------- An end to farm foreclosures for debt -------- An end to imprisonment for debt --------- Relief form oppressively high taxation ---------- Increased circulation of paper money -- tried to enforce wants with violence but captured, sentenced to death, later pardoned --HELPED CONVINCE THAT THE ARTICLES OF CONFED WERE TOO WEAK and that the US needed stronger central government --Federal Constitution --- Constit. result of series of compromises that created gov. acceptable to large and small states, as well as to free and slave states --- created during the Continental congress of 1776 --- Provisions in the Constit. : -------Sep of powers, which organizes the national gov into 3 branches ------ authority of congress to declare war ------- guarantee of the legality of slavery ------- The creation of an Electoral College to safeguard the presidency from direct popular election -------- Provisions for impeachment of Prez --------- Provisions for the presidential Sate of the Union message --------- Provisions for ratifying the Constit. --------- Federalism (sharing the powers between sate and gov) -------- A bicameral legislature, as created by the Great compromise (Senate and congress to satisfy both large and small states) ------- Enumeration of the powers of congress ------ The Three-Fifth compromise (slaves counted as three-fifths of a person for purposes of representation and taxation) -- Provisions not in Constitition in 1787 ---2 term pres -- universal manhood suffrage -- prez cabinet --direct election of senators -- Guarantees for freedom of speech and the press (added in the bill of rights) -- right to a speedy and public trial (added in the bill of rights) -- Idea of political parties (the framers opposed political parties. They believed that political parties promoted selfish interest caused divisions and thus threatened the existence of republican government -The federalist Papers, 1787 -- Alexander Ham and James Madison wrote the Federalist Papers (i.e. The federalist) to support ratification of Constit. of 1787 --Prevailing conventional wisdom challenged when Madison and Hamilton asserted that a large republic offered the best protection of minority rights. (502) -Anti Federalist --Opposed to federalism feared that a strong central gov. would became tyrannical --Opponents of federalism did the following ------- Drew support primarily from rural areas -------- Argued that the Prez would have too much power -------- feared that congress would levy heavy taxes --------- Feared that the government would raise a standing army --------- believed that the new national government would overwhelm the states ---------- Argued that individual rights needed to be protected

APUSH test writers rarely ask questions about battles, but the Battle of Saratoga is an exception. Although you are not expected to know the military tactics or commanders, you are expected to know the consequences of this pivotal battle.

APUSH test writers often qualify their questions on the Constitution with the phrase, "as ratified in 1788." Remember, the Bill of Rights was not part of the Constitution, as ratified in 1788. As a result, guarantees of freedom of speech and press were not part of the Constitution when it was ratified. Always read each question carefully, paying special attention to qualifying phrases.

ALEXANDER HAMILTON'S ECONOMIC POLITICES -Purpose of Hamilton's policies --promote economic growth --strengthen the new nation's finances -- Give financial interest such as Eastern Merchants a stake in the new government by taking on the whole debt of the nation and the states -Proposals --Establish a national bank -- Adopt a protective tariff to raise revenue -- Fund the national debt -- Assume state debts incurred during the Revolutiony War --Tax distilled liquor to raise revenue -- Expand domestic manufacturing -- Subsidize domestic manufacturers (NOTE: congress rejected this proposal) -Controversy with Jefferson -- Ham favored loose interpretation of Constit. He used the implied powers of necessary and proper clause. If does not explicitetly forbid it permits --Jefferson favored strict interp of the Consit. If it does not permit it forbids WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS -The warning --Washington warned Americans about dangers of foreign entanglements -- Neutrality, beginning of idea of isolationism -Impact on American Foreign Policy -- Prez Wilson's opponents would use Washington's Farewell Address to justify their opposition to the League of Nations -- During the 1930's isolationist would use Wash Farewell Address to justify their support of the Neutrality Acts The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson, 1801-1809 -The revolution of the 1800s -- The victory of Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans marked the end of what has been called the Federalist Decade -- The election has been referred to as a revolution because the party in power gave up power peacefully after losing an election -Key Tenets of Jefersonian Democracy --Yeoman farmer best exemplifies virtue and independence from corrupting influences of cities bankers financiers and industrialist --Fed government must not violate the rights of the states. Principle of states rights is proclaimed in the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions --Freedom of speech and the press are essential rights, since gove must be closely watched. Alien and Sedition Acts violated this -- The scope and activities of the federal government should be reduced. The President should practice republican simplicity -The Louisiana Purchase -- had orgins in Jefferson's desire to acquire the port of New Orleans to provide an outlet for Wester crops -- THe failure of the French army to suppress a slave revolt in Haiti played a role in motivating Napoleon to sell the Louisanna Territory --Purchasing the Lousiana Terr. violated Jefferson's belief in a strict interpretation of the Consit. Result - Jeff had to be pragmatic and do what was in the best interest of the country -- Jeff hoped to perpetuate an agricultural society by making abundant lands available to future generations --Louisiana purchase was America's larges acquisition of territory THE MARSHALL COURT -Belief in a strong central Gov -- Chief Justice Marshall believed that a strong central gov best served the nations interest -Marshall opposed states rights -Marbury v. Madison 1803 --Case established the principle of judicial review -- the ruling gave the Supreme court the authority to declare acts of congress unconstitutional Opposition to states' Rights -**Under Marshall Sup C upheld the supremacy of federal legislation over state legisltion -Dartmouth College v. Woodward - Marshall court ruled that a state cannot encroach on a contract Economic Nationalism -Marshal = economic nationalist, promoted buiz enterprise SIDED WITH FEDS -McCulloch v. Maryland = court struct down Maryland law taxing the Baltimore branch of the National back THE WAR OF 1812 Causes -British impresment of Amerian seamen -Brit interference withAmerican Commerce -Brit aid to Native Americans on the frontier Consequences -Contributing to the demise of the Federalist Party -Intensifying nationalist feelings -Promoting industrialization -Advancing the career of Andrew Jackson THE PRESIDENCY OF JAMES MONROE 1817-1825 Clay's American system -Internal improvements/transportation project ---roads and canals ---Clay belived transport. links would promote trade and unite sections of country -Clay Am System called for: TARIFFS TO PROTECT DOMESTIC INDUSTRY AND FUND INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS -South benefited least from the era of internal improve-- dependent on agricultural plantations and slave labor Era of good feelings or rising tensions -demise of Fed party left the Dem-Repub in control of congress and the presidency -No NATIONAL POLITICAL AGREEMENT Contentious issues like protective tariffs, federal aid for internal improv., expansion of slavery into new terr. Missouri compromise of 1820 -settled 1st major conflict over slavery -maine entered the Union as a free state -missouri entered the union as a slave state -Closed remaining terr. of the Louisanna Purchance above the 36/30 line to slavery The Monroe Doctrine 1823 -unilateral dec. of principles that asserted American independence from Europe in foreign policy --asserted that political system in Western Hem is diff and separate from that of Europe (similar to the same point in Wash Farewell address). -Warned European nations against further colonial ventures into the Western Hem -prom that US would not interfere in interal affairs of European nations -Successful b/c of the power of the Brit Navy (protecting interest in Latin America)

Washington may have been "first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen, " but he has not been first in the minds of APUSH test writers. With the exception of his Farewell Address, Washington has been largely ignored on the AP US History exam. In contrast, his Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, is an APUSH superstar. Almost all exams include at least one question about Hamilton's financial plans. Washington's successor, John Adams, only appears in conjunction with the quasi-war with France and the resulting Alien and Sedition Acts. JOHN ADAMS -Succeeds washington -Pressured to go to war especially after x,y z affair -Stays neutral -ALIEN AND SEDITION LAWS -- raised req to become cit from 5-14 years --The Sedition Act provided that anyone who impeded the policies of the U.S. government or falsely defamed its officials, including the president, would be liable to a heavy fine & imprisonment;

John Marshall has cast a long shadow across both American judicial history and the APUSH exam. Most exams have a question about Marbury v. Madison and judicial review. It is also important to remember that Marshall was a proponent of a strong central government and an opponent of states' rights.

Feelings were not always so harmonious during the so-called Era of Good Feelings. Clay's American System and the Missouri Compromise of 1820 both generated heated debate. Both of these topics have also generated a large number of APUSH questions. Make sure you review the purposes of Clay's American System and the provisions of the compromise of 1820t

KEY TENETS OF JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY Belief in The Common Man -Jacksonians great respect for the common sense and abilities of the common man -**Andrew jackson seen as common man represented the interest of the people Expanded Suffrage -Jacksonians expanded white male suffrage - During the Fed Era, caucuses of party leaders mainted discipline and selected candidates. During Jackson administration nominating conventions replaced legislative caucuses Patronage -The jacksonians supported patronage (policy of placing political supporters in office) -Believed that victorious candidates duty to reward their supporters and punish their opponents Opposition to Privileged Elites -Jacksonians Despised special priviledges of Eastern elite, against a gov that is dedicated to promoting and protecting common man THE TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS AND THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS The tariff of Abominations 1828 -tariffs between 1816-1828 1st for primarily protection -Tar. of Abom forced John C Calhoun to formulate his doctrine of nullification The Doctrine of Nullification -Dev by John Calhoun, drew heavily on states right argument from Kentucky and Vrigina Resolutions -DOCUMENT USE: SOUTH CAROLINA EXPOSITION AND PROTEST- calhoun argued that state can refuse to recognize an act of congress that it considers unconstitutional Opposition to Nulliication -Webster-Hayne Debate, Webster rejects nullification -Jackson against null THE BANK WAR Jackson's Veto -opposed bill to recahrter the 2nd bank of united states, because not in the intrerest of the common people Consequences -Jack. supp. removal of fed deposits -Caused: expansion of credit and specualtion, increase on paper money, -Catalyst for emergance of 2 party system: Whigs hated Jackson and supported Henery Clay and hi American System JACKSON AND THE FORCED REMOVAL OF NATIVE AMERICANS Worchester v. Georgia 1831 -Cherokees tried to mount a court challenge to a removal order -Supreme court upheld the rights of the Cherokee tribe and lands Jackson and the Cherokees -antipathy towards Native Amer. -Refused to reconginze the Court's dec Trail of Tears -Jack. Nat. Am. Policy resulted in the removal of Cherokee from their homeand to settlements across the Miss. river -Trail of Tears = route taken by Nat. Am. as tehy were relocated to Indian Terr. of Oklahoma -1/4 died PLANTERS AND SLAVES IN THE ANTEBELLUM SOUTH 1816-1860 King cotton -Invention of cotton gin -rich new farm land in Deep south for it. Slavery moving southward and westward -rise of textile manufacturing in England -> BIG Cotton demand Southern Society -Majority of white adult males small farmers, not wealthy planters -Majority of White families owned no slaves ---small minority owned 20 or more slaves -Cost of slave labor rose from 1800-1860 Slave society -slaves maintained social networks -increase of slaves due to natural population increase of American-born slaves -Free blacks accumalte some property despite discrimination -No south laws for legalization for slave marriage, still allowed to marry and encouraged -Slaves developed separate African American culture -revolts infrequent, resistenss in the form of feigning illness and working as slowly as possible THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION New Developments -Erie anal 1825 - sparked canal building till 1850 -Canals opened west to settlement and trade -Steamboates- increase river traffic, lowering transportation cost -Railroads enabled farmers in Midwest easier acess to urban markets in East -Canals, steamboats, railroads little impact on South

Andrew Jackson is the exception. Because of his pivotal role in the nullification crisis, the bank war, and the forced removal of Native Americans, a number of APUSH questions focus on Andrew Jackson and his policies.

THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN ANTEBELLUM AMERICA The Cult of Domesticity/Republican Motherhood -W could not vote, serve on juries, perfor civic tasks -Republican motherhood - vital role -concerned w/ domestic, family, and religious affairs Factory Workers in Lowell -textile mills in Lowell relied on W and children --1820s and 1830s most W -replaced by Irish immigrants CHANGING THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN ANTEBELLUM AMERICA Characteristics of the Women's Movement -led by middle class W -platform of Legal and educational rights -close liks to antt-slavery and temp movements -conventions in Northeast and Midwest NOT in south Seneca Falls Convention 1848 -Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott -DOCUMENT: Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions -Called for W rights --W suffrage --Right to retain property after marriage, --greater divorce and child custody rights, --equal educational opp DID NOT CALL FOR -more liberal abortion laws -equal pay for equal work Dorothea Dix -reform treatment of people w/ mental and emotional disabilities -NOT INVOLVED IN RIGHTS MOV ABOLITION AND ABOLITIONISTS The Second Great Awakening -Wave religious enthusiasm led by preachers such as CHARLES FINNEY and LYAM BEECHER -Finney greatest success in central and western NY, known as burned-over district -IMPORTANT IN MAKING AMERICA SEE MORAL ISSUE OF SLAVERY American Colonization Society -Worked to return freed slaves to west coast of Africa, led by Middle class people William Lloyd Garrison -editor of radical abolitionist newspaper THE LIBERATOR, one of the founders of American Anti-Slavery Society -Fanatic -VERY ERNEST -Support of W rights caused American Anti Slavery society to split into rival factions Frederick Douglass -Most prominet Black abolitionist durking antebellum period -Best known as an abolitionist, championed equal rights for women and Native Americans Sarah Moore Grimke -First women to publicly support both abolition and W rights Harriet Breecher Stowe -Writer of uncle tom's cabin TRANSCENDENTALISM AND UTOPIAN COMMUNITIES Transcentalism -1800s, simple life -Henry Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson Utopian Communities -Faith in perfectionism-humans have capacity to achieve better life through will -Brook Farm, New Harmony, Oneida Community -Escape: competiviness, regulate morla behavior, create cooperative lifestyles CULTURAL ADVANCES Education -McGuffery Readers/Ecletic Readers - widely used school books --poems essay speeches supporting patriotism and moral values -Newspapers flourished -Educational reformers worke to pass compulsory school laws, create more teacher-training schools, use state and local taxes to finance public education The Hundson River School -group of artist led by THOMAS COLE- painted landscapes of America's natural beauty -First art school

KNOW THIS WHAT IT CALLED FOR WHAT IT DIDN"T CALL FOR

MAKE SURE YOU KNOWN ABOUT HIM

MANIFEST DESTINY AND TERRITORIAL EXPANSION Right to Expand -Manifest Destiny - belief that US inevitably expand westward to Pacific Ocean -Used to Support terr. expansion Jackson Favored expansion Texas -Lone Star Republic in 1836 -Jackson opposed admission of Texas into Union, feared debate over admission would ignite controversy over slavery -Independent republic until 1845 Oregon -Slogan "fifty-four forty or fight" during 1844 election = Polk's promise to take all of Oregons land under dispute between US and Brit -Reached compromise w. brit established northern boundary of Oregon at the 49th parallel Mexican War 1846-1848 -prez Polk justified war, Mexican troops illegally crossed in US terr. where they attacked Am soldiers. -Led by Ab Lincoln and supported by Throeau, WHIGS OPPOSED WAR -Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ended war. TERMs = US gained California and New Mexico and reconginition of Rio Grande as southern boundary of Texas -WILMOT PROVISO called for prohibition of slavery in aquired lands -----Not fed law, edoresed by legislatures of all but one free state ------ symbolize polarizing issue of extending slavery into terr COMPROMISE OF 1850 Negotiations -Stephen A Douglas Daniel Webster John Calhoun key roles in negotiations -Abraham lincoln did not! Provisions -Admision of California as a free stae -Abolition of the slave trade in District of Columbia -Continued protection of slavery in District of Columbia -Passage of more stringent fugitive-slave act -Establishment of terr gov in New Mexico and Utah, w,out immediate decision on the status of slavery POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY AND THE KANSAS NEBRASA ACT 1854 Popular Sovereignty -Sentator Stephen Douglas leading proponet -Settlers have sole right to decide whether or not slavery would be permiteed there Kansas Nebraska Act -proposed that the Terr of Nebraska be divided into 2 terr: Kansas and Nebraska -Use popular sovereignty ****Consequences of the Kansas Nebraska Act****** ▶Repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, thus heightening sectional tensions ▶ Permitted the expansion of slavery beyond the Southern states ▶ Led to a divisive debate over the expansion of slavery into the territories ▶ Ignited a bloody contest for control over Kansas ▶ Split the Democratic Party ▶ Sparked the formation of the Republican Party DRED SCOTT CASE 1857 The ruling -Dred Scott was slave thus could not sue in fed court -slaves private prop could be taken into any terr as a slave -slaves could not be taken from their master regardless of terr CONSEQUENCES -invalidated the Northwest Ordiance of 1787 and Miss. Com 1820 -major issue in Lincoln Douglas debates -decision wided the gap b/tween North and South, bringing them closter to war

DID NOT BECOME A LAW -House passed it twice but senate rejected it -APUSH test writers use the phrase "passage of the Wilmot Proviso" as a tempting but incorrect answer. Note that the Wilmot Proviso did not support popular sovereignty. THE ELECTION OF 1860 The Republicans and Democrats -Republicans accepted slavery where it existed but opposed the further extension of slavery into the territories. -The Democratic Party split. Northern Democrats supported Stephen A. Douglas and popular sovereignty. Southern Democrats supported John C. Breckinridge, the extension of slavery into the territories, and the annexation of Cuba. Consequences -Lincoln won the electoral vote but not maj popular vote -Led by SC 7 southern states seceded

It is very important to remember which compromises, acts, and Supreme Court decisions restricted the expansion of slavery and which did not. The Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision all permitted the expansion of slavery beyond the Southern states. Although the Compromise of 1820 did restrict the expansion of slavery above the 36 ° 30' line, it allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state.

NORTHERN ADVANTAGES AND DISENGAGES Advantages -An extensive railroad network -A strong industrial base -A superior navy -A larger population -An abundant supply of food Disadvantages -A shortage of experienced and skilled military commanders -A divided population that did not fully support the war THE BORDER STATES Importance -strategic location - Important industrial and argicultural resources Key border states -Kentucky -Maryland THE BATTLE OF ANTIETAM AND THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION The Battle of Antietam -Union victory persuaded England and France to remain neutral -Allowed Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation The Emancipation Proclamation -delayed issuing it so not to antagonize slave owners in Border states -N orginally went to war to perserve union -Strengthened Unions moral cause -rallied anti-slavery support in England and France -did not free slaves in border states** -Freed only slaves in Confed states that ere still in rebellion KEY POLTICAL ACTIONS DURING THE CIVIL WAR Congresstional Actions -Natial banking system to provide uniform national currecny -chartered 2 corporations: corporations— the Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad— to build a transcontinental railroad -passed the Homestead Act of 1862, offering cheap— sometimes free— land to people who would settle the West and improve their property. -paseed high tariffs to protect American industry from foreign competition Expansion of Presidential power -Linc. suspended the writ of habeas corpus for everyone living between Washington DC and Philadelphia -Linc need to make prompt decisions

It is important to focus on what the Emancipation Proclamation did and did not do. It did significantly enhance the Union's moral cause. However, it did not actually free a single slave. It was much stronger on proclamation than on emancipation. Slavery was legally abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment.

THE RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS Thirteenth Amendment 1865 -Abolished slavery Fourteenth Amendment -Made former slaves citizens, invalidating the Dred Scott decision -Guaranteed civil rights to former slaves Fifteenth AMendment 1970 -Provided suffrage for Black males -stirred W right supporters --Some Women Advocates like Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B Anthony opposed amendment, advocated for universal suffrage w/out success RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION Causes -Former Confederates were elected to Congress. -Black Codes were enacted in Southern states. -Race riots broke out in New Orleans and Memphis. -There were attempts in the South to undermine the Fourteenth Amendment Programs and Policies -Military occupation of South permitted -Punishment of Confed leaders became policy -restrictions placed on power of Prez Johnson -House of rep impeached Johnson b/c obstructed enforcement of Reconstruction Acts Achievements Public school systems in the Southern states were improved. African Americans were elected to the House and Senate. THE PLIGHT OF AFRICAN AMERICANS From Slaves to Sharecroppers -most freedmen entered sharecropping arragements w/ former masters -led to cycle of debt and depression -DID NOT recieve 40 arces and a mule Black Codes -passed by Southern state legislatures -intended to place limits on socieconomic opp and freedoms open to black people -forced Black Americans to work under conditions that closely resembled slavery THE ELECTION OF 1876 AND THE COMPROMISE OF 1877 The election of 1876 -Samuel J. Tilden polled more popular votes than Rutherford B. Hayes, but only 184 out of the 185 needed electoral votes -There were 20 disputed votes in Four states, 3 of which were in the South Compromise of 1877 -Democrates agreed that Hayes would take office -Repub withdraw all fed troops from the south -Hayes promised to appoint at least one southerner to his cabinet -Repub agreed to support internal improvement in South -Repub abandoned their commitment to racial equality -----Civil Rights Act of 1875 guaranteed equal accommodations in public places and prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection. The law was not enforced. -Compromise of 1877 ended Congressional Reconstruction THE RISE OF JIM CROW SEGREGATION The 1883 Civil Rights Cases -The cases weakened the protections given to African Americans under the Fourteenth Amendment. -Much of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was declared unconstitutional. -The cases declared that the Fourteenth Amendment prohibited only government violations of civil rights, not the denial of civil rights to individuals. Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 -Separate but equal -reversed in 1954 landmark decision in Brown v Board of Education of Topeka Disenfranchising Black Voters/Jim Crow laws -Literacy test and poll taxes used to deny blacks the ballot -Electoral districts were gerrymandered to favor the democratic Party BOOKER T WASHINGTON Atlanta Compromise Speech, 1895 -Called on blacks to seek economic opportunities rather than political rights Key Positions -Wash supported Black economic self help -Wash supported accomodation ot white society -Wash supported vocational education -Wash supp racial solidarity Wash opposed public politcal agitation THE NEW SOUTH Economic Development -Supported building a more diversified southern economy -championed the expansion of Southern industry Political Repression of African Americans -New South advocate supp return of white conservatives to political power -Supported w/drawl of fed troops while ignoring the rise of the KKK and the increase in lynching -Blacks who migrated to Kansas known as Exodusters

Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka are two of the most important Supreme Court cases in American history. APUSH test writers recognize their significance and have included at least one question about these cases on each of the released exams.

THE TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROADS Construction -1st transcontinental RR compleated in 1869 - 5 transcontinental RR were constructed during the 19th century -Irish and chinease workers played key roles in contruction Consequences for the Great Plains -RR key role in near extiction of buffalo herds. Blow to culture of plain indians -RR brought tidal wave of troops farmers miners and cattlemen to the great plains -settlers built farms w/ lots of cattle THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE PLAIN INDIANS Key Causes -extinction of buffalo doomed nomadic way of life -ravaged by diseases -RR hanged economy of the whole region Publication of Century of Dishonor -BOOK written by Helen Hunt Jackson -made public aware of fed gov long record of betraying and cheating Native Americans The Dawes Act of 1887 Goals: ▶ Inspired in part by Century of Dishonor, the Dawes Act was a misguided attempt to reform the government's Native American policy. ▶ The legislation's goal was to assimilate Native Americans into the mainstream of American life by **dissolving tribes as legal entities and eliminating tribal ownership of land. Consequences ▶ By 1900, Indians had lost 50 percent of the 156 million acres they had held just two decades earlier. ▶ The forced-assimilation doctrine of the Dawes Act remained the cornerstone of the government's official Indian policy for nearly half a century. ▶ The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 partially reversed the individualistic approach of the Dawes Act by restoring the tribal basis of Indian life. The Ghost Dance -sacred ritual expessing a ision that the buffalo would return and White civ would vanish -Army attempted to destroy at the so-called Battle of Wounded Knee in 1890, fearing that the ceremony would cause an uprising. As many as 200 Indian men, women, and children were killed at the Battle of Wounded Knee. THE FADING FRONTIER A Watershed Report -1890 superintendent of census reported no frontier line existed -inspired Frederick Jackson Turner to write one of the most influential essays in American history—" The Significance of the Frontier in American History." An Influential Thesis -Turner argued existence of cheap unsettled land played a key role in making American society more democratic -Frontier acted as safety valve enabled Easter factory worker and immigrants to escape bad economic conditions and find new opportunities -Key role in stimulating American nationalism and individualism -B/c of frontier Am didn't have a hereditary landed artiocrcy

high probability that you will have to identify Helen Hunt Jackson's book Century of Dishonor and Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier thesis.

BIG BUSINESS Consolidation of Big Business -Vertical integration- company controls both production and distribution of its product. Andrew Carnegie -Horizontal integration- one company gains control over other companies that produce the same product -end of 19th century monopolies and trust exercised a significant degree of control over key aspects of the American economy Consequences of Consolidation -work increasing performed by machines and unskilled workers -systems of "scientific management" or Taylorism to increase factory production and lower labor cost through assemble lines and efficient management -Corp accumulated vast sums of investment capital -corp used RR to help develop national markets for their goods Celebrating America's industrial success -The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 showcased America's industrial development. -The popular Horatio Alger Jr. stories provided concrete examples of the ideal of the self-made man. LABOR AND LABOR UNIONS 1865-1900 Key Trends -Immigrant, W, and children sig expand labor force -machines replace skilled artisans -large corp dominated Am. economy -corp developed national and even international markets for their goods The Knights of Labor -Led by TERENCE V POWDERLY -Knights grew rapidly because of their open membership policy, the continuing industrialization of the American economy, and the growth of urban population -Welcomed unskilled and semiskilled workers, including W, immigrants, and African Americans -Knight idealist believed could eliminate conflict between labor and management. Goal to create cooperative society where laborers not capitalist owned the industries in which they worked Pullman Strike 1894 -during 19th cent. American labor movement experienced a number of violent strikes. -Homestead strike (1892) -Pullman Strike 1894 -When national depression Pullman Palace Car company cut wages while maintaining rents and prices in company town. Precipated Pullman strike -Pullman strike halted a substantial portion of American RR commerce -Ended when Prez Cleveland ordered fed troops to Chicago, ostensibly to protect rail carried mail but in reality to crush the strike IMMIGRATION The New Immigrants -B4 1880s most immigrants to the US came from Brit Isles and Western Europe -Beginning in the 1880s new wave of immigrants left Europe for America . Came from small towns in villages in southern and easter Europe. Most lived in Italy, Russia, Poland, and Austria Hungary -New Immigrants primarily settled in large cities in Northwest and Midwest -Few settled in south Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 -first law in American history to exclude a group from Am b/c of ethnic background -prohibited the immigration of chinese to America -working class Am strongly supported the law since they felt threatened by the Chinese workers -Support very strong in Cali Nativist Opposition to New immigrants -Previously opposed Irish and German Catholic immigrants -Nativist opposed New immigrants because: --They were heavily Catholic and Jewish --They spoke diff lang and practiced diff cultural traditions --did not understand Am political traditions -- threatened to take away jobs because they were willing to work for low wages THE NEW INDUSTRIAL ORDER: SUPPORTERS AND REFORMERS Social Darwinism -belief that the fittest survive in both nature and society -Used by wealthy buiz and industrial leaders to justify their success -Social Darwinist believed that industrial and urba problems are part of a natural evolutionary process that humans cannot control Gospel of wealth -Promoted by Andrew Carnegie -expressed the belief that as gaudians of society's wealthy the rich ave a duty to serve society -Carneigie donated more thatn 350 million to support libraries, schools, peace initiatives, and the arts Social Gospel -Reform movement based on the belief that Christians have a responsibility to confront social problems -Christian ministers were among the leaders of the Social Gospel movement LITERARY AND ARTISTIC MOVEMENTS Literature -Realism most sig movement in American literature during 19th cent -Edward Bellamy's book Looking Backward: 2000 to 1887 was a utopian reaction to the author's disillusionment with the problems created by the growth of industrialism. Art -The Ashcan School of art focused on urban scenes such as crowded tenements and boisterous barrooms. -The 1913 International Exhibition of Modern Art (or Armory Show) provided the American public's first exposure to the new trends in European art. Astonished visitors saw Cubism and other forms of modern art. The show served as a catalyst for American artists, who began to experiment with the new styles.

It is very important to understand the similarities and differences among the Knights of Labor, Industrial Workers of the World, and the American Federation of Labor. All three were dedicated to organizing laborers. The Knights and the IWW both attempted to organize all skilled and unskilled workers into one union. However, the Knights strove for a cooperative society, while the IWW embraced class conflict and violent tactics. In contrast, the AFL organized skilled workers, repudiated violence, and fought for higher wages and better working conditions.

AGRARIAN DISCONTENT Causes of Agrarian Discontent -Belief that railroads were using discriminatory rates to exploit farmers -Belief that big business used high tariffs to exploit farmers -Belief that a deflationary monetary policy based on gold hurt farmers -Belief that corporations charged exorbitant prices for fertilizers and farm machinery The Populist or People's Party -Pop party attempted to unite discontented farmers -attempted to improve their economic conditions -attempted to support: ▶ Increasing the money supply with the free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold at the legal ratio of 16 to 1 ▶ Using the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 to regulate railroads and prevent discrimination against small customers ▶ Organizing cooperative marketing societies ▶ Supporting the candidacy of William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 presidential election Reasons the Populist Party Failed -Western and Southern farmers did not agree on political strategies. -Racism prevented poor White and Black farmers from working together. -The dramatic increases in urban population caused by the wave of New Immigrants led to higher prices for agricultural products. -The discovery of gold in the Yukon increased the supply of gold, thus easing farmers' access to credit. -The Democratic Party absorbed many Populist programs. -William Jennings Bryan lost the 1896 presidential election to William McKinley and the Republicans. THE PROGRESSIVES Key Points -Primarily midd-class reformers concered w/ urban and consumer issues -believed gov should be used to ameliorate social prob -wanted to use gov power to regulate industrial production and improve labor conditions -rejected social Darwinism, cooperation best way to improve society Key Goals Democratization of the political process ▶ Direct election of senators ▶ Women's suffrage Reform of local governments ▶ Initiative, recall, and referendum— ways to make local governments more responsive to public opinion ▶ Commission or city-manager forms of government to make local governments more professional ▶ Nonpartisan local governments to weaken political machines PROGRESSIVE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS -16th Amendement = gave Congress the power to lay and collect income taxes. -17th Amendment = provided that senators shall be elected by popular vote. -18th Amendment forbade the sale or manufacture of intoxicating liquors. -19th = Amendment granted women the right to vote. THE MUCKRAKERS Key points - = Investigative reporters who promoted social and political reforms by exposing corrucpiton and urban probs Leading Muckrakers 1. Upton Siniclar -The Jungle = exposes abuses in meatpacking industry - Helped convince congress to pass MEAT INSPECTION ACT OF 906 and PRUE FOOD AND DRUG ACT 2. Jacob Riis -How the Other Half Lives = poigant pictures that gave a human face to the poverty and despair experienced by immigrants living in NYC lower east side 3. Ida Tarbell -Foremost W in muckraking -Mother of Trust = highly critical history of the standard oil company, Rockefeller THE PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS Theordore Roosevelt Addressed: -Conservation of wildlife and natural resources -Unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry -Monopolization and consolidation in the railroad industry -unsafe drug products *He promoted a Square Deal for labor by using arbitration to settle the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902. *Roosevelt ran as the Progressive or Bull Moose candidate for President in the 1912 presidential election ( his third time) Woodrow Wilson -vigorous reformer who launched all out assault on high tariffs, banking problems, and the trusts -Wilson supported the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 --Established a system of district banks coordinated by central board. Made currency and credit more elastic. REFORMERS AND SUFFRAGETTES 1865-1920 James Addams -Jane Addams is best known for founding Hull House in Chicago -dedicated to helping the urban poor -Settlement house workers established day nurseries for working mothers, published reports condemning deplorable housing conditions, and taught literacy classes The Fight For Suffrage -Frontier life tended to promote the acceptance of greater equality for women -Only states w/ commplete suffrage B4 1900 were located west of the Miss. Wyoming was the first state to grant women hte full right to vote -19th amendment guaranteed women the right to vote The Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) -Carry Nation was one of the best known and most outspoken leaders of the WCTU -Convinced many W that they had moral responsibility to improve society by working for prohibition Women and The Progressive Reforms -Dorothea Dix worked behalf of the mentally ill -Ida Wells-Barnett was an Blacks civil rights advocate and an early women's right advocate. Noted for her opposition to lynching Women actively involved in the following Progressive Era reforms -passage of cild labor legislation at the state level -campaigns to limit the working hours of women and chilren Women and the Workplace -majority of workers outside the home unmarried, very limited opportunities BLACK AMERICANS DURING THE PROGRESSIVE ERA, 1897-1917 WEB DU BOIS -emerged as most inflential advocate of full political economic and social equality for Black American -Founded NAACP -wanted intergration NAACP -rejected Booker T washington's gradualism and separatism -foucused on courts The Birth of a Nation and the Resurgence of the KKK -first emerged during radical Reconstruction (1865-1877) -Birth of Nation film- kkk heroic, helped with resurgence in progressive Era -KKK favored whites suprremacy and immigration restriction

KNOW WHAT THEY DID AND DID NOT CALL FOR Progressives did not fight for the passage of civil rights laws or the creation of a socialist commonwealth.

KNOW JACOB RIIS AND HIS WORK

Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, and Woodrow Wilson all supported Progressive reforms. However, they do not receive equal treatment on APUSH exams. Test writers focus almost all of their attention on Teddy Roosevelt, while omitting Taft and limiting questions on Wilson to the Federal Reserve Act. As you will see in Chapter 14, there are a number of questions about Wilson's foreign policy.

AMERICAN IMPERIALISM : POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC EXPANSION General Causes of American Imperialism -Sensational stories pubished by yellow journalist -New Navy policy = promoted by Alfred Thayer Mahan and Theodore Roosevelt -Example of European imperialism in Africa -Social Darwinism -imperialism included the idea of moral improvement and civilization to less advanced peope Spanish American War Cause -Maine suck mysteriously -yellow journalism Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst Territoral Acquistions -Spain relinquished control of Puerto Rico Cuba, Gaum and the Philippines The debate Annexing the Phillipines: -Anti-Imperialsim League, -Supporters argued moral responsibility to civilize the islands, valuable trading partner Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine -Roosvelt corollary = America's right to assume the role of international police power and collect debt from Latin America Taft and Dollar Diplomacy -Attempt in Asia and Latin America achieved very little success -bolster American foreign policy Open Door Policy -Since China's Qing (Manchu) dynasty weakened, European power cared out sphere of influence where they exercised political leverage and obtained exclusive commercial privileges -Knew he could not force the Europeans to leave China, Secretary of State John Hay determined to protect Am missionaries and commercial interest -1899 hay sent teh nations with sphere of influence in China a note calling for open access to china for American investment and commerical interest -the policy underscored America's commitment to free trade and opposition to obstacles that thwarted international commerce THE ROAD TO WAR American Neutrality -President Wilson sought to distance American from World War I, issued proc of neutrality -insited that all belligerent respect American neutral rights on the high sea The German Challenge To American Neutrality -Germany launched a campaign of unrestricted submarine warfare -German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman sent a secret telegram to the German minister in Mexico, but intercepted by Brit intelligence. Telegram asked Mexico to join mil alliance agaist the US in return for lost terr Wilson's War Message -Wilson accused Germans of violating freedom of the seas -Called the public to launch noble cursade WORLD WAR I AT HOME AND ABROAD The Black Migration causes -JIm Crow laws -Wartime demand for labor Exodus from the rural South: The Committee on Publich Information -Propaganda for war TREATY OF VERSAILLES Fourteen Points -open diplomacy -Freedom of the seas -the creation of an international organization to preserve the peace and security of its members -National self determination for oppressed minority groups DID NOT INCLUDE: -Recongintion of Allied Economics and territorial agreement made during the war -A provision to create the international monetary Fund Reasons the US did not join the League of Nations -Wilson uncompromisable - might lead to further wars -Politcal rivary between senator lodge (against) and Wilson (for ) THE RED SCARE OF 1919 1920 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia -Led by Lenin, Bolsheviks overthrew the czar and seized power -Widespread postwar labor strikes confused and frightened Americans Palmer Raids of 1919-1920 -Read of communism and radicalism - raids were conducted against suspected communist and anarchist -Palmer Riad disregarded basic civl liberties.

DON"T FORGET OPEN DOOR POLICY Be sure you know that the Open Door was intended to protect American commercial interests in China.

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS Signs of Prosperity in office jobs ▶Larger numbers of women and men working in office jobs ▶ Increased emphasis on the marketing of consumer goods ▶ Growing investment in the stock market The assembly-line production of Henry Ford's Model T enabled average American families to purchase automobiles. ▶ Beginning in 1920, the number of children aged ten to fifteen who were in the industrial workforce began to decline. Signs of trouble -least prosperous groups farmers REPUBLICAN POLITICS HARDING COLLIDGE AND HOOVER -Republican prez of 1920s favored tax cuts for wealthy American -During the presidencies of of Harding and Coolidge, the federal agencies created during the Progressive Era aided business. Foreign Policy -Despite isolationist position in 1920s US gov actively participated in decisions regarding international finance and the payment of war reparations -Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 international agreement in which 62 nations pledged to foreswear war as an instrument of policy -Washington Naval Conference of 1922-1921 = restrain the naval arms race among US Brit Japan Italy and France -US responded to the economic crisis in Germany during the 1920s by adopting DAWES PLAN. Rescheduled German reparation payments and opened the way for American private loans to Germany THE CULTURE OF MODERNISM: THE ARTS AND THE MASS ENTERTAINMENT The Arts -"Lost Generation of the 1920s" ---Key writers Sinclair Lewis and F scott Fitzgerald ---Called Lost because they were disillusioned with American society during the 1920s --- ******writers criticized middle class materialism and conformity. Sinclair Lewis criticized middle-class life in BABBIT and MAIN STREET******** Jazz -Black musicians such as Joseph (Joe) King Oliver, W.C. Handy, and "Jelly Roll" Morton helped create jazz -Jazz was especially popular among the youth because it symbolized a desire to break with tradition Mass Entertainment -Movies most pop form of mass entertainment -Sports became a big buiz -during 1920s tech innovations made long distance radio broadcasting possible. National radio networks reached millions of Americans RESPONSES TO MODERNISM: RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM AND NATIVISM Religious Fundamentalism -Fundamentalism was an anti-liberal nd anti-secular movement that gained strength throughout the 1920s -Scopes Trial --Scopes was a High school bio teacher who was indicted for teaching evolution --Illustrates teh cultural conflict in the 1920s between fundamentalism and modernism Nativism -Ku Klux Klan (KKK) --1920 big expansion of the KKK -- The Birth of a Nation by DW Griffith's glorified KKK -- KKK favored White supremacy and restrictions on immigration*** -- KKK was hostile towards immigrants, Catholics, Jews and Africian Americans The National Origins Act of 1924 -Purpose = to use quotas to restrict the flow of newcomers from Souther and Eastern Europe -Quotas established discriminated against immigrants from S and E Europe. These quotas were the primary reason for the decrease in the numbers of European immigrating to the US in the 1920s -The # of mexicans and Puerto Ricans migrating to US increased b/c neither group was affected by the restrictive immigration acts of 1921 and 1924 The Sacco and Veanzetti Case -Sig b/c it illustrated a fear of radicals and recent immigrants -charged for allegedly robbing a shoe factory and killing a guard, circumstantial evidence THE STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY: AFRICAN AMERICANS AND WOMEN African Americans Harlem Renaissance -Thrived during 1920s - = outpouring of Black artist and literary creativity - writers and artist expressed pride in their African American culture. They supported full social and political equality for African Americans -Key Figures: James Weldon Johnson Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, and Josephine Baker. The Great Migration - = migration of Black Americans from the rural south to the Urban North and West continued during the 1920s - dmeand for industrial workers primary pull, push came from Jim Crow laws Marcus Garvey -charismatic leader of teh Universal Negro Improvement Association -Identified with --Black Pride --Black economic development --Black nationalism --Pan-Africanism (belief that Africans share special bond) -Committed to the idea that Black Americans should return to Africa Women Flappers -symbolized new freedom by challenging trad American attitudes about women -Favored short bobbed hair, smoked, even wore the new one piece bathing suits Women and Workforce -percentage of W in labor force declined between 1920 and 1930 -did not receive equal pay and continued to face discrimination in the professions -most married W did not seek employment Margaret Sanger -Outspoken reformer who openly championed birth control for women Factors causing the decline of the feminist movement during the 1920s: - Passage of 19th amendment - inability of W groups to agree on goals - decline of Progressive reform movement

the "Lost Generation" of writers is a favorite topic for APUSH test writers. **** The key point to remember is that writers such as F. Scott Fitzgerald and Sinclair Lewis criticized middle-class materialism and conformity.

The resurgence of the Klan during the 1920s provides a good example of the nativist reaction to modernism. Also be sure you can identify D. W. Griffith's film The Birth of a Nation

CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION Consequences of the 1929 Stock Market Crash -Loss of confidence in the stock market -a reduction in the output of manufactured goods -Decline in investment in capital goods Overproduction and Underconsumption -Companies over produced -Consumers did not have enough money or credit to purchase goods Hoover's Economic Policies -Prez Hoover believed that the economic recovery of the US depended primarily on the business community - Approached the task of caring for unemployed workers by emphasizing the importance of private charities -Supported federal loans to private buisnesses and to state and local governments -Established the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) in a belated attempt to fight the Great Depression FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT AND THE NEW DEAL Goals -Three Rs: Relief Recovery Reform -favored direct federal relief to individuals -sought to restructure American capitalism rather than replace it w/ a socialist system -used deficit spending on public works programs to revive the economy The First Hundred Days Concerns addressed in first hundred days of the new deal ▶ Restoring public confidence in the banking system (Note: The New Deal did not propose legislation that would nationalize the banks.) ▶ Creating new jobs in the public sector to reduce unemployment ▶ Raising farm prices by restricting agricultural production ▶ Providing mortgage support for homeowners ▶ Creating the Tennessee Valley Authority as a model project to provide cheap electricity, prevent floods, and serve as an experiment in regional planning All of the following were passed during the First Hundred Days -Civilian Conservation Corps - The National Recovery Administration - The Agricultural Adjustment Act - The Tennessee Valley Authority Farm Policy: The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) -Purpose of 1933 was to raise farm prices by limiting agricultural production -Established a national system of crop controls and offered subsidies to farmers who agreed to limit the production of specific crops -seemed to defy common sense. Hungry Americans were outraged when farmers plowed crops under and destroyed millions of piglets The National Industrial Recovery Act (NRA) -sought to combat the Great Dep by fostering gov-buiz cooperation -allowed businesses to regulate themselves through codes of fair competition -Did not succeed. Social Security proved to be much more enduring The Civilian Conservation Corps -CCC created during first hundred days - established a job program for unemployed youth The Social Security Act of 1935 -created fed pension system funded by taxes on a worker's wages and by an equivalent contribution by employers -The aging of US pop is now widely seen as a threat to the long term viability of the Social Security system The Wagner Act of 1935/National Labor Relations Act -Magna Carta of labor because it ensured workers right to organize and bargain collectively -led to dramatic increase in labor union membership The New Deal and Black Americans -helped Blacks survive some of the worst hardships of the GD -did not directly confront racial segregation and injustice -no major action on civil right Court Packing Scheme -supreme Court declared key parts of the New Deal unconstitutional -tried to pack (add more justices to) the Sup Court. Goal was to make sure the New Deal laws would be found constitutional. Backfired, people shocked. Impact of the New Deal -program of reform rather than of revolution, restructure not replace -Demonstrated Fed gov willingness to use gove to enhance social welfare -partially successful in reducing unemployment and reviving the economy -Led to the emergence of the Democratic Party as the majority party -Helped African Americans survive the Great Dep -US did not emerge fully from GD until after World War II -Key things that the New Deal did not do include the following: ▶ The New Deal did not integrate the armed forces. ▶ The New Deal did not sponsor the Equal Rights Amendment. ▶ The New Deal did not include programs specifically designed to protect the civil liberties of African Americans. ▶ The New Deal did not establish the Bureau of Indian Affairs. ▶ The New Deal did not nationalize basic industries. ▶ The New Deal did not provide for legal recognition of unions for migrant workers. LABOR AND UNION RECOGNITION The CIO and John L Lewis -The CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations) organized unskilled and semiskilled factory workers in basic manufacturing industries such as steel and automobile The Split Between the AFL and the CIO -American Federation of Labor split apart at national convention in 1935 -Majority of AFL leaders refused to grant charters to new unions that were organized on industry-wide basis -The AFL favored the organization of workers according to their skills and trades The CIO favored the organization of all workers in a particular industry THE NEW DEAL COALITION The Democratic Coalition Part of the Democratic Coalition that elected FDR in 1936 -White Southerners -African Americans -Ethnic minorities -Union Members Did not include: Wealthy industrialist Shift In Voting -B/c of Emancipation Proclamation and teh Reconstruction amendments blacks were loyal voters for the Rep party -During Prez of FDR large numbers of Blacks switched their allegiance from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party AMERICAN SOCIETY DURING THE NEW DEAL Hoovervilles -millions of American evicted from their homs and apartments b/c could not pay mortgage or rent -Hoovervilles = shantytowns of unemployed and homeless people, sprang up in most Am cities People on the Move -During the 1930s the GD led to mass migration of Am looking for work -Blacks continued to migrate from small Southern towns to urban centers in the North and West

It is very important to remember New Deal programs and accomplishments. It is equally important to know what programs and accomplishments were not part of the New Deal. APUSH test writers construct a number of questions asking you to identify programs that were not part of the New Deal. Be sure to carefully study the list of programs that were not part of the New Deal. -Although popular the New Deal did have number of outspoken critics. For example, Dr. Francis E. Townsend, Gerald Smith, Huey Long, and Father Charles Coughlin all criticized aspects of the New Deal.

AMERICAN RESPONSES TO THE GROWING THREAT OF WAR The Stimson Doctrine, 1932 -Sep 1931 Japanese invaded and conquered the Chinese province of Manchuria -Proclaimed in 1932 Stimson Doctrine declared that the United States would not recognize any territorial acquisitions achieved by force. Hoover administration refrained from taking an real military action -Failure of the US and other powers to take concrete action marked the failure of collective security Neutrality Acts 1930s - Expressions of a commitment to isolationism - isolationist drew support for thier position from Washington's Farewell Address Lend-Lease Program -Prez Roosevelt authorized the sale of surplus military equipment to the Allies -Used primarily to help Great Brit and the Soviet Union resist Nazi Germany THE ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR AND TEH GERMANY-FIRST STRATEGY Pearl Harbor -Japanese war machine was dependent on shipments of oil aviation gasoline steel and scrap iron from the US. Late 1940s Roosevelt administration imposed the first of a series of embargoes on Jap.-bound suppkies. Mid 1941 Prez Franklin D Roosevelt froze Jap assests in the US and halted all shipments of gasoline -US actions left Jap leaders with 2 alternatives (1) they could give in to American demands that they withdraw from Manchuria or (2) they could thwart the embargo by attacking the U.S. fleet at Pearl Harbor and then seizing the oil supplies and other raw materials in Southeast Asia. -Jap attack on Pearl Harbor occured after diplomatic negotiations with the US had reached stalemate Germany First -Jap attack unified Am. Angry, vowed to avenge the treacherous attack on Pearl Harbor -After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States announced a strategy of first defeating Germany and then turning to a full-scale attack on Japan. Although at first unpopular, the get-Germany-first strategy prevailed. The United States could not allow Hitler to defeat Great Britain and the Soviet Union, thus transforming the continent into an unconquerable Fortress Europe. DIPLOMACY AND THE BIG THREE Latin America -Based on principles of Good Neighbor Policy, Roosevelt administration formally renounced the right to intervene in Latin America -During WWII the US sought greater cooperation w/ the nations of Latin America, primarily to develop a hemispheric common front against fascism The Philippine Islands -In response to widespread anti-imperialist sentiments, the United States pledged to grant independence to the Philippine Islands. -The Philippines gained independence from the United States in 1946. The Big Three -Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin - demanded the unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan -Big 3 final meeting at Yalta in Feb 1945 -Presence of Soviet troops in Poland limited Prez Roosevelt's options at the Yalta Conference WARTIME MOBILIZATION OF THE ECONOMY Impact of Military Spending -Military spending revived the U.S. economy. -As American industry prepared for war, unemployment plummeted. -The dramatic increase in military spending enabled the United States to finally emerge from the Great Depression. Price Controls -Gov instituted direct price controls to halt inflation -Office of Price Administration (OPA) established a nationwide rationing system for consumer goods such as coffee and gasoline AFRICAN AMERICANS AND WOMEN African Americans -continued migration of blacks from south to urban centers in North and West. -Prez Roos issued an executive order forbidding discrimination in defense industries. Monitored by the Fair Employment Practices Commission Women and The Workplace -"Rosie the Riveter" was a nickname given during World War II to American women who did industrial work in the 1940s. -The war mobilization caused a significant movement of married women into the workforce. CIVIL LIBERTIES AND CIVIL RIGHTS DURING WARTIME The Internment of Japanese Americans -March 1942, Prez Roosevelt ordered all Jap Americans living on the West Coast be removed to relocation centers for the duration of the war -Jap Am were sent to internment camps on the grounds that they were allegedly a potential security threat Korematsu v US -Relocation of Jap Am raised the constitutionality of the internment of Jap Am as wartime necessity -Sup court ruling Korematsu v US upheld the constitutionality of the internment of Jap Americans as a wartime necessity THE UNITED STATES AND THE ATOMIC BOMB The Manhattan Project -Prez Roosevelt authorized the Manhattan project -Prez Truman authorized the use of the atomic bomb on the Jap cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki -The US only country possessing atomic bombs in 1945 Truman's Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb -conventional weapons = loss of thousands of American lives -atomic bomb persuade the Jap to surrender -Ending the war against Jap as quickly as possible would prevent Soviet intervention -convince the soviet Union of the need to be more cooperative in formulating its postwar plans

Pearl Harbor is the only World War II battle that has appeared on an APUSH exam. Do not expect to see the Battle of the Bulge or the D-Day invasions appear as test questions.

TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT Key Points -Containment foreign policy designed to contain or block Soviet expansion -Containment primary US foreign policy from the announcement of the Truman Doctrine in 1947 to the fall of berlin wall in 1989 (moved from isolationism to containment) **Role of George Kennan -American diplomat and specialist on the soviet union -wrote influential article advocating that the US focus its foreign policy on containing the Soviet Influences The Truman Doctrine -Prez Truman determined to block expansion of Soviet influence into Greece and Turkey -March 12,1948 Truman asked Congress for 400 million in economic aid for Greece and Turkey -TRUMAN DOCTRINE = Truman justified the aid by declaring that the United States would support "free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugations by armed minorities or by outside pressures." This sweeping pledge became known as the Truman Doctrine. The Marshall Plan -World War II left Western Europe devastated and vulnerable to Soviet influence. -The Marshall Plan was a program of economic aid designed to promote the recovery of war-torn Europe while also preventing the spread of communist influence. -The Marshall Plan was an integral part of Truman's policy of containment. The NATO Alliance -10 western European nations joined w/the US and Canada to form a defensive military alliance called North Atlantic treaty Organization (NATO) -NATO alliance marked a decisive break from America's tradition of isolationism The Berlin Airlift -Fearing a resurgent Germany, the Soviet Union cut off Western land access to West Berlin, located deep within the Soviet zone. -President Truman ordered a massive airlift of food, fuel, and other supplies to the beleaguered citizens of West Berlin. -The Berlin Airlift marked a crucial and successful test of containment. THE COLD WAR IN ASIA: CHINA, KOREA, AND VIETNAM The Fall of China -Led by Mao Zedong, the Chinese Communists defeated the Chinese Nationalists and declared the People's Republic of China both an independent and a Communist nation. -The collapse of Nationalist China was viewed as a devastating defeat for America and its Cold War allies. -Consequences --US refused to recognize the new gov in Beijing -the US interpreted the Chinese Rev as part of a menacing Communist monolith - The fall of China contributed to the anti Communist hysteria in the US The Korean War The United Nations and Korea -Korea war began when N Korea invaded S Korea june 25, 1950 - Prez truman took advantage of a temporary Soviet absence from the United nations Security Council to obtain a unanimous condemnation of Norht Korea as an agressor. -Korean War marked first collective military action by the United nations -Korean War fought under UN auspices in contrast to the Vietnam War A Limited War -Korean war was a limited war that extended the containment policy to Asia Truman's Firing of MacArthur - The Chinese entered the war when the U.N. forces approached the strategic Yalu River. - General MacArthur disagreed with President Truman's policy of fighting a limited war. MacArthur publicly favored a blockade of the Chinese coast and bombardment of Chinese bases. Truman responded by relieving the insubordinate MacArthur of his command. Peace Agreement -combatants finally signed an armistice in July 1953 - Set border between N Korea and S korea near the 38th parallel Truman's integration of Armed Forces -Prior to the Korean War, African Americans fought in segregated units. -President Truman ordered the racial desegregation of the armed forces. The Korean War marked the first time American forces had fought in integrated units The Vietnam War 1946-1963 Containment and Vietname -Following World War II, the United States adopted a policy of containment to halt the expansion of Communist influence. -American involvement in Vietnam grew out of the policy commitments and assumptions of containment. The French withdrawal -After WWII French continued to exercise influence and control Indochina -Led by Ho Chi Minh, the Viet Minh defeated the French at the pivotal battle of Dienbienphu. Following their defeat, the French withdrew from Vietnam in 1954. -The United States refused to sign the Geneva Accords and soon replaced France as the dominant Western power in Indochina. The Domino Effect -Us Believed that if one nation fell under Communist control, nearby nations would ievitably also fall under Communist influence KEY COLD WAR EVENTS DURING THE EISENHOWER ADMINISTRATION Sputnik -Launched by the Sov Union in 1957, first Eart orbiting satellite -stunned America prompting Prez Eisenhower to establish the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) -made education an issue of national security. Congress responded by passing National Defense education Act. the legislation significantly expanded federal aid to education by funding programs in mathematics, foreign languages and the sciences Diplomatic Crises -Egypt seized the Suez Canal -Castro gained control over Cuba -The Sov Union shot down an American U-2 spy plane THE RISE AND FALL OF MCCARTHYISM Background -Joseph McCarthy relatively unknown US senator from Wisconsin who catapulted to national attention by making sensational accusations that the US state Department was thoroughly infested w/ Communist -McCarthyism making of public accusations of disloyalty w/out sufficient evidence The Rise of McCarthyism Factors that contributed to the rise of McCarthyism -Fears raised by the "fall" of China to Communism and the emergence of Mao Zedong as the leader of the People's Republic of China - Fears raised by the Soviet Union's development of an atomic bomb - Fears raised by President Truman's emphasis on a foreign policy designed to contain Soviet expansion - Fears raised by revelations that Soviet spies had infiltrated sensitive agencies and programs in the United States (Two spy cases seemed to add credibility to the fear.) -the first case involved former State Dep offical Alger Hiss. Richard Nixo played a key and highly publicized role in teh investigation of Hiss -2nd case involved Ethel and Julius Rosenberg. They were executed for secretly giving information to the Sov Union aboutthe US atomic bomb project

What comes to your mind when you think of containment? If you are like most APUSH students, you recall the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and NATO. Don't overlook George Kennan. His widely circulated "long telegram" played a key role in persuading the Truman administration to adopt the policy of containment.

President Truman's decision to desegregate the armed forces marked an important, but often overlooked, event. Be sure you make a mental note and remember this important milestone in the civil rights movement.

The Suez crisis, the rise of Castro, and the U-2 crisis were all very important events. However, this importance has yet to be reflected on APUSH exams. For now, it is enough to simply be able to identify the events.

The rise and fall of Senator Joseph McCarthy has generated a significant number of APUSH questions. Make sure that you review and study the key points listed above in the review of McCarthyism. Also, it is important to note that both Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy began their political careers as outspoken opponents of Communism.

APUSH test writers know that you can identify Dr. King, so they often use a challenging but tricky question, asking you to identify Dr. King as the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Do not confuse the SCLC with Stokely Carmichael's more confrontational Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

Both the Lost Generation writers of the 1920s and the Beat Generation writers of the 1950s wrote about their alienation and disillusionment with American conformity and materialism.

Similarities Between the New Deal and the Great Society ▶ Both the New Deal and the Great Society used the government to enhance social welfare. ▶ Both the New Deal and the Great Society included all of the following: Government-sponsored employment programs Government support for the arts Federal programs to encourage housing construction Federal legislation to help the elderly Differences Between the New Deal and the Great Society ▶ Preschool education for disadvantaged children was an innovative Great Society program that was not an extension of a New Deal program. ▶ In contrast to the New Deal, the Great Society included federal It is very important to know the similarities and differences between the New Deal and the Great Society. Especially note that, unlike the New Deal, the Great Society included landmark laws that protected the civil liberties and voting rights of African Americans.

Know Betty Freedmans Betty Friedan was the author of The Feminine Mystique and the first president of the National Organization for Women Now was founded to challenge sex discrimination in the work place

Election of 1960 -Telivision played a role -JKF against nixon -JFK won -Called white house camelot Primary Goals -Use the federal gov to enhance social welfare -Use education and job training to help disadvantaged people overcome the cycle of poverty limiting their opp Legislative Achievements -Civil Rights Act 1964 -Voting Rights Act 1965 -Medicare and Medicaid -The war on poverty -progras offering sig fed aid to education MOVEMENT FOR CIVIL RIGHTS Martin Luther King Jr -Leader of civ right mov -April 1963 led campaign against segregation in Birmingham Alabama -Within a few days, Police Commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor arrested Dr. King and other marchers. In his "Letter from Birmingham Jail," Dr. King argued that citizens have "a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws." Dr. King believed that civil disobedience is justified in the face of unjust laws. - Connor ordered his police to use attack dogs and high-pressure fire hoses to disperse civil rights marchers. Millions of horrified TV viewers watched what Dr. King called a "visual demonstration of sin. " -** Outraged by the violence, President Kennedy called upon Congress to pass a comprehensive civil rights bill that would end legal discrimination on the basis of race. - In August 1963, Dr King led a massive March on Washington to support President Kennedy's bill. Appealing for racial harmony and social justice, Dr. King declared, "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character. " - On July 2, 1964, President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This landmark legislation prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, or gender. The act banned racial discrimination in private facilities such as restaurants and theaters that are open to the public. The Sit in Movement -Nonviolent civil disobedience -Students staged the first sit-ins in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960 to protest segregation in public facilities. Black Power -The Black Power movement of the late 1960s advocated that African Americans establish control of their political and economic life. - The most important Black Power leaders were Malcolm X, chief spokesman of the Nation of Islam; Stokely Carmichael, head of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); and Huey Newton, head of the Black Panthers. The Women's Rights Movement Betty Friedan -Betty Friedan was the author of The Feminine Mystique and the first president of the National Organization for Women (NOW). -NOW was founded in 1966 in order to challenge sex discrimination in the workplace. -Movement of middle-class women Expansion of Women's Rights - The Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974 - The Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade - Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 - Affirmative action regulations COLD WAR CONFRONTATIONS: LATIN AMERICA Latin America Alliance for Progress -initiated by President Kennedy in 1961. It aimed to establish economic cooperation between North America and South America. - The Alliance for Progress was intended to counter the emerging Communist threat from Cuba. The Bay of Pigs -President Kennedy inherited from the Eisenhower administration a CIA-backed scheme to topple Fidel Castro from power by invading Cuba with anti-Communist exiles. - When the invasion failed, Kennedy refused to rescue the insurgents, forcing them to surrender. - Widely denounced as a fiasco, the Bay of Pigs defeat damaged U.S. credibility. - The Bay of Pigs failure, along with continuing American covert efforts to assassinate Castro, pushed the Cuban dictator into a closer alliance with the Soviet Union. - Soviet Premier Khrushchev responded by secretly sending nuclear missiles to Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis - precipitated by the discovery of Soviet missile sites in Cuba. - The Soviets withdrew their missiles from Cuba in exchange for a promise from the United States not to attack Fidel Castro. - As part of the negotiations to end the Cuban Missile Crisis, President Kennedy promised to refrain from a military invasion of Cuba. COLD WAR CONFRONTATIONS: THE VIETNAM WAR THE TONKIN GULF RESOLUTION 1664 An Incident in the Gulf of Tonkin -The United States alleged that North Vietnamese torpedo boats launched an unprovoked attack against U.S. destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin. - The facts of what actually happened have never been fully explained. The TONKIN GULF Resolution - Congress responded to the unsubstantiated report of North Vietnamese aggression by passing the Tonkin Gulf Resolution overwhelmingly. - The resolution authorized President Lyndon Johnson to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression." - The Tonkin Gulf Resolution gave President Johnson a "blank check" to escalate the war in Vietnam. - Within a short time, President Johnson began to dramatically escalate the number of U.S. troops in Vietnam. The TET OFFENSIVE ,1968 What happened? -late January 1968, the Viet Cong suddenly launched a series of attacks on 27 key South Vietnamese cities, including the capital, Saigon. - The Viet Cong were eventually forced to retreat after suffering heavy losses. Consequences - The Tet Offensive undermined President Johnson's credibility. - As a result of the Tet Offensive, public support for the war decreased and antiwar sentiment increased. THE ANTIWAR MOVEMENT AND TEH COUTERCULTURE Protesting Groups 1960s Protested various aspect of American society -African Americans -American Indians -Women -Youth— The Woodstock music festival was a countercultural gathering. -Hispanic Americans Issues -The Vietnam War -Exclusion of women from the mainstream of American life -Increasing bureaucratization and impersonality of American life -Marginal economic status of minorities -The materialism of American society

THE ELECTION OF 1968 Dissension within the Democratic Party -The assassination of Robert Kennedy left the Democratic Party divided between supporters of Vice President Hubert Humphrey and Senator Eugene McCarthy. -Humphrey won the nomination, but antiwar demonstrations at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago forced Humphrey to lead a badly divided party into the fall election. George Wallace and White Backlash -George Wallace was the former governor of Alabama. -He was a long-time champion of school segregation and states' rights. -Running as the candidate of the American Independent Party, Wallace's campaign appealed to Americans who were upset by the violence and civil disobedience associated with antiwar and civil rights demonstrations. -Wallace won five states in the South and received strong support in some Northern states. The Rise of Nixon - The turmoil within the Democratic Party benefited former vice president Richard Nixon. - Nixon campaigned and won on a promise to restore law and order. - He successfully appealed to many middle-class Americans fed up with years of riots and protest NIXON AD VIETNAM THE Doves Demand Peace -Doves opposed the Vietnam war staged massive demonstrations demanding immediate troop withdrawals -Senator William Fulbright was a leading Dove. He wrote a critique of the war entitled the Arrogance of power Hawks and the silent Majority Support Nixon -Hawks supported the Vietnam War, believing that withdrawing troops would be tantamount to surrender. -The Silent Majority was the name given by President Nixon to the moderate, mainstream Americans who quietly supported his Vietnam War policies. Members of the Silent Majority believed that the United States was justified in supporting South Vietnam. The Invasion of Cambodia 1970 -The Silent Majority favored gradual withdrawal from Vietnam. - Given that support, Nixon began to slowly withdraw American troops from Vietnam and replace them with newly trained South Vietnamese troops. - Withdrawal was known as Vietnamization; the policy promised to preserve U.S. goals and bring "peace with honor." - The United States invaded Cambodia. On April 29, 1970, President Nixon, suddenly and without consulting Congress, ordered American forces to join with the South Vietnamese army and clean out the Viet Cong sanctuaries in officially neutral Cambodia. -Nixon defended the action, saying that it was necessary to protect American forces and support Vietnamization. Kent State 1970 -Stunned by the invasion, college students across the nation erupted in protest. - More than 1.5 million angry students shut down 1,200 campuses. - Disaster struck hardest at Kent State University in Ohio. A massive student protest led to the burning of the ROTC building. In response to the growing unrest, the local mayor called in the National Guard. - Nervous members of the National Guard fired into a crowd of protesters, killing four students and wounding nine. - The Kent State shootings triggered massive antiwar rallies across the United States. Ending the Vietnam War -Henry Kissinger, President Nixon's national security advisor and top negotiator in Vietnam, engaged in a series of secret negotiations with the North Vietnamese, aimed at reaching a negotiated settlement. -The United States and the North Vietnamese finally reached an armistice: THE PARIS ACCORDS, January 1973. -The United States agreed to withdraw the last of its troops. In exchange, the North Vietnamese released over five hundred prisoners of war. CONSEQUENCES OF THE VIETNAM WAR How did it effect the economy? -The United States could not afford both President Johnson's Great Society programs and the Vietnam War. - The combination of spending on the war and expensive social programs produced the high inflation rates of the late 1960s and 1970s. The War affected international involvements: -The Vietnam War increased public skepticism toward international involvements. - In 1973, Congress passed the WAR POWERS ACT, which stipulated that the president must inform Congress within 48 hours if U.S. forces are sent into a hostile area without a declaration of war. NIXON AND DETENTE Background of Detente -The United States and the Communist world had been locked in a Cold War since the end of World War II. -The United States and the Soviet Union had experienced a series of tense Cold War confrontations that included the Berlin Airlift, the construction of the Berlin Wall, and the Cuban missile crisis. - Meanwhile, the United States had not formally recognized the Chinese Communist government. - Nixon and Henry Kissinger believed that the United States needed a new and more flexible foreign policy. - Detente called for a relaxation of tensions between the United States and the Communist world. Detente and China -In late 1971, Nixon stunned the nation and the world by announcing that he intended to visit China, "to normalize relations between the two countries" -Nixon visited Beijing in February 1972. His trip to China marked a dramatic example of detente. Detente and The Soviet Union -just three months after becoming the first American president to visit China, Nixon became the first American president to visit Moscow. -Nixon's visit led to a series of agreements that reduced tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. The most important agreements were: ----The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) (These talks led to the SALT I Treaty, which limited the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles each superpower could have in its arsenal.) ---- A series of agreements that expanded trade between the two superpowers. NIXON AND THE NEW FEDERALISM Background -The Great Society programs had led to a dramatic increase in federal influence and federal spending. - Nixon wanted to reduce the size and influence of the federal government. The New Federalism - = Nixon's plan called for distributing a portion of federal power to state and local governments. - Under a program called revenue sharing, state and local governments could spend their federal dollars however they saw fit, within certain limitations. THE CARTER ADMINISTRATION The Economy - Inflation was the primary domestic issue during the Carter Administration - During the 1970s, the American economy experienced both an increasing rate of inflation and a slowing of economic growth. ---This combination of rising inflation and rising unemployment was called stagflation *All of the following characterized the economy during the Carter administration --- Increasing unemployment --- Increasing inflation --- Increasing government spending --- Increasing prices of gasoline due to the 1973 Arab oil embargo and the 1979 revolution in Iran --- Increasing interest rates *All of the following were causes of inflationary pressure during the 1970s --- Spending from the Vietnam War --- Rising energy costs --- Soaring federal budget deficits --- Rising healthcare costs Foreign Policy -President Carter emphasized a foreign policy based on human rights. -Carter's human rights policy aroused global concern and helped make Carter was responsible for the Camp David Accords. --- In the summer of 1978, Carter invited the leaders of Egypt and Israel to Camp David— the presidential retreat in Maryland. --- After 12 days of intense negotiations, the leaders reached a peace agreement known as the Camp David Accords. The 198- Election -Iran hostage crisis played a key role in President Carter's defeat in the 1980 election -Other factors that hurt Carter included the following --- Double digit inflation --- the energy crisis KEY POLITICAL EVENTS AND DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS, 1980 - PRESENT The Rise of Reagan - Like Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan capitalized on his status as a Washington outsider -Key issues in the 1980 election included the following: --- The Iranian hostage crisis --- The weak economy and high rate of inflation --- Hostility toward big government --- Call for a more conservative Supreme Court Reaganomics -President Reagan implemented a series of economic policies known as "Reaganomics" or supply-side economics. -Key goals were as follows: --- Reduce federal tax rates for businesses and wealthy Americans (The Reagan tax cuts led to large increases in the incomes of wealthy Americans.) --- Reduce corporate tax rates and encourage private investment --- Promote economic growth by deregulating business Demographic Trends -The 1970s witnessed a significant migration of Americans from the Frostbelt to the Sunbelt. - This migration has continued to the present. The South and West have experienced the greatest population gains since 1970 - The last 25 years have witnessed a significant increase in immigration from Latin America and Asia. - An aging population will ultimately threaten the long-term solvency of the Social Security system. Clinton Presidency - The United States approved the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) creating a North American trade bloc. - The United States became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). --The WTO provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements. --It replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) formed in 1947. The Election of Barack Obama, 2008 -In November 2008, a record number of voters elected Barack Obama as the nation's 44th president. -Obama thus became America's first African American president.

APUSH test writers have written a number of questions on the pivotal 1968 presidential election. Interestingly, several of their questions have focused on the role of George Wallace. Be sure you know that Wallace was a segregationist who ran as a third-party candidate. His campaign showed that a number of voters were upset by antiwar demonstrators, Black Power militants, and government officials, whom Wallace derisively called "pointy-headed bureaucrats."

APUSH tests typically include only a few questions covering the period from 1980 to the present. Questions on recent history have focused on Reaganomics, the key demographic trends listed above, and the key economic events from the Clinton administration also listed above. The 2008 election of Barack Obama marks a watershed event that will most likely turn up on future exams.

-Stono Rebellion The Stono Rebellion was one of the earliest known acts of rebellion against slavery in America. It was organized and led by slaves living south of Charleston, South Carolina. The slaves tried unsuccessfully to flee to Spanish Florida, where they hoped to gain their freedom.

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 excluded slavery north of the Ohio River. !!!!!!!!*******The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was the first national document containing a prohibition of slavery.

-The Haitioan slave rebllion of the 1790s prompted an increased fear of slave revolts in the south -Led by Toussaint L'Ouventure

-Proposal to seize cuba by force -enraged anti slavery Northerners prevented it from being implemented