question

The author notes that sport development experts worldwide agree that

answer

d. children under 8-years old should not play highly organized sports.

question

The author points out that in comparison with today's children, people who grew up during the 1950s and 1960s were more likely to

answer

c.play informal sports more often than they played than organized sports.

question

An overall comparison of informal sports and organized sports shows that

answer

a. informal sports are action-centered while organized sports are rule-centered.

question

A sign that some children reject structured, adult-controlled sport programs is the

answer

a. increased interest in alternative sports.

question

Parental involvement in and concern about youth sports have increased because

answer

d. parental moral worth is now associated with the success of children.

question

Child labor laws in most post-industrial societies prevent adults from using children as sources of financial gain in

answer

b. the film and advertising industries but not in sports.

question

Different sponsors of youth sport programs have different goals. The programs that are most likely to be inclusive and emphasize overall participation are those

answer

c. sponsored by public, tax-supported community recreation organizations

question

In organized youth sport programs that emphasize the performance ethic there often is a corresponding emphasis on

answer

c. sport specialization among children

question

An emphasis on the performance ethic is most likely in programs sponsored by

answer

d. private commercial clubs.

question

The trend toward privatization in organized youth sports has

answer

a. made youth programs more selective and exclusive.

question

Which of the following is NOT among the five changes that have encouraged participation in organized youth sports?

answer

a. Many parents today see the world as a dangerous place for their children. b. The expectations for parents today are more demanding than ever before. c. Families with both parents working outside the home is common today. d. Parents know that playing informal games will harm child development. Answer: D

question

Organized youth sports in the United States were originally developed to teach lower-class boys how to work together peacefully and to help middle-class boys

answer

a. counteract the "feminized" values they learned at home from their mothers.

question

Developmental research indicates that creating excellent athletes requires that children be put in highly organized and specialized programs as young as possible.

answer

false

question

Informal, player-controlled games are more common today than they were one or two generations ago

answer

false

question

Informal games are organized to maximize to keep alive the spirit of play.

answer

true

question

Children seek out alternative sports because of the joy they have experienced in structured, adult-controlled sport programs.

answer

false

question

U.S. parents have become increasingly concerned about the sport participation of their children because parental moral worth depends on effectively controlling their children 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

answer

true

question

An emphasis on the performance ethic is most likely to be found in private commercial clubs where membership and participation fees are costly.

answer

true

question

Privatized youth sports programs reproduce the economic and ethnic inequalities that exist in the larger society.

answer

true

question

The growth of organized youth sports since the 1950s has been influenced more by television than by changes in family life.

answer

false

question

When male athletes engage in physical assaults off- the-field, they are most likely to target people who they define as unworthy of their respect.

answer

true

question

Research shows that spectator violence is associated with perceived violence on the field of play

answer

true

question

Research shows that boys and men who play power and performance sports learn that brutal body contact should be avoided so they can stay healthy and keep playing.

answer

false

question

Commercialization and greed are the primary causes of violence in contact sports

answer

false

question

Athletes may be marginalized or punished by other athletes in their sports and if they engage in quasi-criminal or criminal violence.

answer

true

question

Rates of violence in sports today are nearly double what they have been at any other time in history.

answer

false

question

Aggression and violence both refer to actions that violate laws designed to protect the security of people and their possessions.

answer

false

question

Research has shown that spectators are most likely to be violent when they interpret the actions of the players on the field to be

answer

violent

question

Spectator violence varies with many factors. Which of the following is NOT one of those factors?

answer

a. The location of the event. e. Alcohol consumption by the spectators. f. The importance of the teams as a source of identity for the spectators. g. The personality profiles of regular spectators at an event. Answer: g

question

The author suggests that violence against women by male athletes is associated with at least five specific aspects of the culture of men's sports. Which of the following is NOT one of those aspects?

answer

a. Collective hubris that separates athletes from the rest of the community. b. A general failure to hold athletes accountable for violating community norms. c. Support for the view that violence is a useful interpersonal tool. d. Repressed feelings of hostility created by failures on the field. Answer: D

question

It is difficult to say that playing violent sports causes people to be violent off the field because

answer

a. violent sports may attract people who already have records of being violent.

question

It is difficult to reduce the injuries that occur in power and performance sports because

answer

a. most serious injuries occur within the rules in these sports.

question

Research on pain and injury in sports suggests that

answer

b. professional contact and collision sports are dangerous workplaces

question

Information on violence in women's contact sports suggests that women are

answer

c. less likely than men to use violence as proof of their sexual identity.

question

The person who plays the role of "enforcer" on a contact sport team is expected to

answer

b. intimidate and use violence against opponents.

question

In the culture of heavy contact sports, there is a general norm emphasizing that

answer

d. violence is part of the game.

question

The author argues that players in noncontact sports are

answer

a. seldom rewarded for aggressive behaviors.

question

Learning to use violence as a strategy in sports tends to be highest in

answer

b. heavy contact sports

question

Using violence in sports comes to be defined as "normal" by many people when the ability to "do" violence is seen as

answer

a. a means for males to prove their "manhood."

question

When playing power and performance sports boys and men learn that

answer

b. being violent will help them avoid labels such as "wimp" and "fag."

question

Research shows that boys and men who play power and performance sports learn that they will be

answer

c. rejected by peers if they use borderline violence in sport

question

Rates of violence are higher in men's sports than in women's sports because

answer

a. violence is tied to issues of masculinity for many men in sports.

question

Instead of saying that commercialization causes violence, the author states that it is more accurate to say that

answer

d. commercialization enables more people to play violent sports.

question

A study by Nancy Theberge found that elite women ice hockey players have a difficult time controlling all forms of brutal body contact in their sport because

answer

b. they love the physicality of ice hockey

question

Deviant overconformity is associated with some forms of violence in sports. The roots of this violence are grounded in

answer

c. the desire to gain reaffirmation for one's identity as an athlete.

question

Athletes may be marginalized or formally punished if they engage in

answer

b. quasi-criminal or criminal violence

question

Some forms of violence are accepted widely by athletes and even used as a basis for gaining status among fellow athletes. These include

answer

c. borderline violence and brutal body contact.

question

The chapter is organized partly around a typology of violence developed by Mike Smith. Which of the following is NOT one of the categories in his typology?

answer

a. Criminal violence. b. Borderline violence. c. Intentional violence. d. Brutal body contact. Answer: C

question

Social historians suggest that violence remains an issue in sports because

answer

a. sports are designed to create tension and excitement

question

Studies show that in comparison with sports today, the tournaments and sport activities in medieval and early modern Europe were

answer

d. more violent.

question

As defined in the chapter, intimidation refers to

answer

c. words, gestures, or actions that threaten violence or aggression.

question

Research findings as well as popular ideas about sports and violence are often full of contradictions. One of the reasons for this is that

answer

c. all sports are lumped together regardless of their purpose or organization.

question

As defined in the chapter, aggression refers to

answer

d. verbal or physical actions intended to control or do harm to another person.

question

When violence occurs in connection with widespread rejection of norms it often is described as anarchy; when it occurs in connection with blind obedience to norms and autocratic leaders, it is described as

answer

c. fascism.

question

As defined in the chapter, violence refers to

answer

a. using excessive physical force that can cause harm or destruction.

question

Which of the following characterizes the state of gender equity in US high schools and colleges?

answer

c. Neither high schools nor colleges have achieved equity.

question

When Title IX became law in 1972

answer

b. men received about 99% of public school the resources devoted to sports

question

The U.S. government law, Title IX, prohibits gender discrimination in

answer

c. any educational institution receiving federal money

question

Which of the following is NOT a reason for increased sport participation rates among girls and women?

answer

a. New publicly funded child care programs. b. New opportunities for sport participation. c. The global women's rights movement. d. The health and fitness movement. Answer: a

question

The most dramatic change in the world of sport over the past two generations has been the increase in the number of

answer

d. girls and women who play sports around the world.

question

Sports are culturally important in many societies, because they

answer

c. celebrate masculine virility and power and reproduce hegemonic masculinity.

question

The history of "fem testing" in the Olympics and other international sports shows that

answer

b. human bodies don't fit neatly into two distinct sex categories.

question

Most female athletes today manage gender issues by

answer

a. using a "reformed apologetic" to appear both tough and feminine.

question

To avoid appease men and discourage men from seeing them as invaders of male spaces in sports, female athletes during the 20th century

answer

d. chose to call themselves "ladies" when they played sports.

question

The myths surrounding women's participation in sports during the first half of the 20th century

answer

c. were widely accepted because they were seen to protect women's bodies.

question

Until the 1980s few girls and women played sports because they had no interest in physical activities.

answer

false

question

A network TV sport announcer refers to "The World Cup" and The Women's World Cup." This vocabulary suggests that the announcer views sport in terms that are

answer

b. male-identified

question

A woman coach is hired in an all-male athletic department. The search committee concluded that she was qualified because she coached like a man. This shows that the athletic department is

answer

a. male-dominated.

question

When sport worlds are male-centered it means that

answer

a. men and men's lives are the expected focus of attention and stories

question

When sport worlds are male-identified it means that

answer

c. people assume that it involves men and is about men.

question

When sport worlds are male-dominated it means that

answer

d. ability and qualifications are associated with manhood and men.

question

The dominant gender ideology associated with mainstream sports tends to

answer

a. celebrate traditional ideas about masculinity.

question

During times when there are struggles between gender defenders and gender benders, most people

answer

c. find it difficult to give up ideas and beliefs they use to make sense of the world.

question

Homophobia will continue to exist in some form in a society as long as

answer

a. the two sex system is widely accepted.

question

The diagram of the two-category classification model indicates that

answer

b. men have a better chance of gaining power in society than women have.

question

One of the problems with a two-category classification model is that it

answer

d. leaves no normative space for those who don't fit into either category

question

The diagram of the two-category classification model indicates that

answer

c. gays and lesbians are considered out of normative bounds.

question

The gender ideology used in many cultures assumes a two-category model for classifying sex and gender. When such a model is used, people

answer

b. ignore real physiological variations among males and among females.

question

Dominant gender ideology in many societies today is organized around three ideas and beliefs. Which of the following is NOT one of the ideas or beliefs?

answer

a. men are more naturally suited to possess power and be leaders than women are. b. women are destined by fate to be inferior to men in family structures. c. human beings are either male or female in terms of sex. d. forms of sexuality other than heterosexuality is considered abnormal or deviant Answer: b

question

The author of our book claims that achieving full gender equity in sports requires

answer

c. changes in orthodox gender ideology.

question

Research on media audiences shows that

answer

a. men and women who live together often watch sports together.

question

Most media coverage of sports today represents the interests of

answer

a. those who control and profit from sports.

question

Tensions between elite athletes and sportswriters has intensified as

answer

b. salary differences between athletes and sportswriters have increased

question

It you regularly watch women's sports on network TV, the sport you see most often is

answer

tennis

question

Golf and tennis are frequently covered sports on television because they

answer

c. attract revenues from companies hoping to reach high-income consumers.

question

The amount of news space given to the coverage of sports in major city newspapers is

answer

b. about 25 percent.

question

The media most dependent on sports are

answer

c. newspapers and television.

question

According to data, rights fees for major sports have

answer

b. increased steadily through 2013.

question

According to data, the rights fees for the Olympic Games have

answer

d. increased consistently and dramatically since the 1970s

question

Rights fees for certain sports have increased dramatically. This has

answer

b. increased the profitability of certain commercial sports.

question

Research on video games that simulate real time sports shows that

answer

b. gamers often create their own narratives that fit their interests in sports.

question

Fantasy sport leagued give media sport consumers an opportunity to put themselves in the position of

answer

a. an owner of a sport team.

question

At this point in time, people generally use online access to

answer

a. extend and complement what other media already provide.

question

The Internet is different from traditional television in that it

answer

d. gives users control that can radically alter their media experiences.

question

New media, including all digital and social media, have impacted sports primarily by

answer

b. altering relationships in the production and consumption of sport content.

question

Nearly all television broadcasts of sport events are sponsored by

answer

c. large capitalist corporations and other for profit businesses.

question

The images and commentary in a televised representation of a sport event are

answer

d. carefully edited and selected for many different reasons.

question

When the media are privately owned and depend on audience ratings, televised sport events are "re-produced" in a way that usually emphasizes

answer

a. forms of soap opera storytelling.

question

In the case of sports, those who control the media influence sports because

answer

c. they decide which sports and events to cover and how they are covered.

question

Most media content is tied to power relations in the sense that they

answer

b. emphasize images and messages consistent with dominant ideologies.

question

The people who make media content decisions as they select the images and messages to be re-presented to us are best described as

answer

a. image and message "filters".

question

When media are privately owned, their major interest is profit making; when media are controlled and operated by the state, their major interest is

answer

a. shaping values and providing a public service.

question

Which of the following is NOT provided by the media?

answer

a. Entertainment. b. Interpretation. c. Information. d. Deregulation. Answer: d

question

Which of the following is an accurate statement about sports and the media?

answer

a. All media coverage involves selective re-presentations of sports.

question

The chapter on sports and the media is based on the assumption that

answer

c. media content informs people's lives and social worlds.

Sport in World Cultures Test 3 Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards