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Nonverbal communication

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Behavior other than written or spoken language that creats meaning for someone

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Interaction adaptation theory

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Theory suggesting that people interact with others by adpating to their communication behaviors

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Interactional synchrony

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Mirroring of eachother's nonverbal behavior by communication partners

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Kinesics

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Study of human movement and gesture

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Emblems

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Nonverbal cues that have specific, generally understood meanings in a given culture and may substitute for a word or phrase

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Illustrators

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Nonverbal behaviors that accomany a verbal message and either contradict, accent, or complement it

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Affect display

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Nonverbal behavior that communictes emotions

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Regulators

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Nonverbal messages that help to control the interaction or flow of communication between 2 people

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Adaptors

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Nonverbal behaviors that satisfy a personal need and help a person adapt or respond to the immediate situation

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Backchannel cues

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Vocal cues that signal your wish tos peak or not to speak

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Proxemics

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Study of how close or far away from people and objects people position themselves

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Intimate spaces

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Zone of space most often used for very peronal or intimate interactions, ranging from 0 to 1.5 feet between individuals

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Personal space

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Zone of space most often used for conversations with family and frientds, rnging from 1.5 to 4 feet between individuals

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Social space

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Zone of space most often used for group interactions, ranging from 4 to 12 feet between individuals

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Public space

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Zone of space most often used by public speakers or anyone speaking to many people ranging beyond 12 feet from the individual

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Territorility

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Study of how animals and humans use space and objects to communicate occupancy or ownership of space

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Territorial markers

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Tangible objects that are used to signify tht someone has claimed an area or space

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Immediacy

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Feelings of liking, pleasure, and closeness communicated by such nonverbal cues as incrased eye contact, forward lean, touch, and open body orientation

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Arousal

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Feelings of interest and excitement communicated by such nonverbal cues as vocal expression, facial expressions, and gestures

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Dominance

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Power, status, and control communicated by such nonverbal cues as a relaxed posture, greater personal space, and protected personal space

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Expectancy violation theory

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Theory that you interpret the messages of other based on how you expect others to behave

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Perception checking

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Asking someone whether your interpretation of his/her nonverbal behavior is accurate

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Emotional contagion theory

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Theory that emotional expressinis contagious, that people can "catch" emotions just by observing others' emotional expressions

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Primary way people communicate feelings and attitudes

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Nonverbal messages

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Percent of emotional meaning communicated through explicit verbal channels

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7

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Percent of emotional meaning communicated through people's faces

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55

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Percent of emotional meaning communicated through vocal cues

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38

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Percent of emotioal meaning communicated nonverbally

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93

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Most significant source of emotional communication

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Face

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Key sources of nonverbal cues

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Face, hands, feet

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How nonverbal messages help us to makes sense of others' messages

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Help us manage verbal messages Augment the emotional meaning of verbal messages

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Ways nonverbal messages manage verbal messages

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Substitue for verbal messages Repeat verbal messages Contradict verbal messages Regulate verbal messages

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Example of a nonverbal cue substituting a verbal message

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Hitchhiker's thumb

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Ways nonverbal messages can augment verbal messages

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Firmness of handshake Length of a hug

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Message communicated through synchronized behaviors

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Partner's mutal interest and positive regard

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Percentage of social/relational meaning in messages is based on nonverbal communication

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65

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Challenges of interpreting nonverbal messages

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Nonverbal messages are: Often ambiguous Continuous Multichanneled Culture-based

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Influence of culture on nonverbal messages

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Some underlying basis for expression emotions, but each culture still develops unique rules for displaying and interpreting gestures and expressions

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Types of communication codes

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Body movement and posture Eye contact Facial expression Vocal cues Personal space Territory Touch Appearance

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Categories of body movement and posture communication codes

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Emblems Illustrators Affect displays Regulators Adaptors

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Stages of quasi-courtship behavior

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Courtship readiness Preening behaviors Positonal cues Appeals to invitation

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Courtship readiness

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First stage of quasi-courtship behavior when you are attracted to someone and you begin to hold in your stomach, tense your muscles, and stand up straight

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Preening behaviors

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Second stage of quasi-courtship behavior and you begin to manipulte your appearance by combing your hair, applying make-up, straightening tie, etc.

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Postional cues

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Stage 3 of quasi-courtship behavior in which you use your posture and body orientation to ensure you will be noticed by others

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Appeals to invitation

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Fourth stage of quasi-courtship behavior in which cues intesify and you begin to use close proximity, exposed skin, open body positions, and eye contact to signal availability and interest

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Warm people

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Description for friendly people based on the person facing people directly, smiling more, making direct eye contact, fidget less, and generally making fewer unnecessary hand movements

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Cold people

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Description for distant people based on less eye contact, smiling less, fidgeting more, and turning away from their partners

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Nonverbal cues that contribute to perceptions of liking

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Open body and arm position Forward lean Relaxed posture

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Examples of emblems

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Open palm for quiet Applause to show enjoyment Finger to lips to stop noise

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Example of an illustrators

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News anchor turning a page to signal a new topic

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Examples of affect displays

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Face showing joy Slumped sholders and lowered head showing depression Soft tone of voice, open smile, and relaxed posture to show friendliness

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Example of a regulator

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When eager to respond to someone, you make eye contact, raise eyebrows, open mouth, raise index finger, lean slightly forward

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Examples of adaptors

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Adjust your glasses Scratch a mosquito bite Comb your hair

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Functions of eye contact

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Cognitive function Monitor behaviors Regulatory cues Expressive function

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Generally speaking, what increases the chance that you will accurately interpret a person's facial expression

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The more characteristics you have in common with the person

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Number of different facial expressions people's faces are capable of producing

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>250,000

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Primary categories of facial expressions

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Surprise Fear Disgust Anger Happiness Sadness

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Microexpressions

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Fleeting expressions that may last only 0.05 of a second

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Circumstance in which people are better able to judge facial expressions

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When they are more complex

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Types of vocal cues

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Pitch Rate Volume Quality of voice Pronunciation Articulation

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Purpose of vocal cues

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Communicate emotions Manage conversations Using silence

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Examples of backchannel cues

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Lowering pitch for the final word to signal talking complete Interjecting sounds to signal desire to talk

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Positive silence

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Managed uncertainty by taking until nothing left to say and enjoying the silence

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Reasons we might be likely to touch others

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Feeling friendly/happy Ask someone to do something for us Share info rather than ask for info Try to persuade someone to do something Talking about intimate topics Social setting instead of professional setting Thrilled and excited to share good news Listen to troubled or worried friend

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Primary dimensions that people synthesize and interpret nonverbal cues

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Immediacy Arousal Dominance

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Cues to show that we like someone

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Close, forward lean Typically face to face or side by side Mutual eye contact Smiling Head nods, movement Open, arms oriented toward others Cultural and context appropriate touch Higher pitch, upward pitch

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Cues that show interest in you

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Animation in face, voice, gesture Forward lean Flash of eyebrows Nond of head

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Cues that show dominance

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Height Facing a group More space surrounding a person More eye contact establishing power, dominance, and when talking Frown, not smiling Initiating touch Voice is loud, low and greater range pitch with more interruptions and slight hesitation before speaking Pointing at the other or at property Standing, hands on hips, expanded chest, more relaxed

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People most skilled at encoding nonverbal messages

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Those better at accurately expressing their feelings and emotions Those skilled at interpreting 1 channel of information Those who are extroverted, have high self-esteem, nondogmatic, not shy, and expressive Tose who select people-oriented jobs

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Ways to improve nonverbal messages

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Consider nonverbal cues in context Look for clusters of nonverbal cues Consider past experiences Check your perceptions with others Be aware that nonverbal expression of emotion is contagious Look for cues that may communicate lying

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Ways to detect lying

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Look for nonverbal cues Listen to conetn of what the person says Measure physiological responses (HR, breathing, etc)

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Ways to improve expressing nonverbal messages

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Be mindful of your nonverbal behavior Observe others' reactions to your nonverbal behavior Ask other about your nonverbal behavior Pracitce

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